Antilysozyme activity and antibiotic resistance of periulcerous zone microflora in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer

Antilysozyme activity (ALA) as well as antibiotic resistance were detected in 133 microbial cultures isolated from bioptic specimens of the mucous membrane of the ulcerous and periulcerous zones, taken from patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer. In 85.7-94.7% of cases Gram positive cocci and in 62.5% of cases Gram-positive bacilli showed no ALA. 50% of Gram negative bacteria cultures lacked ALA, while the remaining 50% exhibited this activity, on the average, 2.36 +/- 1.40 mkg/ml. Lysozyme activity was determined in 33.3% of the isolated staphylococci strains both with and without ALA. Staphylococci isolated from the gastric mucosa of healthy controls had no ALA in 33.3% of cases, and in 66.7% of cases ALA was equal to 2 mkg/ml. Gram positive coccal microflora showed, mainly, high sensitivity to antibiotics. In Gram negative bacteria antibiotic resistance was determined in 44.3 +/- 21.2% of the isolates. In Gram negative microorganisms correlation between ALA and antibiotic resistance was observed. From the periulcerous zone of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer persistence associated Gram negative microorganisms were mainly isolated.     

成人牙周炎龈下套氧菌分离鉴定及药敏试验结果分析

分离并鉴定了329例成人牙周炎龈下优势厌氧菌群,并对不同病程中的菌群变迁、厌氧菌的药物敏感性进行了分析.成人牙周炎龈下标本中厌氧菌阳性检出率为97.9%,其中以牙龈紫质单胞菌检出率最高(38.5%),具核梭杆菌次之(18.9%).随着牙周病变程度的加重,牙龈紫质单胞菌、具核梭杆菌、产黑色素普氏菌、星群厌氧链球菌、厌氧消化链球菌的检出率增高(P＜0.05),小韦荣球菌的检出率下降(P＜0.01),表明前5种厌氧菌在AP发病过程中有重要作用,小韦荣球菌与之无关.替硝唑、甲硝唑和克林霉素对438株革兰氏阴性厌氧菌的MIC90分别为1～8,2～8和4～16 mg/L,对278株革兰氏阳性厌氧菌的MIC90分别为16～32,16～64和4～16 mg/L,表明替硝唑和甲硝唑体外抗革兰氏阴性厌氧菌效果优于克林霉素,抗革兰氏阳性厌氧菌作用不如克林霉素.     

Psychrotrophic bacterial flora of raw ewes' milk, with particular reference to gram negative rods

The microbial flora of 141 samples of raw ewes' milk was determined, before and after storage for 72 h at 4 degrees and 7 degrees C. Penicillin-resistant bacteria represented ca 61% of 1760 psychrotrophic isolates from refrigerated milk samples. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas fluorescent group-related strains predominated (ca 86%) in the Gram negative psychrotrophic microflora. Leuconostoc dextranicum was the most frequent Gram positive psychrotrophic species isolated.     

Psychrotrophic bacterial flora of raw ewes'milk, with particular reference to Gram negative rods

The microbial flora of 141 samples of raw ewes'milk was determined, before and after storage for 72 h at 4° and 7°C. Penicillin-resistant bacteria represented ca 61% of 1760 psychrotrophic isolates from refrigerated milk samples. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas fluorescent group-related strains predominated ( ca 86%) in the Gram negative psychrotrophic microflora. Leuconostoc dextranicum was the most frequent Gram positive psychrotrophic species isolated.     

Oral bacteria resistant to mercury and to antibiotics are present in children with no previous exposure to amalgam restorative materials

Dental plaque from 76 children without amalgam restorations was screened for bacteria resistant to mercuric chloride. Seventy-one per cent of the children harboured mercury-resistant oral bacteria and the median percentage of the total oral microflora resistant to mercuric chloride was 0.007% (range 0-5.3%). Eighty-seven mercury-resistant bacteria were isolated and 86% of these were streptococci with Streptococcus mitis predominating. Sixty per cent of the mercury-resistant isolates were also resistant to at least one of the four antibiotics tested (penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline) with resistance to tetracycline (40% of isolates) most frequently encountered.     

