Enhanced fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion of human osteoblast by fibroblast growth factor, FGF-2

Using specific recombinant human fibronectin peptide (hFNIII9-10) that contains the binding site for integrin, we found that the fibroblast growth factor, FGF-2, enhances fibronectin-mediated adhesion in human osteoblast-like MG63 cells. The mechanism of the synergistic adhesion was due to the activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)-type MAPK upon interaction of integrin to hFNIII9-10 and its downstream activation of signaling pathways.     

Ethanol inhibits L1 cell adhesion molecule activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases

Inhibition of the functions of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1) by ethanol has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the neurodevelopmental aspects of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Ethanol at pharmacological concentrations has been shown to inhibit L1-mediated neurite outgrowth of rat post-natal day 6 cerebellar granule cells (CGN). Extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK) 1/2 activation occurs following L1 clustering. Reduction in phosphoERK1/2 by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) reduces neurite outgrowth of cerebellar neurons. Here, we examine the effects of ethanol on L1 activation of ERK1/2, and whether this activation occurs via activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). Ethanol at 25 mm markedly inhibited ERK1/2 activation by both clustering L1 with cross-linked monoclonal antibodies, or by L1-Fc chimeric proteins. Clustering L1 with subsequent ERK1/2 activation did not result in tyrosine phosphorylation of the FGFR1. In addition, inhibition of FGFR1 tyrosine kinase blocked basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) activation of ERK1/2, but did not affect activation of ERK1/2 by clustered L1. We conclude that ethanol disrupts the signaling pathway between L1 clustering and ERK1/2 activation, and that this occurs independently of the FGFR1 pathway in cerebellar granule cells.     

Modelling osteoblast adhesion on surface-engineered biomaterials: optimisation of nanophase grain size

A double-layered model is proposed for numerically simulating osteoblast adhesion on surface-engineered biomaterials. The proposed model consists of molecular and cellular motions based on theoretical and experimental evidence and creates predictive simulations from sparse experimental data. The comparison of numerical solutions and experimental data reveals that the proposed model can explain the nonlinear behaviour of osteoblast adhesion on material surfaces in respect to nanophase grain size (0–100 nm). The model further provides insight into the optimisation of nanophase grain size on the surface of the biomaterial.     

Identification and characterization of a novel heparin‐binding peptide for promoting osteoblast adhesion and proliferation by screening an Escherichia coli cell surface display peptide library

Heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) plays a key role in cellular adhesion. In this study, we utilized a 12‐mer random Escherichia coli cell surface display library to identify the sequence, which binds to heparin. Isolated insert analysis revealed a novel heparin‐binding peptide sequence, VRRSKHGARKDR, designated as HBP12. Our analysis of the sequence alignment of heparin‐binding motifs known as the Cardin–Weintraub consensus (BBXB, where B is a basic residue) indicates that the HBP12 peptide sequence contains two consecutive heparin‐binding motifs (i.e. RRSK and RKDR). SPR‐based BIAcore technology demonstrated that the HBP12 peptide binds to heparin with high affinity (K_D = 191 nM ). The HBP12 peptide is found to bind the cell surface HS expressed by osteoblastic MC3T3 cells and promote HS‐dependent cell adhesion. Moreover, the surface‐immobilized HBP12 peptide on titanium substrates shows significant increases in the osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cell adhesion and proliferation. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蛋白激酶C对胰岛素样生长因子—1促糖代谢作用的影响

为了研究蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）在胰岛素样生长因子－１（ＩＧＦ１）促糖代谢过程中所起的作用,分别检测ＰＣＫ激动剂佛波醇酯（ＰＭＡ）和抑制剂星形孢菌素（Ｓｔａｕｒｏｓｐｏｒｉｎｅ）对ＩＧＦ１降糖作用的影响。结果表明ＰＭＡ和星形孢菌素分别能抑和增强ＩＧＦ１的降糖作用,建立了高表达ＰＫＣα的ＨｅｐＧ２细胞株,ＩＧＦ１对此细胞株的降糖作用与对照相比大大增强,ＰＭＡ和星形孢菌素分别可大大抑制和增强ＩＧＦ１对ＰＣ     

Enhanced adhesion of monocytes via reverse signaling triggered by decoy receptor 3

Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a newly identified soluble protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is a receptor for Fas ligand (FasL), LIGHT and TL1A. It has been demonstrated that DcR3 is frequently overexpressed by malignant tumors arising from lung, gastrointestinal tract, neuronal glia and virus-associated leukemia. Recently, we demonstrated that DcR3 is able to modulate the differentiation and activation of dendritic cells (DCs), and that DcR3-treated DCs skew naive T cell differentiation towards a Th2 phenotype. In this study, we further demonstrate that DcR3 is able to induce actin reorganization and enhance the adhesion of monocytes and THP-1 cells by activating multiple signaling molecules, such as protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src kinases. This provides the first evidence that the soluble DcR3, like other immobilized members of TNFR superfamily, is able to trigger 'reverse signaling' to modulate cell function.     

Emerging views of integrin signaling: implications for prostate cancer

Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane cellular receptors that link the cell to its underlying substratum. Alterations in integrin expression and signaling have been implicated in many aspects of tumorigenesis and metastasis including cell survival, migration, and invasion. In prostate cancer, the progression from normal to metastatic cells is accompanied by changes in the repertoire of integrins expressed and up-regulation of key adhesion-dependent signaling pathways. Recent work from several laboratories indicates the emergence of new mechanisms for the regulation of growth and migratory pathways by integrin engagement. These pathways are likely to provide novel sites of therapeutic intervention for the treatment of prostate cancer.     

