华南绞股蓝属植物及其混淆种类的研究鉴定

<正> 绞股蓝属(Gynostemma B1.)为葫芦科的草质藤本植物,在华南地区已知有4种,即单叶绞股蓝(G. simplicifolium B1.)、光叶绞股蓝(G. laxum(Wall.)Cogn.)、绞股蓝(G. pentaphyllum(Thunb.)Makino)和长梗绞股蓝(G. loilgipes C. Y. Wu)。而与其经常相混淆的有8种,其中属于葫芦科的有5种,即锣锅底(Hemsleya amabilis Diels)、蛇莲(H. sphaerocárpa Kuang et A. M. Lu)、雪胆(H. chinensis Cogn. )、纤花金盆(H. graciliflora(Harms) Cogn.)和地糍粑(H. dipteriga Kuang et A. M. Lu);属于     

Evidence for graft transmission of structural phloem proteins or their precursors in heterografts of Cucurbitaceae

Interspecific and intergeneric grafts of Cucurbitaceae were used to study the mobility of structural P-proteins in the phloem. When Cucumis sativus L. scions were grafted onto Cucurbita rootstocks, at least nine additional proteins appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels of scion exudate, 9–11 d after grafting. These proteins corresponded exactly to those of the respective Cucurbita sp. rootstock, including the filament-forming phloem protein PP1 and the phloem lectin PP2, as shown by the apparent molecular weights and peptide maps. According to probing at three sites, the additional proteins were evenly distributed within the scion. The appearance of additional proteins was correlated with the establishment of phloem bridges across the graft union. The developmental coincidence establishes that the structural proteins or their precursors are translocated in the phloem. This translocation was a universal phenomenon in Cucurbitaceae as shown by a comparative screening for additional proteins in eleven graft combinations, using Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad., Cucumis melo L, C. sativus, Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Lam., and Trichosanthes cucumerina var. lobata Roxb. According to this screening, the direction of transmission of additional proteins depended upon the combination tested. While some graft partners failed to show exchange, some behaved as “donor” for additional proteins and still others could be both “donor” or “acceptor”. However, whether used as scion or stock, C. sativus was consistently identified as an acceptor. The occurrence of additional proteins in heterografts is discussed with regard to the transport mechanism of structural P-proteins in the phloem and its relationship to assimilate transport. Received: 18 February 1998 / Accepted: 12 May 1998     

Insight into the structure and chemistry of glandular trichomes of Labiatae, with emphasis on subfamily Lamioideae

Glandular trichomes of Labiatae are among the most investigated secretory structures. Most species studied belong to subfamily Nepetoidae, including plants with aromatic properties, while so far a few species of subfamily Lamioideae were examined. In this work, we studied the micromorphology, ultrastructure, type and release of secretion of the glandular trichomes present on leaves and flowers of several species belonging to subfamily Lamioideae, (Stachys alopecuros (L.) Bentham subsp. alopecuros, S. officinalis (L.) Trevisan subsp. officinalis, S. germanica L. subsp. germanica, S. germanica L. subsp. salviifolia (Ten.) Gams, S. sylvatica L., S. heraclea All., S. plumosa Griseb., S. annua L., Prasium majus L., Sideritis romana L.) and one to the sister group Scutellarioideae (Scutellaria galericulata L.). Besides the well-known peltate and small capitate trichomes, widely described in the literature, other types of glandular trichomes were encountered; stalked peltate hairs and large capitate hairs. In particular, a new type of capitate trichome, exclusive of calices and corollas, which presents a mode and release of secretion never described before, is reported.     

葫芦科8属11种植物花粉形态的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电子显微镜,对葫芦科8属10种1变种植物的花粉形态进行观察研究。结果显示:冬瓜属、葫芦属和栝楼属的花粉粒为近球形,具3孔沟;苦瓜属、西瓜属和丝瓜属的花粉粒为长球形,具3沟;黄瓜属的花粉粒为近球形,具3孔;南瓜属的花粉粒为球形,具散孔。花粉粒大小、形状和外壁雕纹属、种间差异显著。     