7岁以下儿童细菌感染耐药分析

目的观察大连地区5家医院（大连医科大学附属一院、大连医科大学附属二院、大连儿童医院、大连市第六人民医院、大连开发区医院）2012年7岁以下儿童感染病原菌分布及其耐药情况。方法临床分离菌株,采用细菌分离鉴定方法（API、VITEK、Microsean系统）进行目标细菌的鉴定,药物敏感性试验用K—B纸片扩散法测定药物的敏感性。结果共收集细菌1235株,其中革兰阴性菌725株占58．7％,革兰阳性菌510株占41．3％;分离细菌前5位依次为大肠埃希菌占14．9％、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占13．6％、金黄色葡萄球菌占11．7％、肺炎克雷伯菌占10．8％、铜绿假单胞菌占7．4％。结论7岁以下儿童感染致病菌对抗生素均存在不同程度耐药情况,期望在临床治疗感染时有所帮助。     

A Note on the Spoilage of Prepacked Lamb Chops by Microbacterium thermosphactum

S ummary . The microflora developing at 5° on lamb chops, prepacked commercially, was found to consist largely of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, catalase positive, benzidine negative rods resembling Microbacterium thermosphactum. In contrast, beef steaks under the same conditions had a microflora made up predominantly of Gram negative bacteria.     

Diagnostic value of Gram stain for assessment of vaginal smears during pregnancy

The main aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of Giemsa stained method with Gram stained method for the evaluation of vaginal smears among pregnant women. A study population comprised 111 pregnant between 6 and 30 weeks of gestation. The vaginal smears from every subject was diagnosed according to Giemsa and Gram stained method and micro-organisms were isolated by culture. In 29.3% cases diagnosed as normal flora (2a) on the basis of Giemsa method bacterial vaginosis was detected in Gram stains according to Spiegel's criteria and pathological microflora in concentration > or = 10(5) CFU/ml was cultured among 75.9% of them. Among 31.7% women who had grade 3a (abnormal) in Giemsa stains method normal flora was diagnosed on the basis on Gram's method and from 17.1% pregnant women from this group we did not isolated any pathogens. For evaluation of vaginal smears during pregnancy the Giemsa method should be replaced by Gram stained method.     

Biliary microflora of patients with chronic pancreatitis

Data on the contamination of bile specimens (1997 and 2001, 205 specimens, 137 cultures), examined in the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology of the Vladimirsky Regional Research Clinical Institute, as well as data on the microflora composition in 40 specimens of bile, obtained from patients with clinically diagnosed chronic pancreatitis at the stage of exacerbation, are presented. Out of 40 specimens of bile 54 cultures of microorganisms were isolated; of these, 33.3% were bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, Gram negative bacilli took the second place in occurrence (27.8%) and the third place belonged to bacteria of the genus Streptococcus (18.5%). The antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated microorganisms is characterized.     

The structure of phototrophic communities of soda lakes of the southeastern Transbaikal region

The structure of benthic phototrophic communities of 24 soda lakes of the southeastern Transbaikal Region was studied. The physicochemical properties of the lakes were determined. The results of the cell count of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) belonging to various groups are presented. The influence of salinity on the structure of APB communities was investigated. The APB reaction to environmental conditions was determined. Massive development of phototrophic microorganisms in the form of mats and films was observed in the majority of the investigated lakes. The APB communities were characterized by a wide diversity of species and evenness of species composition. Purple sulfur bacteria of the families Ectothiorhodospiraceae and Chromatiaceae were predominant. Purple nonsulfur bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae, green filamentous bacteria Oscillochloris sp., and heliobacteria were also detected. According to preliminary data, no less than 15 species of APB occur in the studied lakes. Among them, three novel genera and four species have already been described. Identification of other isolates is still in progress. The lakes make an almost continuous series of fresh, brackish, and saline water bodies, varying in their degree of mineralization. It was demonstrated that the structure of APB communities was unaffected by salinity ranging from 5 to 40 g/l. At salt concentrations of lower than 5 g/l, the level of water mineralization became a limiting factor. Experiments with the isolated cultures showed that the APB were obligately dependent on the presence of carbonate ions in the medium. They were haloalkalitolerant or haloalkaliphilic. Thus, they are well adapted to the conditions of soda lakes with a high mineralization. It was demonstrated that soda lakes of the southeastern Transbaikal Region represent a special type of habitat which harbors a peculiar autochthonous microflora and differs from both highly mineralized soda lakes and shallow saline water bodies of the sea origin.     

