凉水自然保护区松鼠巢址选择的特征

2006 年6 月11 日至9 月27 日和2007 年8 月14 日至9 月21 日采用样线法,并结合定位观察的方法在凉水国家级自然保护区对松鼠的巢址选择进行了定量研究,共获取107 个巢样方和230 个对照样方。对每个样方分别测定了12 个巢树参数和7 个环境参数。统计分析结果表明,松鼠仅在针叶树上营巢,59.8 ± 4. 7% 的巢建于红松上,但对枝叶比红松更为浓密的云杉和臭冷杉有显著的选择性,而且显著倾向于在以云杉、臭冷杉为优势树种的生境中营巢。松鼠选择比较高大(树高21.5 ± 0.4 m)、活动通道比较多(3.6 ±0.1)的树营巢,巢树周围的树木密度(169 ± 4 株/ hm² )和多样性(辛普森指数0.51 ± 0.01)显著高于对照样方。巢址生境多位于南向的中、下坡位。巢址高12.4 ± 0.4 m,紧贴树干,多朝南。红松树上的巢多建于树冠的中下部,云杉和臭冷杉树上的巢多建于树冠的上部。松鼠巢对包括道路在内的林隙没有显著的回避。     

南充雉鸡的巢址选择和春夏季栖息地选择

2006年3-6月,采用野外直接观察法和样方法,在四川省南充市太和白鹭自然保护区对雉鸡(Phasianus colchicus)的巢址选择和春夏季栖息地选择进行了研究。通过主成分分析和对比分析,巢址选择研究结果表明:雉鸡的巢都是选择在乔木盖度小、距水距离较近、草本高度和盖度都较大的白茅(Imperata cylindri-cal)干草丛中;影响雉鸡巢址选择的主要因子依次为:坡度、总盖度、乔木平均胸径、乔木盖度、郁闭度、距水距离、距路距离、灌木平均高度、巢周围干草比例、裸地面积、巢上方覆盖物厚、灌木盖度和巢所在草丛宽度等13个因子。春夏季栖息地选择研究结果表明:雉鸡在春夏季倾向于在植被总盖度大、坡度适中、乔木盖度适中、草本盖度和高度较大、灌木盖度较小、灌木高度较大、隐蔽度较大、距路距离较远和郁闭度较大等的生境栖息。     

Diet of the nominate Southern Grey Shrike Lanius meridionalis meridionalis in the north of its range (Mediterranean France)

Capsule In this region the diet is mainly cold-blooded prey, mostly insects such as beetles.

Aims To describe the diet of this newly separated, poorly documented and endangered species.

Method Diet was inferred from pellet analysis, collected during a single breeding and winter period in the steppe of the Crau.

Results A total of 5409 prey were identified from 257 pellets. Vertebrates were seldom taken, except by adults (small passerines) during the fledgling period. High seasonal differences were found. Hymenoptera were largely consumed in autumn, Arachnida in autumn and winter, Orthoptera in summer and autumn and Lepidoptera larvae in winter and spring and by fledglings. Nevertheless, Coleoptera were ingested in large proportions all year round. Carabidae were the main prey in winter and Melolonthidae were especially important for adults during the nestling period, as were Cetoniidae for the fledglings.

Conclusion Small mammals and small birds were less exploited in France and Spain (L. m. meridionalis) than in Israel (L. m. elegans or L. m. aucheri), whereas the opposite might be expected, following a north–south climatic gradient. Thus, the nominate subspecies L. m. meridionalis differed in diet from L. m. elegans or L. m. aucheri.     

甘肃盐池湾斑头雁巢址选择

2019年4至6月,采用定点观察法和样方法研究甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区斑头雁(Anser indicus)巢址选择。研究期间共发现斑头雁巢332个,斑头雁在繁殖期有3种营巢生境,即浅水沼泽、湖心小岛以及山崖,其巢址类型有草垛巢、地面巢和山崖裸岩巢3种。浅水沼泽、湖心小岛以及山崖3种营巢生境中窝卵数分别为(4.7±2.7)枚(n=204)、(4.2±1.9)枚(n=108)及(3.1±0.6)枚(n=20),孵化成功率分别为48.65%(n=199)、45.27%(n=148)及24.00%(n=25),繁殖成功率分别为66.67%(n=42)、74.28%(n=35)及36.36%(n=11)。主成分分析显示,影响浅水沼泽生境中斑头雁巢址选择的主要环境因素依次为水源因素、隐蔽因素、干扰因素和食物因素;影响湖心小岛生境中斑头雁巢址选择的主要环境因素依次为隐蔽因素、食物因素、干扰因素;影响山崖生境中斑头雁巢址选择的主要环境因素依次为地形因素、食物及水源因素、干扰因素。本研究表明,斑头雁在不同营巢生境中,巢址选择的最主要环境因素并不相同,主要依赖生境特征及周围环境因素特征。     

