牛胰多肽与脂作用时插膜状态的研究

利用单层膜和荧光技术,研究牛胰多肽（ＢＰＰ）和磷脂单分子层及脂质体的相互作用。ＢＰＰ与磷脂单分子层作用的动力学曲线以及临界插膜压表明它和磷脂,尤其是酸性磷脂有较强的相互作用;荧光研究表明,与脂作用后多肽内源性荧光光谱峰位蓝移,说明发荧光的酪氨酸残基存在由亲水环境向疏水环境的转变。荧光猝灭实验表明多肽与脂作用后,其内源性酪氨酸残基荧光更不容易被碘盐所猝灭,提示酪氨酸残基受到了脂双层的屏蔽作用;自旋标记磷脂的猝灭实验计算结果表明ＢＰＰ插膜深度在磷脂头部与脂酰链交界处稍内侧     

牛胰多肽对大鼠胰腺外分泌细胞膜流动性的影响

胰多肽为含有36个氨基酸残基的直链多肽,是70年代后期发现的一种胃肠激素.本工作用荧光偏振法观察到,牛磺胆酸钠降低胰腺外分泌细胞膜的平均微粘度,而牛胰多肽能抑制牛磺胆酸钠的这一作用.结果提示,牛胰多肽有稳定胰腺外分泌细胞膜流动性的功能.     

侧脑室注射牛胰多肽对家兔糖耐量和血清胰岛素浓度的影响

在家兔侧脑室内微量注射牛胰多肽能增加其糖耐量及血清胰岛素浓度。这种作用与牛胰多肽注射剂量有明显依从关系,并被预先皮下注射阿托品所部分阻断。结果提示,中枢给予牛胰多肽可能部分通过迷走神经途径增加血清胰岛素的释放而增加糖耐量。     

胰多肽

胰多肽(pancreatic polypeptide,简称PP)是一种主要从胰腺中提取出的具有36个氨基酸残基的激素。60年代末Kimmel等在提取鸡胰岛素时偶然发现了胰多肽,称它为鸟胰多肽(avian pancreatic polypeptide,简写APP)。与此同时,林从敏和Chance等在提纯牛胰高血糖素和胰岛素时也发现了PP,称之为牛胰多肽(bovine pancreatic polypeptide,     

磷脂组成对脱脂蛋白模型多肽与脂质体相互作用的影响

根据脱脂蛋白的脂结合序列合成了两个两亲性多肽Ａｍｐ１和Ａｍｐ２,在Ａｍｐ２在缬氨酸残基取代了Ａｍｐ１第４位的赖氨酸残基。用内源荧光谱发射峰的蓝移,包埋的钙氯黄素在脂质体中的渗漏,丙烯酰胺对多肽色氨酸残基的淬灭等手段比较了Ａｍｐ１与Ａｍｐ２与具有不同磷脂组成的脂质体的相互作用,并研究了温度的影响。     

胰多肽:药理作用和生理功能浅释

从胰脏提取胰岛素和胰高糖素的过程中,偶然地发现了胰多肽(pancreatie polypeptide,PP)。先是Kansas大学Kimmel医师在1968年的联合生命科学年会简报上报道了鸡胰多肽(avian PP)的不完全的部分化学组成。与此同时,本研究室Chance博士等从牛、猪胰脏中发现类似的多肽,而且得到它们全部的化学组成和氨基酸序列。随着牛、猪胰多肽的发现,本研究室又从人、狗、羊的胰脏提纯同类的多肽。胰多肽含有36个直线排列的氨基酸,牛、羊、猪、人的胰多肽在36个氨基酸中,只有一、二个氨基酸的差别。猪和狗的胰多肽完全相同。牛和鸡的胰多肽,在36个氨基酸序列中,只有15个完全同位(表1,2)。从演化的观点看来,低级动物和人的胰多肽有密切的关系。     

细胞色素C和含心磷脂的人工脂膜相互作用

 本文报告以芘为荧光探剂,研究细胞色素C和含心磷脂的人工脂膜的相互作用。1.由于芘和细胞色素C的血红素团之间的能量转移,细胞色素C与心磷脂结合引起芘的单体荧光发射峰(395nm)强度下降。这种淬灭效应受脂膜的相行为影响,在液晶相时淬灭效应小于凝胶相;2.氧化态细胞色素C与还原态相比,对心磷脂结合的视和度稍高;3.在以芘的激发二聚体荧光峰(475nm)强度与单体荧光峰强度之比做为脂膜流动性的指标,发现还原态细胞色素C与含心磷脂脂膜结合后引起流动性增加的效应高于氧化态的结合。     