Microbiocenosis of stomach in children with chronic gastritis

Qualitative and quantitative composition of gastric microflora has been studied in 30 children with chronic gastritis. Bacteriological study of gastric biopsies and parietal mucus in 10 children with chronic gastritis not associated with Helicobacter pylori more frequently revealed conditionally pathogenic bacteria--Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, S. pyogenes (group A), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, P. prevotii and their associations. In 20 studied patients with H.pylori-associated chronic gastritis composition of local microflora was less diverse--conditionally pathogenic, lacto- and bifidobacteria often were absent. Study showed that eradication of H. pylori led to appearance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria in stomach microflora, which were frequently isolated in associations. Not effective treatment was associated with disappearance of lacto- and bifidobacteria and frequent isolation of Candida albicans.     

407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 分析老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰培养物的病原菌分布及耐药状况.方法 回顾性分析407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰标本细菌培养、鉴定及药敏结果.结果 共分离出病原菌238株,革兰阴性菌163株,占68.49％;革兰阳性菌33株,占13.87％;真菌42株,占17.65％.主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌.其中,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌ESBLs阳性菌株的比例分别为36.73％、28.85％.结论 老年肺癌患者因长期使用抗生素,呼吸道菌群失调,不同病原菌对抗菌药耐药率均较高,以革兰阴性菌感染为主,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的菌株有较高比例,二重感染比例较高;革兰阳性菌均对万古霉素敏感,未发现耐药菌株.因此临床医生根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,对于改善患者肺部微生态失衡,延长生存时间具有重要指导意义.     

广州地区儿童血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性研究

目的探讨儿童血培养病原菌的分布特点及其耐药情况,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法对广州市儿童医院2005年至2006年临床各科室送检血液标本所分离病原菌的分布及药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果共检出385株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌208株,占54．0％,革兰阴性菌164株,占42．6％,真菌13株,占3．4％。分离率前6位的病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS,35．8％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（8．8％）、不动杆菌（5．5％）、大肠埃希菌（4．9％）、铜绿假单胞菌（4、7％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（4．4％）。病原菌的病区分布特点：儿科重症监护病房以不动杆菌等非发酵菌为主要分离菌（占41．7％）,新生儿重症监护病房以CNS为主（40．5％）,血液病区以肠杆菌科细菌为主（35．7％）,新生儿病房及传染病房均以CNS为主要分离菌。CNS对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素耐药率均超过80％,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁和阿米卡星敏感,MRCNS检出率达72.5％。肠杆菌科细菌对哌拉西林、氨苄西林、头孢噻肟及头孢哌酮的耐药率为50％～100％,但对亚胺培南、阿米卡星和诺氟沙星耐药率较低。不动杆菌对广谱青霉素、第3代头孢菌素、氨曲南及庆大霉素的耐药率较高而对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦较为敏感。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是广州地区儿童败血症最主要的病原菌。不同病区检出病原菌种类有较大差异。根据病原菌种类及药敏结果合理应用抗菌药是有效控制感染和减少耐药菌株产生的重要手段。     