Nest-site habitat selection by Lesser Rheas ( Rhea pennata pennata ) in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Selection of nest-site habitat by a population of wild Lesser Rheas (Rhea pennata pennata) was studied in the northwestern Patagonia steppe, Argentina, during two reproductive seasons (2004/2005 and 2005/2006). Nest spatial distribution was compared with randomly selected points in the study area. Contrary to observations in other ratite species, nest distribution showed an aggregate pattern associated with “mallín” (meadow) areas, which are habitats of higher productivity in the Patagonia steppe. Moreover, similar to observations made on the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana), vegetation cover was higher in nest sites than in randomly selected sites, probably because higher vegetation provides concealment from predators and protection from the strong westerly winds that frequent in this region. Our results reinforce the importance of “mallín” areas for the reproduction and conservation of this threatened ratite species.     

Temporal changes and sexual differences of impaling behavior in Southern Grey Shrike (Lanius meridionalis)

The Southern Grey Shrike (Lanius meridionalis) is a common resident along the rift valley. During 2007-2008 we studied the impaling behavior of Southern Grey Shrikes at the Shezaf nature reserve by food supplementation. Our findings indicate seasonal shifts in impaling behavior. During the winter, there was no difference between the sexes and shrikes impaled house mice (Mus musculus) close to their territorial boundaries with neighboring conspecifics. All impaled mice disappeared from the tree within a few hours of impalement. During the mating season, males impaled the whole prey and let females eat it, and prey was impaled by both sexes only in order to dismember and feed the nestlings. Shrikes impaled and cached meal worms only after they were satiated. The number of meal worms taken to be hoarded increased during the non-breeding season, but during the breeding season male shrikes preferred to feed the females. During the entire research period we did not find any specific cache sites or trees and no prey remained impaled for extended periods of time. In conclusion, impaling prey changed temporally and between sexes: from being a signal for conspecifics to pair bonding.     

Nest-site selection and its impact on breeding success of the Lesser Kestrel,Falco naumanni,in the North of Iran (Aves: Falconiformes)

The Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) is a small migratory falcon which nests coloni- ally on inland cliffs and ruined buildings. Bandar Turkman city holds one of the most important breeding colonies in Iran. It nests in holes in roofs, walls or on ledges of buildings throughout of the city. We tried to find out whether there is a relationship between nest-site selection and breeding success. Although height from the ground is the most important factor in nest-site selection by F. naumanni, height from the floor and distance to the nearest neighbour are other main factors which affect breeding success. This could be the result of accessibility by human and natural predators such as domestic cats which threaten nests. The number of possible nest-sites in the study area is limited as many old, ruined buildings are being replaced by new construc- tions; this colonially breeding bird species therefore suffers from a lack of highly suitable nest-sites and this directly affect breeding success.     

四川南充市区白腰文鸟的巢址选择与雏鸟的生长发育

20 0 2年 1 1月～ 2 0 0 4年 4月在四川省南充市区内对白腰文鸟 (Lonchurastriata)的繁殖习性进行了研究。结果表明 ,白腰文鸟 2月下旬开始繁殖 ;影响巢址选择的主要因素 9种 ;雌雄参与筑巢 ,营巢期 5～ 6d;雌雄轮流孵卵 ,孵卵期 1 3～ 1 5d ,整个种群的孵卵高峰期在 4～ 6月 ,窝卵数 (5 .61± 0 . 78) (n =1 8)枚 ,孵化率 86 0 7% ;雌雄均参与育雏 ,育雏期 1 8～ 2 1d ,雏离巢率 82 43 % ,繁殖生产力 3. 0 1 ,育雏两个高峰期 :上午 8:0 0～ 1 0 :0 0时和下午 1 6:0 0～ 1 8:0 0时 ,日育雏次数 (1 2 . 77± 6 .0 7) (n =3 4) ,育雏时间间隔(0 . 96± 0 . 42 )h(n =1 61 ) ;雏鸟形态生长曲线呈“S”型。     

