植物一氧化氮生物学的研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)是植物中的一种关键的信号分子.在植物中,NO的潜在来源包括一氧化氮合成酶、硝酸还原酶、黄嘌呤氧化还原酶和非酶促途径.NO能促进植物生长,延缓叶片、花和果实衰老,促进休眠和需光种子的萌发,能与植物激素相互作用调节气孔运动,诱导程序性细胞死亡和防御相关基因的表达,并在逆境中作为一种抗氧化剂起作用.NO的细胞内信号反应包括环鸟苷酸、环腺苷二磷酸核糖的产生和细胞质Ca2 浓度的增加,其信号转导途径及其生物化学和细胞学本质还不十分清楚.     

植物体内一氧化氮合成途径研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)作为一种气体信号分子,在植物生理过程中发挥重要作用,它参与调节植物的生长、发育及对外界环境的应激反应.植物体内主要通过酶催化途径和非酶催化途径合成NO.酶催化途径合成NO的主要酶包括一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和硝酸还原酶(nitrate reductase,NR),以及在某些植物的特定组织或器官或在特殊环境条件下存在的一氧化氮氧化还原酶(nitric oxide oxidoreductase,Ni-NOR)和黄嘌呤氧化还原酶(xanthine oxidoreductase,XOR).非酶催化合成途径主要是在酸性和还原剂存在条件下将亚硝酸盐还原成NO.该文主要结合研究方法,综述了植物体内NO合成途径的研究进展,为植物体内NO信号的作用机理的深入研究提供信息资料.     

植物一氧化氮信号分子的研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)作为一种重要的信号分子,不仅参与植物的种子休眠和萌发以及根的形态建成等生长发育过程,还参与调节植物细胞的气孔运动以及植物抗逆应答反应。该文结合最新研究成果,总结了植物NO信号调控机理的研究进展,主要包括NO合成途径、信号转导途径及其与其它信号分子之间的交叉反应和对植物抗逆的调控作用等。     

一氧化氮对植物细胞基因表达和代谢产物合成的影响机制

一氧化氮(NO)作为一种气体信号分子,在植物体内具有多种生理功能,许多研究逐步揭示了NO在植物发育、新陈代谢和疾病响应等方面的分子机制。内源和外源NO都可以使植物组织或悬浮细胞基因表达发生变化,高通量的基因表达的研究,如转录分析等,为信号网络通路分析提供了有力的证据。我们简要综述了NO的合成途径,并讨论了次生代谢产物及细胞程序性死亡过程中依赖NO调控的相应基因及蛋白的变化,揭示了NO是一种重要的植物信号分子,有较高的研究价值。     

NO在植物中的调控作用

一氧化氮（NO）是一种易扩散的生物活性分子,是生物体内重要的信号分子。植物细胞通过NO合酶、硝酸还原酶、或非生化反应途径产生NO。NO参与植物生长发育调控和对生物与非生物环境胁迫的应答反应,大量证据表明NO是植物防御反应中的关键信使,其信号转导机制也受到越来越多的关注。本文主要通过讨论NO的产生、对植物生长周期的影响、在植物代谢中的信号调节以及参与细胞凋亡来阐述NO在植物中的作用。     

一氧化氮调控植物缺铁响应的研究进展

一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)是植物体内一种重要的信号分子,不仅对植物的生长发育具有重要的调控作用,而且在植物应答缺铁胁迫中同样扮演着关键角色。近年来,有关NO介导的植物缺铁响应调控机制研究取得了一系列重要进展。本文重点针对植物体内NO的合成及其信号转导途径在缺铁胁迫应答中的作用和NO与其他信号分子互作介导植物缺铁响应调控研究进行系统综述与展望,以加深NO在植物缺铁响应调控功能的认识。     

NO在植物中的调控作用

一氧化氮(NO)是一种易扩散的生物活性分子,是生物体内重要的信号分子.植物细胞通过NO合酶、硝酸还原酶、或非生化反应途径产生NO.NO参与植物生长发育调控和对生物与非生物环境胁迫的应答反应,大量证据表明NO是植物防御反应中的关键信使,其信号转导机制也受到越来越多的关注.本文主要通过讨论NO的产生、对植物生长周期的影响、在植物代谢中的信号调节以及参与细胞凋亡来阐述NO在植物中的作用.     

