Encapsulation of plant growth-promoting bacteria in alginate beads enriched with humic acid

The key to achieving successful, reproducible results following the introduction of beneficial microbes into soil relies on the survival rate of the inoculated bacteria in a heterogeneous soil environment and hence an improved encapsulation method was developed. Owing to the constraints associated with the inoculum formulation, in this study, encapsulation of a plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) isolate Bacillus subtilis CC-pg104 was attempted with alginate by enriching the bead microenvironment with humic acid. High viability of the encapsulated bacteria was observed with minimum cell loss upon storage for 5 months. Steady and constant cell release from the bead was observed for 1 week at different pH. Encapsulated cells remained active as evidenced by their ability to solubilize calcium phosphate in vitro. Successful plant growth promotion of lettuce by the encapsulated bacteria under gnotobiotic and sterile environment was also achieved. Feasibility of this improved encapsulation technique is mainly due to the dual benefits of humic acid to microbe and plant and its chemical properties allowing an easy mixing with alginate without interfering in the formation of the alginate gel beads by cross-linking with Ca2+ ions. Thus, the encapsulation method described in this study can be effectively used to protect the PGPB inoculum from adverse conditions of the soil for their successful establishment in the rhizosphere.     

腐植酸肥料对生姜土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响

设4个处理:空白对照、等量腐植酸、等量无机养分和腐植酸复合肥.通过小区试验,研究了腐植酸肥料在生姜不同生育时期对土壤微生物量和3种重要酶活性的影响.结果表明:与不施肥处理比较,施用腐植酸使前期的微生物量碳增加、脲酶活性降低,后期的微生物量碳减少、脲酶活性提高;施用腐植酸增加土壤活跃微生物量、提高酸性磷酸酶活性、降低蔗糖酶活性,全生育期平均土壤活跃微生物量和酸性磷酸酶活性分别提高17.34%和11.40%、蔗糖酶活性降低10.57%.与施用等量无机养分处理比较,施用腐植酸复合肥也使前期的微生物量碳增加、脲酶活性降低,后期的微生物量碳减少、脲酶活性提高;施用腐植酸复合肥增加土壤活跃微生物量、提高酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性,全生育期平均土壤活跃微生物量、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性分别提高18.61%、10.07%和7.61%.     

腐植酸浸种对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

低温冷害是导致黑龙江省玉米产量不稳、品质不高的重要农业气象灾害,而关于低温胁迫下玉米抗氧化应激能力和程度的研究较少。采用清水为对照（CK）,以腐植酸质量浓度为0.2%、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%浸种,研究了昼夜温度为15℃/8℃低温胁迫48 h下玉米幼苗的代表性抗氧化酶活性、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环、系统抗性及碳氮代谢的变化,以明确腐植酸对玉米的耐低温胁迫响应机制及适宜的浸种浓度。结果表明：低温胁迫条件下腐植酸浸种主要受过氧化氢（H₂O₂）积累诱导,随着浸种浓度的增加,大多数抗氧化酶和系统抗性酶活性、AsA-GSH循环、碳氮代谢主要物质含量、根系活力和鲜重均呈单峰曲线分布,其中0.8%-2.0%浓度处理的叶片和根系可溶性蛋白含量分别显著增加了23.3%-34.9%和31.9%-89.6%;1.6%浓度处理的叶片和根系苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性分别显著增加了16.8%和38.8%,多酚氧化酶活性分别增加了27.7%和13.4%,抗坏血酸含量分别显著增加了62.6%和55.3%,脱氢抗坏血酸含量分别显著增加了31.9%和66.4%;0.8%浓度处理的叶片和根系过氧化氢酶活性分别显著增加了66.4%和108.1%。因此,腐植酸浸种处理的叶片H₂O₂含量较对照显著降低了18.7%-37.6%,根系H₂O₂含量显著降低了27.5%-49.7%。0.4%和0.8%浓度处理的根系鲜重较对照分别显著增加了85.2%和105.3%,单株鲜重分别显著增加了31.9%和40.8%。腐植酸0.4%-0.8%处理增强了AsA为核心的AsA-GSH循环系统的运转活性和系统抗性,提高了玉米幼苗的抗氧化应激能力,获得最大的根系活力和植株鲜重,是水培条件下较为适宜的浸种浓度。     