Moths pollinate four crops of Cucurbitaceae in Asia

Pollination ecology of many crops is not fully known, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Non-bee pollinators may contribute substantially to crop yield, even if they do not receive much attention. Although moth pollination has fascinated ecologists and evolutionary biologists since Darwin, crop pollination by moths has not been well investigated and experimentally examined. Hence, we explored the pollination ecology of four cucurbit crops with crepuscular or nocturnal flowers. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., Trichosanthes anguina L., and Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. all display floral traits suggestive of moth pollination, such as opening around dusk or in evenings and secreting ample dilute nectar. We demonstrated that these crops’ flowers attracted a wide range of moth species, especially hawkmoths. The assemblage of flower-visiting moths varied according to location and season. Pollination treatments and pollen load analysis confirmed the pollination of the four crops by moths, especially hawkmoths. Our results provide evidence for the value as wild pollinators for the four crops, for which domesticated bees cannot provide reliable pollination services in practice. This study lends support to the proposal to pay more attention to the value of non-bee pollinators and to leave some areas unexploited in rural landscapes for the conservation of wild pollinators, including moths.     

秦岭种子植物区系新记录

报道了秦岭种子植物区系4新记录属[杜若属(Pollia Thunb.)、美冠兰属(Eulophia R.Br.ex Lindl.)、常山属(Dichroa Lour.)和吊灯花属(Ceropegia Linn.)],8新记录种[川杜若Pollia miranda(Lévl.)Hara、长距美冠兰Eulophia dabia(D.Don)Hochr.、常山Dichroa febrifugaLour.、肉色土栾儿Apios carnea(Wall.)Benth.exBaker、柳叶蓬莱葛Gardneria lanceolata Rehd.et Wils.、显脉獐牙菜Swertia nervosa(G.Don)Wall.ex C.B.Clarke、皱果赤瓟Thladiantha henryi Hemsl.var.henryi和宝兴吊灯花Ceropegia paohsingensis Tsiang et P.T.Li]。     

Trichome micromorphology of the East Asiatic genus Chelonopsis (Lamiaceae) and its systematic implications

The micromorphology of trichomes of the leaves of 17 taxa (including two varieties) of the genus Chelonopsis Miq. and of six species representing four additional genera (Bostrychanthera deflexa Benth., Colquhounia coccinea Wall. var. coccinea, Co. seguinii Vaniot. var. seguinii, Gomphostemma chinense Oliv. var. chinense, G. crinitum Wall. ex Benth. and Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth.) was surveyed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Two basic types of trichomes can be identified: non-glandular and glandular trichomes. The non-glandular trichomes can be subdivided into two subtypes: simple unbranched and branched trichomes. Based on the cell number, simple unbranched trichomes are further divided into four shapes (unicellular, two-celled, three-celled, and more than three cells), whilst branched trichomes are separated into three shapes (biramous, stellate, and dendroid trichomes). The glandular trichomes can in turn be subdivided into four subtypes: subsessile, capitate, clavate, and sunken. Non-glandular trichomes with two cells (NGTW) and subsessile glandular trichomes (GSU) are most widespread in all taxa examined. The indumentum shows considerable variation among different sections or species. Consequently, trichome micromorphology and distribution have high taxonomic value for Chelonopsis at both infrageneric and interspecific levels. The presence of capitate glandular trichomes (GCA) provides an additional morphological character to clarify the boundaries between subgenus Chelonopsis and Aequidens Wu and Li. Within subgenus Aequidens, non-glandular trichomes with more than three cells (NGMT) and clavate glandular trichomes (GCL) are important characters for sectional division between sect. Aequidens Wu and Li and sect. Microphyllum Wu and Li. Again, three forms of three-celled trichomes can be used as a distinctive taxonomic character at specific level between C. albiflora Pax et K. Hoffm. ex Limpr., C. forrestii J. Anthony, and C. souliei (Bonati) Merr. in sect. Aequidens. This study supports Wu's delimitation of subgenus and sections and the subsequent review work by Xiang et al. Additionally, distribution of trichome types is correlated with the altitudinal distribution and habitats of some species in Chelonopsis.     

Nectar trichome structure of aquatic bladderworts from the section <Emphasis Type="Italic">Utricularia</Emphasis> (Lentibulariaceae) with observation of flower visitors and pollinators

In Utricularia, the flower spur is a nectary and in this organ, nectar is produced and stored. This study aimed to examine the structure of the nectary trichomes in four Utricularia species (Utricularia vulgaris L., U. australis R.Br., U. bremii Heer and U. foliosa L.) from the generic section Utricularia. We have investigated whether species with different spur morphology had similar spur anatomy and nectary trichome structure. In Utricularia flowers, nectar is produced by spur capitate trichomes (sessile or stalked). Our results showed that regardless of the various spur morphology, trichomes have similar architecture and ultrastructure. Head cells of these trichomes are transfer cells with an eccrine nectar secretion. Examined species differed in the micromorphology of papillae in spurs. The fly Eristalis tenax was found to be a pollinator of U. vulgaris. Small Halictidae bees seem to be pollinators of U. foliosa.     