一氧化氮在植物对病原物反应中的信号作用

一氧化氮(NO)作为一种新型的细胞间和细胞内信息传递的信使分子,在人体与动物的神经、心血管和免疫等系统中的作用已引起人们的普遍关注,它广泛存在于生物界包括植物和微生物中[1]。已证明植物中也存在与哺乳动物类似的一氧化氮合成酶(ni-tric oxide synthase,NOS)[2,3],它摧化合成的NO可影响叶和根的生长、植保素的形成[3,4],在植物生长、发育和抗病反应中起作用。Durner等[2]和Delledonne等[3]最近证明,NO在植物抗病的过敏反应(hypersensi-tive response)中也可作为信号物与活性氧协同作用,激活植物抗病基因表达,参与植物的抗病反应,是过敏反应所必须的。但植物中NO的作用研究还刚开始,前景诱人。本文简要介绍NO在植物抗病反应中的作用及其模式。1 NO作为气体信号分子的作用1.1 NO生物学活性的发现 19世纪医学上就开始用NO的生成剂有机硝酸酯和硝酸甘油治疗心脏缺血,但一直未认识到其本质就是NO在起作用,更未意识到内源NO的存在所起的重要的生物学意义。70年代由于对亚硝胺的致癌作用的研究,人们发现巨噬细胞能被L-精氨酸及NO所激活,而增强巨噬细胞的杀菌和杀肿瘤作用。80年代,Furchgott等发现促进血管扩张的内皮衍生因子就是NO,硝酸甘油的扩血管作用是源于这一功能的活性代谢产物NO。随后,Garth-waite等发现NO在中枢神经系统中起作用,并证实脑细胞中存在一氧化氮合成酶[1,4]。80年代以来,人们通过对血管内皮衍生因子化学本质(即NO的揭示),以及NO在巨噬     

一氧化氮在植物抗病反应中的信号作用

近年来的研究发现,一氧化氮(nitricoxide,NO)在植物抗病反应中具有重要作用,本文概述了植物中NO的来源、NO在植物抗病反应中的信号传导作用、NO与植物中其它信号分子之间的相互作用以及NO的研究进展。     

植物中的NO及其对花发育的调节

一氧化氮(NO)是具有生物活性的重要信号分子, 在植物生长发育的许多过程中发挥调节作用。越来越多的研究证据表明, NO在植物花发育过程中具有重要作用, 然而迄今尚未见关于NO调控植物花发育方面的系统报道。文章介绍了植物NO合成途径的最新研究进展, 综述了NO抑制植物开花转换可能的作用机理和NO在花粉萌发与花粉管延伸过程中的调节作用, 以期为植物内源NO的生物合成及NO对花发育的调节研究提供参考。     

植物细胞一氧化氮信号转导研究进展

一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)作为重要的信号分子, 调控植物的种子萌发、根形态建成和花器官发生等许多生长发育过程, 并参与气孔运动的调节以及植物对多种非生物胁迫和病原体侵染的应答过程。已经知道, 精氨酸依赖的NOS途径和亚硝酸盐依赖的NR途径是植物细胞NO产生的主要酶促合成途径。NO及其衍生物能够直接修饰底物蛋白的金属基团、半胱氨酸和酪氨酸残基, 通过金属亚硝基化、巯基亚硝基化和Tyr-硝基化等化学修饰方式, 调节靶蛋白的活性, 并影响cGMP和Ca²⁺信使系统等下游信号途径, 调控相应的生理过程。最新的一些研究结果也显示, MAPK级联系统与NO信号转导途径之间存在复杂的交叉调控。此外, 作为活跃的小分子信号, NO和活性氧相互依赖并相互影响, 共同介导了植物的胁迫应答和激素响应过程。文章综述了植物NO信号转导研究领域中一些新的研究进展, 对NO与活性氧信号途径间的交叉作用等也作了简要介绍。     