The toxicity of cadmium to barley plants as affected by complex formation with humic acid

An ‘alternating solution’ culture method was used to study the effects of chloride ions and humic acid (HA) on the uptake of cadmium by barley plants. The plants were transferred periodically between a nutrient solution and a test solution containing one of four levels of HA (0, 190, 569 or 1710 μg cm⁻³) and one of five levels of Cd (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 or 5.0 μg cm⁻³) in either a 0.006M NaNO₃ or 0.006M NaCl medium. Harvest and analysis of shoots and roots was after nineteen days. The distribution of Cd in the test solutions between Cd²⁺, CdCl⁺ and HA-Cd was determined in a separate experiment by dialysis equilibrium. In the nitrate test solutions Cd uptake was clearly controlled by Cd²⁺ concentration and was therefore reduced by HA complex formation. In the absence of HA, chloride suppressed Cd uptake indicating that Cd²⁺ was the preferred species. However complex formation with Cl⁻ enhanced uptake when HA was present because of an increase in the concentration of inorganic Cd species relative to the nitrate system. The ratio root-Cd/shoot-Cd remained at about 10 across a wide range of shoot-Cd concentrations, from about 3 μg g⁻¹ (sub-toxic) up to 85 μg g⁻¹ (80% yield reduction). The ability of the barley plants to accumulate ‘non-toxic’ Cd in their roots was thus very limited. Humic acid also had no effect on Cd translocation within the plant and the root/shoot weight ratio did not vary with any treatment. At shoot-Cd concentrations in excess of 50 μg g⁻¹, K, Ca, Cu and Zn uptake was reduced, probably the result of root damage rather than a specific ion antagonism. The highest concentration of HA also lowered Fe and Zn uptake and there was a toxic effect with increasing HA concentration at Cd=0. However the lowest HA level, comparable with concentrations found in mineral soil solutions, only reduced yield (in the absence of Cd) by <5% while lowering Cd uptake across the range of Cd concentrations by 66%–25%.     

腐植酸浸种对盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦品种进行腐植酸浸种处理,研究了腐植酸对盐(NaCl)、碱(Na CO3)两种胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量增加,膜透性增强,地上部鲜质量降低;盐胁迫下,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升后降,而碱胁迫下CAT和POD活性均升高,SOD活性降低;碱胁迫处理的小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统活性高于同浓度的盐胁迫处理;腐植酸浸种提高了小麦叶片谷胱甘肽含量,提高了SOD和CAT活性,有效缓解了盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的影响.不同基因型小麦品种在抵御盐碱胁迫的能力和机制上存在一定差异,且与盐离子组成、浓度间存在一定互作,并受浸种方式调控.     

The microbial loop in a humic lake: seasonal and vertical variations in the structure of the different communities

Seasonal and vertical variations of the main microbial communities (heterotrophic bacteria, autotrophic picoplankton, auto- and heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliated protozoa and microalgae) and auto- and heterotrophic activities were estimated in a brown-colored humic and moderately acid lake in central France, the lake of Vassivière. The results demonstrated the dominant role of light in the vertical distribution of autotrophic and mixotrophic microorganisms which are confined to the 0–5 m layer during thermal stratification. The bacterial biomass was high throughout the water column probably because of the great availability of dissolved organic matter. Consequently, the predatory microzooplankton and particularly the various trophic groups of ciliated protozoa, were distributed in the water column according to the vertical distribution of the particular food resources (detritus, bacteria, algae). However, despite the great abundance of algae and bacteria, biomass of flagellated and ciliated protozoa was relatively weak. Most of the phytoplanktonic biomass was filamentous (Diatoms) or colonial (Cyanobacteria) and therefore almost probably difficult to ingest for algivorous microzooplankton. Regarding the low abundance of bacterivorous protozoa, the relation with the special physicochemical properties of this lake is discussed.