小兴安岭黑河胜山林区冬季驼鹿的生境选择

2002年、2003年和2004年的12月至3月,在小兴安岭黑河胜山林场开展了驼鹿生境选择的研究。研究中选择了9类与驼鹿生境选择相关的生态因子：植被型、离公路距离、离采伐点距离、平均雪深、隐蔽程度、坡向、坡位、坡度、海拔,运用SPSS软件进行交叉汇总定量分析。结果表明,胜山驼鹿冬季以落叶阔叶林、灌丛为主要生境,影响驼鹿分布的主要生态因子为隐蔽程度、坡位,其次为雪深、坡向、离采伐点距离、离公路距离,坡度、海拔对驼鹿分布的影响不明显。     

Habitat and home range fidelity in a trophically dimorphic pumpkinseed sunfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepomis gibbosus</Emphasis>) population

We investigated habitat selection in a trophically dimorphic population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) to determine whether littoral and limnetic ecotypes exhibit habitat or site fidelity. A transplant experiment was conducted, in which 998 pumpkinseeds captured from littoral and limnetic sites were marked and released in either the site of capture, the nearest site of the same habitat type, or the nearest site of the opposite habitat type. Daily recapture attempts over the course of the reproductive and growing season provided a 25% recapture rate, 40% of which were recaptured on multiple occasions at the same site. Site fidelity was very high in both ecotypes. Results estimated with a multi-state transition model indicated that the probability of a transplanted pumpkinseed returning to its site of origin ranged from 74% for limnetic pumpkinseeds released into a different limnetic or littoral site, to 93% for littoral pumpkinseeds released into a limnetic site. Furthermore, the probability of a pumpkinseed being recaptured at its site of origin if not transplanted was estimated at 97 and 98% for limnetic individuals and littoral individuals, respectively. Discriminant Function Analysis of helminth parasite loads sampled from littoral and limnetic individuals could classify site of origin with 96–100% accuracy, suggesting that the habitat and site fidelity patterns observed with mark–recapture are indicative of long-term habitat segregation of the two forms. The results of our experiment provide compelling evidence of correlated habitat selection as a function of home range fidelity within both ecotypes of a subtly dimorphic species. Such behaviour could have a significant effect on present or future gene flow.     

喜马拉雅灰叶猴栖息地利用和食性生物学研究(英文）

2006年4月至2007年4月在巴基斯坦克什米尔地区马希亚拉国家公园（Machiara National Park）对喜马拉雅灰叶猴(Semnopithecus entellus ajex)的栖息地利用和食性生物学进行研究。结果表明,冬天,叶猴首选的栖息地多为温暖湿润的针叶林和落叶林混交地区;夏天,它们则迁移至高海拔的亚高山灌木丛林里。喜马拉雅灰叶猴主要以植物的叶子为食,研究期间在该地区共发现49种被采食过的植物（夏季27种,冬季22种）。通过观察它们的所有食物,发现老叶(36.12%)比嫩叶(27.27%)更受欢迎,随后依次为果实17.00%、树根9.45%、树皮6.69%、花2.19%和根茎1.28%。     

喜马拉雅灰叶猴栖息地利用和食性生物学

2006年4月至2007年4月在巴基斯坦克什米尔地区马希亚拉国家公园(Machiara National Park)对喜马拉雅灰叶猴(Semnopithecus entellus ajex)的栖息地利用和食性生物学进行研究。结果表明,冬天,叶猴首选的栖息地多为温暖湿润的针叶林和落叶林混交地区;夏天,它们则迁移至高海拔的亚高山灌木丛林里。喜马拉雅灰叶猴主要以植物的叶子为食,研究期间在该地区共发现49种被采食过的植物(夏季27种,冬季22种)。通过观察它们的所有食物,发现老叶(36.12%)比嫩叶(27.27%)更受欢迎,随后依次为果实17.00%、树根9.45%、树皮6.69%、花2.19%和根茎1.28%。     

Physical, environmental and human factors influencing productivity in Bonelli's eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus in Granada (SE Spain)

We analysed the productivity of the Bonelli's eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus in relation to 26 variables that account for physiography, level of human presence, land-use, climate, laying date, and nest orientation, in the province of Granada (SE Spain), where a stable population exhibits the maximum productivity value for the species in Europe. Productivity positively correlated with cliff availability within territories and closeness of nest site to SE orientation. Cliff availability permitted some pairs to choose the best nest site orientation, thereby favouring high productivity. Nests in the preferred orientation (SE) had 35% higher productivity than those towards non-preferred orientations. Higher productivity in the best orientation nests might be related to warmer conditions. High productivity in the study area could offset the main problem for Bonelli's eagle conservation in Europe, that is, the high preadult and adult mortality. Actions required to ensure the recovery of neighbouring populations must focus on the preservation of high cliff availability and the diminution of preadult mortality in southeastern Spain. This would favour restocking of the decreased northern populations by the juvenile dispersion.     