植物细胞一氧化氮信号转导研究进展

一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）作为重要的信号分子,调控植物的种子萌发、根形态建成和花器官发生等许多生长发育过程,并参与气孔运动的调节以及植物对多种非生物胁迫和病原体侵染的应答过程。已经知道,精氨酸依赖的NOS途径和亚硝酸盐依赖的NR途径是植物细胞NO产生的主要酶促合成途径。NO及其衍生物能够直接修饰底物蛋白的金属基团、半胱氨酸和酪氨酸残基,通过金属亚硝基化、巯基亚硝基化和Tyr．硝基化等化学修饰方式,调节靶蛋白的活性,并影响cGMP和Ca2＋信使系统等下游信号途径,调控相应的生理过程。最新的一些研究结果也显示,MAPK级联系统与NO信号转导途径之间存在复杂的交叉调控。此外,作为活跃的小分子信号,NO和活性氧相互依赖并相互影响,共同介导了植物的胁迫应答和激素响应过程。文章综述了植物NO信号转导研究领域中一些新的研究进展,对NO与活性氧信号途径间的交叉作用等也作了简要介绍。     

Nitric oxide-induced salt stress tolerance in plants: ROS metabolism,signaling, and molecular interactions

Nitric oxide (NO), a non-charged, small, gaseous free-radical, is a signaling molecule in all plant cells. Several studies have proposed multifarious physiological roles for NO, from seed germination to plant maturation and senescence. Nitric oxide is thought to act as an antioxidant, quenching ROS during oxidative stress and reducing lipid peroxidation. NO also mediates photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and regulates programmed cell death, thus providing tolerance to abiotic stress. In mitochondria, NO participates in the electron transport pathway. Nitric oxide synthase and nitrate reductase are the key enzymes involved in NO-biosynthesis in aerobic plants, but non-enzymatic pathways have been reported as well. Nitric oxide can interact with a broad range of molecules, leading to the modification of protein activity, GSH biosynthesis, S-nitrosylation, peroxynitrite formation, proline accumulation, etc., to sustain stress tolerance. In addition to these interactions, NO interacts with fatty acids to form nitro-fatty acids as signals for antioxidant defense. Polyamines and NO interact positively to increase polyamine content and activity. A large number of genes are reprogrammed by NO; among these genes, proline metabolism genes are upregulated. Exogenous NO application is also shown to be involved in salinity tolerance and/or resistance via growth promotion, reversing oxidative damage and maintaining ion homeostasis. This review highlights NO-mediated salinity-stress tolerance in plants, including NO biosynthesis, regulation, and signaling. Nitric oxide-mediated ROS metabolism, antioxidant defense, and gene expression and the interactions of NO with other bioactive molecules are also discussed. We conclude the review with a discussion of unsolved issues and suggestions for future research.     

Nitric oxide accelerates seed germination in warm-season grasses

The nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) significantly promoted germination of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. cv Kanlow) in the light and in the dark at 25°C, across a broad range of concentrations. SNP also promoted seed germination in two other warm-season grasses. A chemical scavenger of NO inhibited germination and blocked SNP stimulation of seed germination. The phenolic (+)-catechin acted synergistically with SNP and nitrite in promoting seed germination. Acidified nitrite, an alternate NO donor also significantly stimulated seed germination. Interestingly, sodium cyanide, potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide at 200 μM strongly enhanced seed germination as well, whereas potassium chloride was without effect. Ferrocyanide and cyanide stimulation of seed germination was blocked by an NO scavenger. Incubation of seeds with a fluorescent NO-specific probe provided evidence for NO production in germinating switchgrass seeds. Abscisic acid (ABA) at 10 μM depressed germination, inhibited root elongation and essentially abolished coleoptile emergence. SNP partially overcame ABA effects on radicle emergence but did not overcome the effects of ABA on coleoptile elongation. Light microscopy indicated extension of the radicle and coleoptiles in seeds maintained on water or on SNP after 2 days. In contrast, there was minimal growth of the radicle and coleoptile in ABA-treated seeds even after 3–4 days. These data indicate that seed germination of warm-season grasses is significantly influenced by NO signaling pathways and document that NO could be an endogenous trigger for release from dormancy in these species.     