TINY BRANCHED HAIR functions in multicellular trichome development through an ethylene pathway in Cucumis sativus L.

The fruit trichomes of Cucurbitaceae are widely desired in many Asian countries and have been a key determinant of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivar selection for commercial production and breeding. However, our understanding of the initiation and development of cucumber trichomes is still limited. Here, we found that the cucumber TINY BRANCHED HAIR (TBH) gene is preferentially expressed in multicellular trichomes. Overexpression of CsTBH in tbh mutants restored the trichome phenotype and increased the percentage of female flowers, whereas silencing of CsTBH in wild-type plants resulted in stunted trichomes with a lower rate of female flowers. Furthermore, we provide evidence that CsTBH can directly bind to the promoters of cucumber 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase (CsACS) genes and regulate their expression, which affects multicellular trichome development, ethylene accumulation, and sex expression. Two cucumber acs mutants with different trichome morphology and sex morphs compared with their near-isogenic line further support our findings. Collectively, our study provides new information on the molecular mechanism of CsTBH in regulating multicellular trichome development and sex expression through an ethylene pathway.     

贵州植物区系增补

本文报道了贵州种子植物地理分布新记录属6个,新记录种14个,新记录变种1个。     

Floral Development of Three Maesa Species, with Special Emphasis on the Position of the Genus within Primulales

Floral development of three Maesa Forssk. species, M. argenteaWall., M. japonica(Thunb.) Moritzi ex Zoll. and M. perlarius(Lour.)Merr., was studied with a scanning electron microscope. Thedistinctive floral features of the genus, such as presence oftwo persistent bracteoles, perigynous flowers and many-seededfruits, have been used to discuss the systematic position ofthe genus within Primulales. In addition, the development ofcommon stamen-petal primordia, the number, arrangement and positionof ovules and the shape of the anthers provide evidence in favourof placing Maesa in a separate family, Maesaceae, as suggestedby Anderberg and Ståhl (Canadian Journal of Botany, 73:1699–1730, 1995). Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company Primulales, Maesa argentea Wall., Maesa japonica(Thunb.) Moritzi ex Zoll., Maesa perlarius(Lour.) Merr., floral ontogeny, SEM     

香港大榄郊野公园的植物组成与植被数量分类

通过对香港大榄郊野公园森林群落的样地调查,利用组平均法和除趋势对应分析两种方法,对样方进行聚类与排序分析。把35个样地划分为11个植被类型,森林群落可划分为台湾相思（Acacia confusa Merr．）林、红胶木（Lophostemon confertus（R．Br．）PeterG．Wilson ex J．T．Waterh．）林、木荷（Schima superba Gardner ex Champ．）林、柠檬桉（Eucalyptus citriodora Hook．）林、湿地松＋鸭脚木（Pinus elliottii Engelm．＋Schefflera octophylla（Lour．）Harms．）林、土沉香（Aquilaria sinensis（Lour．）Spreng．）林、毛叶桉（Eucalyptus torelliana F．Muell．）林;灌木群落分为山油柑＋越南叶下珠（Acronychia pedunculata（L．）Miq．＋Phyllanthus cochmchinensis（Lour．）Spreng．）矮树灌丛、豺皮樟＋桃金娘（Litsea rotoundifolia（Nees）Hemsl．var．oblongifolia（Nees）C．K．Allen＋Rhodomyrtus tomentosa（Alton）Hassk．）矮树灌丛、大头茶（Gordonia axillaris（Roxb．ex Ker Gawl．）D．Dietr．）矮树灌丛、桃金娘＋芒萁（Rhodomyrtus tomentosa （Alton）Hassk．＋Dicranopteris dichotoma（Thunb．）Bernh．）灌草丛。DCA排序结果反映海拔高度与各个森林群落的分布格局和物种组成关系不大,而环境湿度是影响森林群落物种组成的主要因素。多样性分析结果显示,台湾相思林和土沉香林多样性指数最高,说明台湾相思林逐渐向次生林演变,除了红胶木林和少数郁闭度低的台湾相思林中有强阳生性树种外,大部分人工林下植物以阳生性稍耐阴的树种为主。调查结果显示,大榄郊野公园植物生长条件东部优于西部,西部的物种丰富度和多样性指数较低,主要以人工林和灌丛为主,加上山火频繁发生,导致长期处于先锋阶段。     