Coexistence of wolves and humans in a densely populated region (Lower Saxony,Germany)

Since the first sporadic occurrences of grey wolves (Canis lupus) west of the Polish border in 1996, wolves have shown a rapid population recovery in Germany. Wolves are known to avoid people and wolf attacks on humans are very rare worldwide. However, the subjectively perceived threat is considerable, especially as food-conditioned habituation to humans occurs sporadically. Lower Saxony (Germany) has an exceedingly higher human population density than most other regions with territorial wolves; thus, the potential for human–wolf conflicts is higher. Using hunters’ wildlife survey data from 455 municipalities and two years (2014–2015) and data from the official wolf monitoring (557 confirmed wolf presences and 500 background points) collected between 2012–2015, grey wolf habitat selection was modelled using generalized additive models with respect to human population density, road density, forest cover and roe deer density. Moreover, we tested whether habitat use changed in response to human population and road density between 2012/2013 and 2014/2015.Wolves showed a preference for areas of low road density. Human population density was less important as a covariate in the model of the survey data. Areas with higher prey abundance (5–10 roe deer/km²) and areas with >20% forest cover were preferred wolf habitats. Wolves were mostly restricted to areas with the lowest road and human population densities. However, between the two time periods, avoidance of human density decreased significantly.Recolonization of Germany is still in its early stages and it is unclear where this process will halt. To-date authorities mainly concentrate on monitoring measures. However, to avoid conflict, recolonization will require more stringent management of wolf populations and an improved information strategy for rural populations.     

The morphology and ultrastructure of the peripheral olfactory organ in newly metamorphosed coral-dwelling gobies, Paragobiodon xanthosomus Bleeker (Gobiidae, Teleostei)

We examined the peripheral olfactory organ in newly metamorphosed coral-dwelling gobies, Paragobiodon xanthosomus (SL=5.8mm+/-0.8mm, N=15), by the aid of electron microscopy (scanning and transmission) and light microscopy. Two bilateral olfactory placodes were present in each fish. They were oval-shaped and located medio-ventrally, one in each of the olfactory chambers. Each placode had a continuous cover of cilia. The placode epithelium contained three different types of olfactory receptor neurons: ciliated, microvillous and crypt cells. The latter type was rare. Following a pelagic larval phase, P. xanthosomus settle to the reef and form an obligate association with one species of coral, Seriatopora hystrix. Their well-developed olfactory organs likely enable larvae of P. xanthosomus to detect chemical cues that assist in navigating towards and selecting appropriate coral habitat at settlement. Our findings support past studies showing that the peripheral olfactory organ develops early in coral reef fishes.     

东北大小兴安岭地区梅衣科岛衣类和袋衣类地衣物种多样性

东北大小兴安岭地区是中国地衣的重要分布地之一, 蕴藏着丰富的地衣生物多样性。本研究基于259份标本馆馆藏及采集自东北大小兴安岭31个保护区的新鲜地衣标本, 结合形态学、解剖学、化学和DNA片段的综合分析, 鉴定并报道了该地区梅衣科岛衣类和袋衣类地衣11属31种, 包括环北极成分13种, 东亚成分11种, 世界广布成分3种, 中国特有成分3种, 欧亚成分1种。与之前记录和报道的该地区同类地衣物种组成进行对比, 结果显示隶属于2属的6种地衣在该地区未被重新发现, 表明这些地衣在该地区的分布可能大大萎缩乃至消失, 尤其是属于东亚成分的袋衣属2种: 粉袋衣(Hypogymnia farinacea)和日光山袋衣(H. nikkoensis), 自最初以东北大小兴安岭标本为凭证在中国报道分布后, 30余年未再新增任何标本信息, 日光山袋衣在近期中国大型真菌红色名录评估中被推测处于易危状态。     