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Résumé Les variabilités saisonnière et verticale de l'abondance et de la biomasse des principles communautés de la boucle microbienne (bactéries hétérotrophes, picoplancton autotrophe, protozoaires flagellés auto- et hétérotrophes, protozoaires ciliés, microalgues et microcyanobactéries), et des activités auto- et hétérotrophes, ont été étudiées dans un lac à caractère humique et modérément acide du Massif Central Français, le lac de Vassivière.Le dénombrement des communautés de microorganismes a été réalisé en microscopie inversée et à épifluorescence après mise en oeuvre des fixations et des colorations adéquates. Les activités photosynthétique, photo- et chemohétérotrophes ont été mesurées à partir de l'assimilation de NaH¹⁴CO₃ et d'un mélange d'acides aminés tritiés grâce à une technique de double marquage. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence le rôle prépondérant du facteur lumineux dans la répartition verticale des microorganismes autotrophes et mixotrophes, dont l'essentiel de la biomasse est confiné dans la zone 0–5 m en période de stratification, alors que la biomasse bactérienne est élevée sur l'ensemble de la colonne d'eau en raison, sans doute, de la grande disponibilité en matiére organique dissoute. Consécutivement, le microzooplancton prédateur, et notamment les différents types trophiques de protozoaires ciliés, se répartit dans la colonne d'eau selon la distribution verticale des ressources nutritives particularies. Cependant, compte-tenu de l'abondance bactérienne et algae, la biomasse des protozoaires flagellés et ciliésest relativement peu importante. Concernant les espèces algivores, l'essentiel de la biomasse phytoplanctonique est de nature filamenteuse (Diatomées) ou coloniale (Cyanobactéries) est est donc sans doute difficilement ingérable pour le microzooplancton. Enfin, les relations entre les caractéristiques physico-chimiques spécifiques de ce lac et le faible développement des protozoaires bactérivores sont discutées.

     

Accumulation of humic acid and fulvic acid during root humification of three diameters of two dominant subalpine trees in western Sichuan,China

Aims Plant roots store large amount of terrestrial carbon, but little is known about humus formation processes during the decomposing root litter. Compared with coarse roots, fine roots have greater nutrients, which may be favorable to humus formation. The objective of the study was to examine how root diameters affect their humus formation processes. Methods In this study, in order to examine the accumulation of humic acid and fulvic acid of three root diameter classes (0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 mm) of two subalpine tree species (Abies faxoniana and Picea asperata) on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China, a two-year field experiment was conducted using a litter-bag method. Air-dried roots of A. faxoniana and P. asperata were placed in litterbags and incubated at 10 cm of soil depth in October 11th, 2013. Duplicate litter bags were collected in May (late winter) and October (late in the growing season) of 2014 and 2015, respectively. Concentrations of humic acid and fulvic acid were measured, and net accumulations were calculated for different periods. Important findings The concentrations of humic acid and fulvic acid were significantly influenced by root diameter that humic acid and fulvic acid decreased with increase in root diameter. Root diameter had significant effects on the net accumulation of humic acid, but not for the accumulation of fulvic acid. However, there were no significant differences in both humic acid and fulvic acid between A. faxoniana and P. asperata roots. Regardless of tree species, humic acid degraded during the winter but accumulated during the growing season. After two years of decomposition, the net accumulations of humic acid in 0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 mm roots were 8.0, 10.8 and 7.6 g·kg^-1 for P. asperata and 15.2, 8.0 and 7.8 g·kg^-1 for A. faxoniana, respectively. Conversely, the degradation of fulvic acid in 0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 mm roots were 178.0, 166.0 and 118.0 g·kg^-1 for P. asperata and 170.0, 160.0 and 128.0 g·kg^-1 for A. faxoniana, respectively. Our results suggest that diameter-associated variations in substrate quality could be an important driver for root litter humification in this subalpine forest. Moreover, diameter effect is dependent on decomposition period in this specific area.     

Amino acid distribution in some fungal melanins and of soil humic acids from Brazil

Summary Humic acids from four Brazilian topsoils of different origins and four soil fungal melanins, synthesized under two cultural conditions, were subjected to 6N HCl hydrolysis and their amino acid distribution patterns qualitatively and quantitatively determined. Both soil and fungal polymers showed similar patterns with aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine as the dominant amino acids. Some variations noted were more quantitative than qualitative, the similarities were more pronounced than differences, indicating that the fungal melanins may play a significant role in the formation of soil humic acid polymers. The humic acids of Brazilian soils had amino acid distribution patterns similar to those reported for humic acids of other tropical and temperate soils.     