Biofilm formation in an ice cream plant

The sites of biofilm formation in an ice cream plant were investigated by sampling both the production line and the environment. Experiments were carried out twice within a 20-day period. First, stainless steel coupons were fixed to surfaces adjacent to food contact surfaces, the floor drains and the doormat. They were taken for the analysis of biofilm at three different production stages. Then, biofilm forming bacteria were␣enumerated and also presence of Listeria monocytogenes was monitored. Biofilm forming isolates were selected on the basis of colony morphology and Gram’s reaction; Gram negative cocci and rod, Gram positive cocci and spore forming isolates were identified. Most of the biofilm formations were seen on the conveyor belt of a packaging machine 8 h after the beginning of the production, 6.5 × 10³ cfu cm⁻². Most of the Gram negative bacteria identified belong to Enterobacteriaceae family such as Proteus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Shigella, Escherichia, Edwardsiella. The other Gram negative microflora included Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Moraxella, Pseudomonas or Alcaligenes spp. were also isolated. Gram positive microflora of the ice cream plant included Staphyloccus, Bacillus, Listeria and lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus, Leuconostoc or Pediococcus spp. The results from this study highlighted the problems of spread of pathogens like Listeria and Shigella and spoilage bacteria. In the development of cleaning and disinfection procedures in ice cream plants, an awareness of these biofilm-forming bacteria is essential for the ice cream plants.     

Microbial Progression in Sliced Vacuum Packaged Bacon at Refrigeration Temperatures

S ummary . Three hundred and forty eight strains of micro-organisms were isolated from packaged bacon which had been cured by one or other of 2 methods (A and B) and stored at 0–10° for 7 weeks. Before storage, Micrococcus sub-group 7 (47%) and coryneform bacteria (33%) were the principal contaminants of bacon cured by method A and Micrococcus subgroup 1 (20%) and Microbacterium thermosphactum (21%), in bacon cured by method B. After 7 days at 0°, coagulase negative staphylococci accounted for 10 and 33% of the microflora in bacon A and B, respectively: other organisms were micrococci, 60% (A) and 25% (B); corynebacteria, 20% (A) and 12·5% (B), yeasts ( Torulopsis candida and T. dattila ) 5% (A) and 29% (B). In the following month at 10°, Micrococcus sub-group 5 was the dominant (43–88%) contaminant of bacon B; the incidence of Streptococcus Group N ranged from 27–36% and that of unidentified lactic acid bacteria from 23–32%. Towards the end of storage, the order of dominance was Micrococcus sub-group 3 (38–58%) and atypical streptobacteria (38%) in A; Streptococcus Group N (42%) and Gram positive rods (5–20%) in B. Staphylococci tended to die out during storage of bacons cured by the 2 methods and coagulase positive staphylococci were not isolated.     

广州儿童医院重症监护病房感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨儿科重症监护病房（PICU）感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药提供参考。方法对广州市儿童医院PICU病房2003年11月-2005年10月各类感染标本所分离的病原菌的分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果共检出295株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌213株（72．2％）,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌等非发酵菌;革兰阳性球菌58株（19．7％）,主要为葡萄球菌;真菌24株（8．1％）。药敏结果提示铜绿假单胞菌及不动杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、环丙沙星及阿米卡星较为敏感,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟耐药率较高,而不动杆菌对头孢哌酮、氨曲南、庆大霉素耐药严藿。肠杆菌科细菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、哌拉西林及多种头孢菌素耐药率较高而对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿米卡星等较敏感。葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素严重耐药,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁及阿米卡星敏感性高。结论铜绿假单胞菌等非发酵菌已成为PICU病房感染的主要病原菌。根据病原菌种类及药敏结果合理应用抗菌药是有效控制危重病患儿感染和减少耐药菌株产生的重要手段。     

Use of urinary gram stain for detection of urinary tract infection in childhood

In this study, urinary culture, urinary Gram stain, and four tests within the urinalysis, leukocyte esterase, nitrite, microscopyfor bacteria, and microscopyforpyuria, were examined in 100 children with symptoms suggesting urinary tract infection. Our purpose was to determine the validity of the urinary Gram stain compared with a combination of pyuria plus Gram stain and overall urinalysis (positiveness of nitrite, leukocyte esterase, microscopy for bacteria, or microscopy for white blood cell). Of 100 children, aged two days to 15 years, 70 (70 percent) had a positive urinary culture: 40 girls (57 percent) and 30 boys (43 percent). Escherichia coli was the most common isolated agent. The sensitivity and specificity of the urinary Gram stain were 80 percent and 83 percent, and that of the combination of pyuria plus Gram stain 42 percent and 90 percent, and that of the overall urinalysis 74 percent and 3.5 percent respectively. Our findings revealed that neither method of urine screen should substitute for a urine culture in the symptomatic patients in childhood.     