西藏慈巴沟自然保护区鬣羚生境选择的季节性变化

2001 年12 月至2002 年8 月, 在西藏察隅慈巴沟国家级自然保护区采用设立固定样方的方法, 调查鬣羚对植被类型, 海拔、坡度、郁闭度、隐蔽度以及水源距离等指标的选择利用情况。通过计算Ivlev 的选择性指数,对鬣羚植被类型选择及其季节性变化进行了研究。研究发现, 鬣羚冬季主要选择箭竹—针叶林型, 到春季向下迁移, 对针阔混交林的选择性最大, 而夏季向上迁移, 利用范围扩大, 选择类型包括针阔混交林、箭竹—针叶林、杜鹃—针叶林。鬣羚对植被与对海拔高度选择趋势呈极显著相关( P < 0.01) , 表明海拔高度和植被类型对鬣羚活动分布有着相似的影响。食物的季节性变化可能是鬣羚对植被类型和垂直高度选择变化的主要原因。鬣羚在春季和冬季对平缓坡利用最大, 夏季对急陡坡利用最大, 这可能是因为随坡位变化而表现出的冬春与夏季差异。但鬣羚对隐蔽度、郁闭度和水源距离这3 个因子的选择并没有表现出明显的季节变化, 仅表现为利用中隐蔽度、高郁闭度和距离水源较近的地方。     

Influence of topography on the location and density of armadillo burrows (Dasypodidae: Xenarthra) in the central Amazon, Brazil

Armadillos (Dasypodidae: Xenarthra) are the principal group of burrow-excavating mammals in Amazonian forest. Little is known about how the landscape's physical characteristics influence where these organisms choose to construct their burrows. We measured topographic characteristics of armadillo burrow placement and evaluated whether these variables affect overall burrow density. Our study took place on the study sites of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in the central Amazon, Brazil. To determine if armadillos exhibit habitat use preferences in constructing their burrows, we quantified the declination and elevation of available terrain along transect lines on our study sites and compared this with the characteristics of areas containing burrows. We also tested whether topographic variables were related to burrow density. Armadillos preferentially build burrows on low elevation, inclined terrain, and declination was positively related to burrow density. Low, inclined areas correspond to slopes next to stream basins. It may require less effort for armadillos to excavate these areas, while also providing proximity to water. The results of this study indicate that topographic information is important to consider when using burrows to estimate habitat use and density of armadillos in terra-firme forests of the central Amazon.     

Limnological regime shifts caused by climate warming and Lesser Snow Goose population expansion in the western Hudson Bay Lowlands (Manitoba,Canada)

Shallow lakes are dominant features in subarctic and Arctic landscapes and are responsive to multiple stressors, which can lead to rapid changes in limnological regimes with consequences for aquatic resources. We address this theme in the coastal tundra region of Wapusk National Park, western Hudson Bay Lowlands (Canada), where climate has warmed during the past century and the Lesser Snow Goose (LSG; Chen caerulescens caerulescens) population has grown rapidly during the past ~40 years. Integration of limnological and paleolimnological analyses documents profound responses of productivity, nutrient cycling, and aquatic habitat to warming at three ponds (“WAP 12”, “WAP 20”, and “WAP 21″), and to LSG disturbance at the two ponds located in an active nesting area (WAP 20, WAP 21). Based on multiparameter analysis of ²¹⁰Pb‐dated sediment records from all three ponds, a regime shift occurred between 1875 and 1900 CE marked by a transition from low productivity, turbid, and nutrient‐poor conditions of the Little Ice Age to conditions of higher productivity, lower nitrogen availability, and the development of benthic biofilm habitat as a result of climate warming. Beginning in the mid‐1970s, sediment records from WAP 20 and WAP 21 reveal a second regime shift characterized by accelerated productivity and increased nitrogen availability. Coupled with 3 years of limnological data, results suggest that increased productivity at WAP 20 and WAP 21 led to atmospheric CO₂ invasion to meet algal photosynthetic demand. This limnological regime shift is attributed to an increase in the supply of catchment‐derived nutrients from the arrival of LSG and their subsequent disturbance to the landscape. Collectively, findings discriminate the consequences of warming and LSG disturbance on tundra ponds from which we identify a suite of sensitive limnological and paleolimnological measures that can be utilized to inform aquatic ecosystem monitoring.     

云南南滚河国家级自然保护区亚洲象种群旱季生境选择及保护策略

以云南南滚河国家级自然保护区内的亚洲象种群为研究对象,利用村寨调查、样线调查和3S (GIS、GPS、RS)技术对该地区野生亚洲象的栖息地状况和亚洲象在旱季对栖息地选择利用进行了初步研究。研究结果表明该地区的亚洲象偏好海拔1 000 m 以下的低海拔,坡度小于20°,坡位为平坦的沟谷和山坡的下部,坡向为东南、南、北方向的区域。偏好的植被类型是竹阔混交林和灌丛。本研究还分析了该地区自1988 ～ 2007 年20年间亚洲象栖息地的变化情况,针对目前南滚河种群及其栖息地现状提出了保护策略。