水分和腐植酸对燕麦果聚糖代谢的影响

探讨水分和腐植酸(HA)对燕麦不同器官非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累与分配的影响,进一步明确水分和HA对燕麦糖代谢和粒重形成的作用机制,可为旱作地区燕麦的推广种植提供理论指导和技术支撑。试验以‘蒙农大燕1号'和‘内燕5号'两个燕麦品种为材料,分别在旱作(无灌溉)和有限灌溉(拔节期和抽穗期每次灌水60 mm)两个水分条件下喷施HA与清水(CK),研究燕麦开花后不同时期NSC组分在茎、叶、穗中的动态变化以及叶片中碳代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明: 两个燕麦品种茎、叶、穗中的NSC组分含量均随开花后时间的延长先升高后降低,且两品种各器官中的NSC组分含量大致相同;与CK相比,在灌水条件下喷施HA后蒙农大燕1号穗部的果聚糖含量提升幅度明显大于旱作条件;喷施HA后蒙农大燕1号叶片中果聚糖外水解酶和转化酶活性分别显著提高了27.1%和30.6%,单穗粒重显著提高了55.9%,且与旱作条件下相比提高幅度更大;蒙农大燕1号籽粒千粒重和单穗粒重与叶片果聚糖含量呈显著正相关关系。综上,水分和腐植酸协同作用可以有效调节燕麦果聚糖的积累及主要代谢酶活性,从而提高千粒重和单穗粒重,促进产量形成。     

不同腐解期玉米秸秆对塿土胡敏酸基本性质及级分变异的影响

采用田间腐解试验,在研究不同腐解期玉米秸秆对土壤胡敏酸性质影响的基础上,利用酒精分级沉淀法对土壤胡敏酸进行分级,研究了不同腐解期土壤胡敏酸级分组成及性质变化.结果表明,在整个腐解过程中土壤胡敏酸由A型转化为P型又转化为A型,呈现由复杂到简单又到复杂的变化趋势.不同腐解期土壤胡敏酸的级分组成不同.玉米秸秆更新土壤胡敏酸过程是一个双向过程,一方面使胡敏酸中结构复杂成分(级分1、2、3)向简单化发展,另一方面一些小分子胡敏酸(级分6、7)随时间推移按Rp→P→A途径逐渐缩合.     

Edaphic mobility of complete humic acid and fractions of high and medium molecular weight

Soil mobility of a complete humic acid and high and medium molecular weight fractions was determined by a soil TLC method. High and medium molecular weight fractions were obtained by ultrafiltration and then labeled with radioiodine. Infrared, visible- and UV spectra, as well as isotachophoretic studies, showed marked differences among the three humic fractions. The results obtained made evident the presence of soil mobile humic fractions of medium molecular weight. Alkalinization increased the soil mobility of humic acid.     

化肥减量配施腐植酸生物肥对土壤生物学性质和玉米干物质量的影响

降低化肥施用量、提高肥料利用率是稳定粮食产量、缓解黑土退化的有效途径。本研究以玉米为对象,采用2年室内盆栽试验,设置化肥减量配施腐植酸生物肥4个处理[T₀:不施肥;T₁:常规化肥用量;T₂:化肥减量15%配施腐植酸生物肥(400 kg·hm^-2);T₃:化肥减量30%配施腐植酸生物肥(600 kg·hm^-2)],研究腐植酸生物肥对土壤微生物数量、酶活性和养分含量的影响,以明确退化黑土对腐植酸生物肥的响应,为黑土土壤保护提供参考。结果表明: 与单施化肥相比,腐植酸生物肥的施用显著增加了土壤细菌和真菌数量,菌群数量随着腐植酸生物肥用量的增加而增加。与T₁处理相比,T₂处理可显著提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,玉米抽雄期以后脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别显著增加了11.4%～21.6%、34.9%～46.7%和6.5%～13.4%。T₂、T₃处理土壤碱解氮含量较T₁处理升高了8.2%～18.1%,保障了抽雄期后土壤的供氮能力;土壤有效磷和速效钾含量分别较T₁处理显著增加了17.1%～121.0%和9.6%～57.3%,随着腐植酸生物肥用量的增加,土壤磷素和钾素活化效果更显著。与T₁处理相比,T₂、T₃处理玉米单株干物质量显著增加。可见,施用腐植酸生物肥增加了土壤细菌和真菌的数量,提高了过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性和土壤养分含量,增加了玉米单株干物质量。本试验条件下常规化肥减量15%配施400 kg·hm^-2腐植酸生物肥是黑土玉米生产最适宜的养分管理策略。     

Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid activate a common defense system in rice

Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) play important roles in plant defense systems. JA and SA signaling pathways interact antagonistically in dicotyledonous plants, but, the status of crosstalk between JA and SA signaling is unknown in monocots. Our rice microarray analysis showed that more than half of the genes upregulated by the SA analog BTH are also upregulated by JA, suggesting that a major portion of the SA-upregulated genes are regulated by JA-dependent signaling in rice. A common defense system that is activated by both JA and SA is thus proposed which plays an important role in pathogen defense responses in rice.     

大颗粒活化腐植酸肥对苹果土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

新型大颗粒活化腐植酸肥(LAF)在苹果化肥减量和果实稳产方面的效果显著,探明其对土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响是揭示该新型肥料对苹果土壤结构影响的重要依据。本研究设置4个LAF处理:LAF₁[全量施肥,施肥时期及重量比(下同):萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=3∶4∶3]、LAF₂(全量施肥,萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=2∶3∶5)、LAF₃(减量1/4施肥,萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=2∶3∶5)、LAF₄(减量1/3施肥,萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=2∶3∶5),以不施肥(CK)处理为对照。通过4年盆栽试验,研究苹果土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳对不同施肥处理的响应。结果表明: 1)与CK相比,LAF各处理显著提高了土壤水稳性大团聚体含量,>2 mm和2~0.25 mm粒径团聚体含量分别提高了53.4%~77.5%和12.3%~17.0%,且提高幅度随施肥量的增加而增大,其中LAF₁处理土壤水稳性大团聚体含量最高。2)LAF各处理在各粒径团聚体含量上差异不显著,其中2~0.25 mm粒径团聚体含量所占的比例最高。3)与CK相比,LAF各处理均显著提高了团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),降低了分形维数(D),其中LAF₁处理的MWD和GMD值最高,对土壤团聚体稳定性提升效果最好。4)除LAF₄外,其他LAF处理土壤有机碳含量均显著高于CK,其中LAF₂处理土壤有机碳含量最高;LAF各处理均增加了土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳含量,LAF₁、LAF₂、LAF₃处理显著提高了>2 mm粒径团聚体有机碳含量,且>2 mm团聚体有机碳对总有机碳的贡献率最大;LAF各处理的水稳性大团聚体有机碳对总有机碳的贡献率均显著高于CK,且贡献率均在66.0%以上,其中LAF₁处理最高。综上,施用LAF在促进苹果土壤水稳性大团聚体形成和稳定性、提高团聚体有机碳含量上应用效果显著,其中全量施用效果最好。施用LAF可作为改善苹果土壤结构和提升土壤肥力的有效措施。     

Exogenous glycinebetaine and humic acid improve growth,nitrogen status,photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense system and confer tolerance to nitrogen stress in maize seedlings