The Arabidopsis aleurone layer responds to nitric oxide, gibberellin, and abscisic acid and is sufficient and necessary for seed dormancy

Seed dormancy is a common phase of the plant life cycle, and several parts of the seed can contribute to dormancy. Whole seeds, seeds lacking the testa, embryos, and isolated aleurone layers of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were used in experiments designed to identify components of the Arabidopsis seed that contribute to seed dormancy and to learn more about how dormancy and germination are regulated in this species. The aleurone layer was found to be the primary determinant of seed dormancy. Embryos from dormant seeds, however, had a lesser growth potential than those from nondormant seeds. Arabidopsis aleurone cells were examined by light and electron microscopy, and cell ultrastructure was similar to that of cereal aleurone cells. Arabidopsis aleurone cells responded to nitric oxide (NO), gibberellin (GA), and abscisic acid, with NO being upstream of GA in a signaling pathway that leads to vacuolation of protein storage vacuoles and abscisic acid inhibiting vacuolation. Molecular changes that occurred in embryos and aleurone layers prior to germination were measured, and these data show that both the aleurone layer and the embryo expressed the NO-associated gene AtNOS1, but only the embryo expressed genes for the GA biosynthetic enzyme GA3 oxidase.     

Nitrite,sodium nitroprusside,potassium ferricyanide and hydrogen peroxide release dormancy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus retroflexus</Emphasis> seeds in a nitric oxide-dependent manner

Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulators involving various processes of plant growth and development. Amaranthus retroflexus L. seeds possess a relative dormancy property that means freshly collected seeds can only germinate over a limited, high temperature range. Here, we show that the relative dormancy of A. retroflexus seeds could be significantly released following treatments with exogenous NO/cyanide (CN) donors such as nitrite, gases evolved from acidified nitrite, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), potassium ferricyanide (Fe(III)CN) and gases evolved from SNP or Fe(III)CN solutions, as well as exogenously supplied ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). However, the effectiveness varied among these chemicals. Gases evolved from acidified nitrite displayed maximum effect while H₂O₂ had minimum effect. We also show that the effects of these compounds could be significantly inhibited by NO specific scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO), indicating that NO signaling pathway might play a central role in the dormancy release and germination of A. retroflexus seeds, while both ROS and CN might act through NO-dependent signaling cascades.     

ABA,ROS and NO are Key Players During Switchgrass Seed Germination

Seed dormancy and germination are complex physiological processes usually under hormonal control. Germination of seeds from many plants including switchgrass, are inhibited by ABA and promoted by NO or ROS. However, ABA apparently requires both ROS and NO as intermediates in its action, with ROS produced by membrane-bound NADPH-oxidases responsive to ABA. In switchgrass seeds, externally supplied hydrogen peroxide (ROS), but not NO will overcome ABA-imposed inhibition of germination. Stimulation of germination by external ROS can be partially blocked by NO-scavengers, suggesting that NO is required for seed germination in switchgrass as well as for ABA-induced inhibition of germination. Collectively, these data suggest that multiple mechanisms might be required to sense and respond to varying levels of ABA, NO and ROS in switchgrass seeds.Key Words: switchgrass, seed germination, ROS, hydrogen peroxide, ABA, nitric oxide     

The beneficial effect of small toxic molecules on dormancy alleviation and germination of apple embryos is due to NO formation

Deep dormancy of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seeds is terminated by a 3-month-long cold stratification. It is expressed by rapid germination of seeds and undisturbed growth of seedlings. However, stimulation of germination of isolated apple embryos is also observed after applying inhibitors of cytochrome c oxidase: nitric oxide (NO) or hydrogen cyanide (HCN) during the first 3–6 h of imbibition of dormant embryos. The aim of this work was to compare the effect of yet another toxic gaseous molecule carbon monoxide (CO) with the effects of HCN and NO on germination of apple embryos and growth and development of young seedlings. We demonstrated that stimulation of germination after short-term pre-treatment with HCN, NO or CO was accompanied by enhanced NO emission from the embryo axes during their elongation. Moreover, similarly high NO production from non-dormant embryos, after cold stratification, was detected. Therefore, we propose that NO may act as signaling molecule in apple embryo dormancy break.