Dynamic Phosphoproteome Profiling of Zebrafish Embryonic Fibroblasts during Cold Acclimation

Temperature affects almost all aspects of the fish life. To cope with low temperature, fish have evolved the ability of cold acclimation for survival. However, intracellular signaling events underlying cold acclimation in fish remain largely unknown. Here, the formation of cold acclimation in zebrafish embryonic fibroblasts (ZF4) is monitored and the phosphorylation events during the process are investigated through a large‐scale quantitative phosphoproteomic approach. In total, 11 474 phosphorylation sites are identified on 4066 proteins and quantified 5772 phosphosites on 2519 proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine (Ser/Thr/Tyr) phosphorylation accounted for 85.5%, 13.3%, and 1.2% of total phosphosites, respectively. Among all phosphosites, 702 phosphosites on 510 proteins show differential regulation during cold acclimation of ZF4 cells. These phosphosites are divided into six clusters according to their dynamic changes during cold exposure. Kinase–substrate prediction reveals that mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) among the kinase groups is predominantly responsible for phosphorylation of these phosphosites. The differentially regulated phosphoproteins are functionally associated with various cellular processes such as regulation of actin cytoskeleton and MAPK signaling pathway. These data enrich the database of protein phosphorylation sites in zebrafish and provide key clues for the elucidation of intracellular signaling networks during cold acclimation of fish.     

The adhesion GPCRs CELSR1–3 and LPHN3 engage G proteins via distinct activation mechanisms

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Quantitative analysis of signaling networks

The response of biological cells to environmental change is coordinated by protein-based signaling networks. These networks are to be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the signaling networks can be highly complex, some networks comprising of 60 or more proteins. The fundamental motif that has been found in all signaling networks is the protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle--the cascade cycle. At this time, the computational function of many of the signaling networks is poorly understood. However, it is clear that it is possible to construct a huge variety of control and computational circuits, both analog and digital from combinations of the cascade cycle. In this review, we will summarize the great versatility of the simple cascade cycle as a computational unit and towards the end give two examples, one prokaryotic chemotaxis circuit and the other, the eukaryotic MAPK cascade.     

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and its interactors: a new paradigm for the coupling of extracellular matrix to actin cytoskeleton and signaling complexes.

How intracellular cytoskeletal and signaling proteins connect and communicate with the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental question in cell biology. Recent biochemical, cell biological, and genetic studies have revealed important roles of cytoplasmic integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and its interactive proteins in these processes. Cell adhesion to ECM is an important process that controls cell shape change, migration, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Upon adhesion to ECM, integrins and a selective group of cytoskeletal and signaling proteins are recruited to cell matrix contact sites where they link the actin cytoskeleton to the ECM and mediate signal transduction between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. In this review, we discuss the molecular activities and cellular functions of ILK, a protein that is emerging as a key component of the cell-ECM adhesion structures.     

游离脂肪酸对大鼠胰岛细胞胰岛素信号转导蛋白表达的影响

目的 :探讨游离脂肪酸是否对大鼠胰岛细胞某些胰岛素信号转导蛋白的表达产生一定的影响。方法 :分离、培养新生SD大鼠胰岛细胞 ,分别与软脂酸 (0 .2 5mmol/L)或油酸 (0 .12 5mmol/L)孵育 12、2 4、36h ,提取蛋白后用Western印迹法检测胰岛素信号转导蛋白 (cPKCα、Grb2、ERK2 )的水平。结果 :软脂酸和油酸孵育 12h后 ,大鼠胰岛细胞cPKCα、Grb2和ERK2的蛋白水平同对照组相比均未发生显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;孵育 2 4h后胰岛细胞Grb2的蛋白水平同对照组相比未发生显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;cPKCα的蛋白水平同孵育 12h后相比显著上调 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;ERK2的蛋白水平同对照组相比明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。软脂酸和油酸孵育 36h后大鼠胰岛细胞cPKCα的蛋白水平同对照组及孵育 12h后相比显著上调 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;而Grb2和ERK2的蛋白水平同对照组及孵育 12h后相比均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :游离脂肪酸可通过上调cPKCα和降低Grb2和ERK2的蛋白水平来阻滞胰岛素的信号转导 ,这可能是游离脂肪酸引起胰岛素抵抗的机制之一     

Pro-apoptotic signaling in neuronal cells following iron and amyloid beta peptide neurotoxicity

In a previous report, we characterized several oxidative stress parameters during the course of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide/Fe2+-induced apoptotic death in neuronal cells. In extending these findings, we now report a marked decrease in protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, reduced Akt serine/threonine kinase activity, Bcl 2-associated death promoter (BAD) phosphorylation and enhanced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and caspase-9 and -3 activation, 12 h after addition of both 5 micro m Abeta and 5 micro m Fe2+. These activities reminiscent for a pro-apoptotic cellular course were blocked in the presence of the iron chelator deferroxamine. Abeta alone, increased PKC isoform levels between three- and four-fold after 12 h, enhanced Akt activity approximately eight-fold and Ser136 BAD phosphorylation two-fold, suggesting that by itself is not toxic. Fe2+ alone transiently enhanced p38 MAPK and caspase-9 and -3 enzymes indicative for cell damage, but was not sufficient to cause cell death as previously indicated. GF, a PKC inhibitor or wortmannin, a blocker of the Akt pathway enhanced Abeta/Fe2+-induced toxicity, while SB, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, prevented cell damage and apoptosis. These findings further support the hypothesis that metal ion chelation and inhibitors of pro-apoptotic kinase cascades may be beneficial for Alzheimer's disease therapy.