The structure of phototrophic communities of soda lakes of the southeastern Transbaikal Region

The structure of benthic phototrophic communities of 24 soda lakes of the southeastern Transbaikal Region was studied. The physicochemical properties of the lakes were determined. The results of enumeration of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) belonging to various groups are presented. The influence of salinity on the structure of APB communities was investigated. The APB reaction to environmental conditions was determined. Massive development of phototrophic microorganisms in the form of mats and films was observed in the majority of the investigated lakes. The APB communities were characterized by a wide diversity and evenness of species composition. Purple sulfur bacteria of the families Ectothiorhodospiraceae and Chromatiaceae were predominant. Purple nonsulfur bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae, green filamentous bacteria Oscillochloris sp., and heliobacteria were also detected. According to preliminary data, no less than 15 species of APB occur in the studied lakes. Among them, three novel genera and four species have already been described. Identification of other isolates is still in progress. The lakes make an almost continuous series of fresh, brackish, and saline water bodies, varying in their degree of mineralization. It was demonstrated that the structure of APB communities was unaffected by changes in salinity from 5 to 40 g/l. At salt concentrations of lower than 5 g/l, the level of water mineralization became a limiting factor. Experiments with the isolated cultures showed that the APB were obligately dependent on the presence of carbonate ions in the medium. They were haloalkalitolerant or haloalkaliphilic. Thus, they are well adapted to the conditions of soda lakes with a low of moderate mineralization. It was demonstrated that soda lakes of the southeastern Transbaikal Region represent a special type of habitat which harbors a peculiar autochthonous microflora and differs from both highly mineralized soda lakes and shallow saline water bodies of the sea origin.     

Identification and incidence of fungal strains in chronic rhinosinusitis patients

The fungal revolution taking place in otorhinology inspired us to study the frequency of occurrence of fungi in the nasal mucus of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients (with or without polyposis) in order to evaluate the incidence of eosinophilic fungal sinusitis in CRS patients. Ninety-six samples were examined from patients with CRS. In 74 cases mucus was collected non-invasively, and in 22 cases during operation. The Gram-stained direct smears of all samples were also evaluated. Bacteria and fungi colonizing in the mucus were detected by culturing method. The control group consisted of 50 healthy volunteers. Typical aerobic pathogenic bacteria could be isolated from 34 patients. Fifty-seven aerobic bacteria were isolated, i.e. 1.6 bacteria/positive patient with a maximum of 3 different bacteria/sample. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Yeasts and moulds could be detected from 79 patients (83%): Candida albicans, Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp, and Penicillium spp. were isolated most frequently. Altogether 237 yeasts and moulds were isolated, i.e. 3.0 different fungi/positive patient, with a maximum of 5 different fungi/sample. In the control group aerobic pathogens were not isolated, only apathogenic species. Fungi were isolated from 22 healthy patients (44%). These data indicate that fungi are frequently involved in the aetiology of CRS. IgE-medicated hypersensitivity to fungal allergens could not be proven in our patients.     

Vaginal microflora in girls of prepuberal age

The bacteriological study of vaginal microflora in 24 clinically healthy girls aged 7-8 years was carried out. Two criteria of normal vaginal biocenosis in girls of prepuberal age were proposed. The proportion of hemolytic bacteria in the vagina of a girl of prepuberal age could reach 100% of all microflora, provided the total bacterial count (TBC) exceed average values. A high proportion of hemolytic bacteria in the vaginal microflora of girls of prepuberal age in combination with a high level of TBC (even with TBC not exceeding the upper limit of its normal value) could probably by regarded as a border state. No fungi of the genus Candida should be isolated from vagina in girls of prepuberal age. Facultative anaerobic microflora was represented mainly by Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. saprophyticus. In 64.3 +/- 12.8% of cases bifidobacteria were detected in the girls vagina.