香港大榄郊野公园的植物组成与植被数量分类

通过对香港大榄郊野公园森林群落的样地调查, 利用组平均法和除趋势对应分析两种方法, 对样方进行聚类与排序分析。把35个样地划分为11个植被类型, 森林群落可划分为台湾相思(Acacia confusa Merr.)林、红胶木(Lophostemon confertus(R. Br.) Peter G. Wils on ex J. T. Waterh.)林、木荷(Schima superba Gardner ex Champ.)林、柠檬桉(Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.)林、湿地松+鸭脚木(Pinus elliottii Engelm.+ Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms .)林、土沉香(Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng.)林、毛叶桉(Eucalyptus torel liana F. Muel l.)林; 灌木群落分为山油柑+越南叶下珠(Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq.+ Phyl lanthus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.)矮树灌丛、豺皮樟+桃金娘(Li tsea rotoundifol ia (Nees) Hemsl . var. ob longi folia (Nees) C. K. Allen+Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Al ton) Hassk.)矮树灌丛、大头茶(Gordonia axillaris (Roxb. ex Ker Gawl .) D. Dietr.)矮树灌丛、桃金娘+芒萁(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Alton) Hassk.+Dicranopteris dichotoma (Thunb.) Bernh.)灌草丛。DCA排序结果反映海拔高度与各个森林群落的分布格局和物种组成关系不大, 而环境 湿度是影响森林群落物种组成的主要因素。多样性分析结果显示, 台湾相思林和土沉香林多样性指数最高, 说明台湾相思林逐渐向次生林演变, 除了红胶木林和少数郁闭度低的台湾相思林中有强阳生性树种外, 大部分人工林下植物以阳生性稍耐阴的树种为主。调查结果显示, 大榄郊野公园植物生长条件东部优于西部, 西部的物种丰富度和多样性指数较低, 主要以人工林和灌丛为主, 加上山火频繁发生, 导致长期处于先锋阶段。     

Dual-color FISH karyotype analyses using rDNAs in three Cucurbitaceae species

Dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of three Cucurbitaceae species from different genera was conducted using 5S and 45S rDNA probes. In Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. (2n=24), the 45S rDNA probe hybridized on two chromosomes, one in the short arm of a medium-sized metacentric chromosome and another at the satellite of a chromosome. The 5S rDNA hybridized at a site proximal to the centromere of the same short arm of the 45S rRNA gene locus that occupied almost the entire short arm. For Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai (2n=22), the 45S rDNA probe hybridized at sites in the short arms of two chromosomes and the 5S rDNA probe was co-localized with the 45S rRNA locus at the region proximal to the centromere in one chromosome. The 45S rRNA loci occupied almost all of the short arms in both chromosomes. In Cucurbita moschata Duch. (2n=40), the 45S rDNA probe hybridized in five chromosomes in which the 45S rRNA genes occupied almost two-thirds of the chromosomes in two large chromosomes and the entire short arm of a medium-sized chromosome. Two other loci were present in two medium-sized chromosomes, one in the proximal region in the short arm of a chromosome and another at the tip of the long arm of a chromosome. Chromosomes of B. hispida were relatively larger than those of the other two species. The karyotype of B. hispida is composed of two metacentrics and 10 submetacentrics, while that of C. lanatus is composed of seven metacentrics and four submetacentrics and that of C. moschata is composed of 18 metacentrics and two submetacentrics. Comparative chromosome evolution among the three Cucurbitaceae species was attempted using the karyotypes and the chromosomal distribution patterns of the 5S and 45S rDNAs. The results presented herein will be useful in elucidating the phylogenetic relationships among Cucurbitaceae species, and will provide basic data for their breeding programs.     