Abiotic stresses, including nitrogen stress (NS), can hamper photosynthesis and cause oxidative damage to plants. Upregulation of the antioxidative defense system and photosynthesis induced by exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) and humic acid (HA) can mitigate the inhibitory effects of NS on plants. In the present investigation, the beneficial effects of exogenously applied GB and HA were examined on growth, leaf N status, photosynthesis, lipid peroxidation, and activities of some key antioxidant enzymes in the seedlings of maize cv. Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) exposed to NS. NS caused a significant reduction in total dry matter of seedlings of ZD958, but both GB and HA proved effective in mitigating this inhibition, hence, the beneficial effects of GB being more pronounced than those of HA. NS led to a considerable decrease in leaf total N and endogenous GB contents, stomatal conductance (g _s), net photosynthetic rate (P _n), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i), and activities of two key C₄ photosynthesis enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) as well as of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). This treatment caused an increase in lipid peroxidation, but showed no effect on POD activity. Exogenous application of varying doses of GB resulted in a decrease in lipid peroxidation and C _i, and an increase in leaf total N and endogenous glycinebetaine (EGB) content, P _n, and activities of RuBPCase, PEPCase, SOD, and catalase (CAT) under NS. In contrast, application of different doses of HA resulted in a decrease in lipid peroxidation, an increase in P _n, g _s, and C _i as well as SOD, CAT, and POD activities without increasing leaf total N and EGB content, and enhanced RuBPCase and PEPCase activities. The present study suggests that exogenous application of GB and HA can induce tolerance in maize plants to NS, but through the regulation of different mechanisms.     

Iodate and iodide effects on iodine uptake and partitioning in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in solution culture

In the Xinjiang province of western China, conventional methods of iodine (I) supplementation (i.e, goiter pills and iodinated salt) used to mitigate I deficiencies were ineffectual. However, the recent addition of KIO₃ to irrigation waters has proven effective. This study was conducted to determine the effects of I form and concentration on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, I partitioning within the plant, and ultimately to assist in establishing guidelines for incorporating I into the human food chain. We compared IO₃ ⁻ vs. I⁻ in order to determine how these chemical species differ in their biological effects. Rice was grown in 48 L aerated tubs containing nutrient solution and IO₃ ⁻ or I⁻ at 0, 1, 10, or 100 μM concentrations (approximately 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg kg⁻¹ I). The IO₃ ⁻ at 1 and 10 μM had no effect on biomass yields, and the 100 μM treatment had a small negative effect. The I⁻ at 10 and 100 μM was detrimental to biomass yields. The IO₃ ⁻ treatments had more I partitioning to the roots (56%) on average than did the I⁻ treatments (36%), suggesting differences in uptake or translocation between I forms. The data support the theory that IO₃ ⁻ is electrochemically or biologically reduced to I⁻ prior to plant uptake. None of the treatments provided sufficient I in the seed to meet human dietary requirements. The I concentration found in straw at 100 μM IO₃ ⁻ was several times greater than seed, and could provide an indirect source of dietary I via livestock feeding on the straw. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Summer zooplankton dynamics in the limnetic and littoral zones of a humic acid lake

The limnetic and littoral zooplankton were studied during summer 1989 in Triangle Lake, a humic acid (pH 4.9) bog lake in Ohio, USA. The limnetic zooplankton showed low species richness and biomass, and dominance by the rotifers Kellicottia bostoniensis and Polyarthra vulgaris. In the littoral, species richness and biomass were markedly higher, and the crustaceans Alona guttata, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, Chydorus sphaericus, Simocephalus serrulatus and Tropocyclops prasinus, and the rotifer Ascomorpha ecaudis were the dominants. The extreme rotifer dominance and lack of cladocerans in the limnetic zone were likely the result of Chaoborus predation. A pronounced mid-summer decline in cladoceran biomass in the littoral was likely due to predation by T. prasinus and Utricularia (bladderwort).     

Adsorption isotherms of lanthanum to soil constituents and effects of pH,EDTA and fulvic acid on adsorption of lanthanum onto goethite and humic acid

Abstract

La³⁺ adsorption isotherms to five soil constituents (quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, goethite and humic acid) are studied. EDTA, fulvic acid and pH effects are also investigated on the adsorption of lanthanum by goethite and humic acid because of their relative importance in affecting metal environmental behavior. Adsorption isotherms of La³⁺ to five constituents show differences in adsorption capacity and in shape in the studied range of La³⁺. These constituents can be classified according to their adsorption capacity: humic acid > goethite ≈ kaolinite > feldspar ≈ quartz. pH increase could promote humic acid and goethite adsorption of La³⁺ while EDTA could reduce the adsorption by these two adsorbents. Fulvic acid can reduce humic acid adsorption but has less effect on adsorption by goethite.