基于天然更新性能筛选海南岛木麻黄海防林混交树种

基于对海南木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia L.)海防林天然更新情况的实地调查,采用更新数量、更新分布范围和更新结构3项单目标评价方法和熵权综合评价方法,对不同树种在木麻黄林下的天然更新性能进行评价和排序,据此筛选出适宜在木麻黄林下天然更新的树种。结果显示,更新能力较强的树种有:乔木树种潺槁木姜子(Litsea glutinosa(Lour.)C.B.Rob.)、大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth)、苦楝(Melia azedarace L.)和鹊肾树(Streblus asper Lour.);小乔木鸦胆子(Brucea javanica(Linn.)Merr.)、露兜树(Pandanus tectorius Sol.)和暗罗(Polyalthia suberosa(Roxb.)Thw.);灌木酒饼簕(Atalantia buxifolia(Poir.)Oliv.)、调料九里香(Murraya koenigii(L.)Spreng.)、刺篱木(Flacourtia indica(Burm.F.)Merr.)和基及树(Carmona microphylla(lam.)G.Don)。具有一定更新潜力的树种有:乔木树种榄仁树(Terminalia catappa L.)、红厚壳(Calophyllum inophyllum L.)等;小乔木粗糠柴(Mallotus philippensis(Lam.)Muell.Arg.)、八脉臭黄荆(Premna octonervia Merr.et Metc.)等;灌木苦郎树(Clerodendrum inerme(L.)Gaertn.)、九节(Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir.)等。小乔木和灌木是海防林的伴生树种,适当保留和种植可提高木麻黄林的物种多样性和层次结构。选用天然更新良好的树种与木麻黄混交,最终可实现海防林由人工林向“近自然”林的转化。     

CmMDb: A Versatile Database for Cucumis melo Microsatellite Markers and Other Horticulture Crop Research

Cucumis melo L. that belongs to Cucurbitaceae family ranks among one of the highest valued horticulture crops being cultivated across the globe. Besides its economical and medicinal importance, Cucumis melo L. is a valuable resource and model system for the evolutionary studies of cucurbit family. However, very limited numbers of molecular markers were reported for Cucumis melo L. so far that limits the pace of functional genomic research in melon and other similar horticulture crops. We developed the first whole genome based microsatellite DNA marker database of Cucumis melo L. and comprehensive web resource that aids in variety identification and physical mapping of Cucurbitaceae family. The Cucumis melo L. microsatellite database (CmMDb: http://65.181.125.102/cmmdb2/index.html) encompasses 39,072 SSR markers along with its motif repeat, motif length, motif sequence, marker ID, motif type and chromosomal locations. The database is featured with novel automated primer designing facility to meet the needs of wet lab researchers. CmMDb is a freely available web resource that facilitates the researchers to select the most appropriate markers for marker-assisted selection in melons and to improve breeding strategies.     

Chloroplast Biogenesis 49 : Differences among Angiosperms in the Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Monovinyl and Divinyl Protochlorophyllide during Photoperiodic Greening

Various angiosperms differed in their monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide biosynthetic capabilities during the dark and light phases of photoperiodic growth. Some plant species such as Cucumis sativus L., Brassica juncea (L.) Coss., Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler, and Portulaca oleracea L. accumulated mainly divinyl protochlorophyllide at night. Monocotyledonous species such as Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Triticum secale L., Zea mays L., and some dicotyledonous species such as Phaseolus vulgaris L., Glycine max (L.) Merr., Chenopodium album L., and Lycopersicon esculentum L. accumulated mainly monovinyl protochlorophyllide at night.

Under low light intensities meant to simulate the first 60 to 80 minutes following daybreak divinyl protochlorophyllide appeared to contribute much more to chlorophyll formation than monovinyl protochlorophyllide in species such as Cucumis sativus L. Under the same light conditions, species which accumulated mainly monovinyl protochlorophyllide at night appeared to form chlorophyll preferably via monovinyl protochlorophyllide.

These results were interpreted in terms of: (a) a differential contribution of monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide to chlorophyll formation at daybreak in various plant species; and (b) a differential regulation of the monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide biosynthetic routes by light and darkness.

     

Nucellus Cultures of two Cucurbits--Luffa cylindrica and Trichosanthes anguina

Nucellus cultures of Luffa cylindrica and Trichosanthes anguina(Cucurbitaceae) have been established. Tracheary differentiationoccurred in cultures of both taxa. Supplementing the culturemedium with 2,4-D caused limited and diffuse differentiationof tracheary elements. In the absence of 2,4-D, tracheary differentiationwas profuse and the tracheary elements formed compact nodules;the differentiation of tracheary nodules could be traced towell-developed meristemoids. Our results show that the formationof tracheary nodules is an ultimate event in morphogenesis andbears no causal relation to organogenesis. The suitability ofthe nucellus as a system for studies on tracheary differentiationis emphasized.     

绞股蓝饮料的开发研究

以绞股蓝为主要原料,配以甘草、蜂蜜等,选择出适宜的配方和工艺条件,研制出色、香、味俱佳,清凉止渴,具有一定保健功能的天然饮品,有助于绞股蓝这一野生植物资源的开发利用.