突触结合蛋白Ⅰ的胞质片段与磷脂膜的相互作用

突触结合蛋白Ⅰ是神经细胞突触囊泡上的一个膜整合蛋白,C2AB是其具有重要功能的胞质片段.近年的研究表明,突触结合蛋白Ⅰ在钙引发的神经递质快速释放过程中起到钙感受器的作用,它与神经细胞突触前膜的相互作用与其生理功能有关,但是其作用机制还不清楚.利用气/液单层膜技术结合荧光发射光谱和圆二色光谱技术,发现C2AB倾向于插入带负电荷的磷脂膜中(如磷脂酰丝氨酸),而且插膜是钙依赖性的;对于不带电荷的磷脂不插膜.C2AB与膜之间的作用力主要为静电力.荧光发射光谱和圆二色光谱结果显示,它与膜相互作用时二级结构不发生显著变化.结果表明,突触结合蛋白Ⅰ钙依赖的插入负电荷膜特点,可以帮助解释其钙感受器的作用机制.     

脱脂蛋白模型多肽与脂质体相互作用的高效液相色谱研究

应用凝胶过滤高效液相色谱,测定了两个两亲性多肽Ａｍｐ１和Ａｍｐ２进入磷脂酰甘油／磷脂酰胆碱脂双层的表观分配常数,并利用三硝基苯磺酸分析研究了与脂质体结合的多肽的氨基暴露状况。由结果推测,处于膜结合状态的多肽的氨基端是暴露于水相的;Ａｍｐ１与脂双层相互作用强于Ａｍｐ２,一方面表现为Ａｍｐ１比Ａｍｐ２埋膜较深,另一方面表现为Ａｍｐ１与脂双层的结合能力比Ａｍｐ２强,而主要表现在于后者。此外也发现两个多肽在缓冲液中处于几乎不存在暴露的氨基的聚合状态。     

胰多肽对急性胰腺炎大鼠的细胞保护作用

用5%牛磺胆酸钠-胰蛋白酶溶液直接注入大鼠胰导管,制备成急性出血坏死性胰腺炎模型。由腹腔于制备前预防性地和制备后治疗性地结合注射剂量为3μg/kg 的牛胰多肽,能使病鼠的死亡率由对照的100%降到33%,已死鼠平均存活时间由对照的13±3小时延长到20±2小时,血清淀粉酶浓度升高的峰值降为对照的35%,胰腺组织学切片呈轻度急性胰腺炎或向慢性胰腺炎转化。单纯在制备前预防性地注射牛胰多肽或仅在制备后作治疗性注射,也有同样作用,但效果较差。这项结果提示,胰多肽对急性出血坏死性胰腺炎具有预防和治疗两方面的功效,即对胰腺有细胞保护作用。抑制胰酶的分泌和释放可能是它的作用机制之一。     

Mechanism of membrane binding by the bovine seminal plasma protein,PDC-109: a surface plasmon resonance study

PDC-109, the major protein of bovine seminal plasma, binds to sperm plasma membranes upon ejaculation and plays a crucial role in the subsequent events leading to fertilization. The binding process is mediated primarily by the specific interaction of PDC-109 with choline-containing phospholipids. In the present study the kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of PDC-109 with phospholipid membranes were investigated by the surface plasmon resonance technique. Binding of PDC-109 to different phospholipid membranes containing 20% cholesterol (wt/wt) indicated that binding occurs by a single-step mechanism. The association rate constant (k(1)) for the binding of PDC-109 to dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) membranes containing cholesterol was estimated to be 5.7 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) at 20 degrees C, while the values of k(1) estimated at the same temperature for the binding to membranes of negatively charged phospholipids such as dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) and dimyristoylphosphatidic acid (DMPA) containing 20% cholesterol (wt/wt) were at least three orders of magnitude lower. The dissociation rate constant (k(-1)) for the DMPC/PDC-109 system was found to be 2.7 x 10(-2) s(-1) whereas the k(-1) values obtained with DMPG and DMPA was about three to four times higher. From the kinetic data, the association constant for the binding of PDC-109 to DMPC was estimated as 2.1 x 10(7) M(-1). The association constants for different phospholipids investigated decrease in the order: DMPC > DMPG > DMPA > DMPE. Thus the higher affinity of PDC-109 for choline phospholipids is reflected in a faster association rate constant and a slower dissociation rate constant for DMPC as compared to the other phospholipids. Binding of PDC-109 to dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine, which are also zwitterionic, was found to be very weak, clearly indicating that the charge on the lipid headgroup is not the determining factor for the binding. Analysis of the activation parameters indicates that the interaction of PDC-109 with DMPC membranes is favored by a strong entropic contribution, whereas negative entropic contribution is primarily responsible for the rather weak interaction of this protein with DMPA and DMPG.     

牛胰多肽(BPP)与脂质体的相互作用——对脂质体通透性的影响

本文报导用测量脂质体内含物羧基荧光素(CF)释放的荧光方法,研究BPP对脂质体通透性的影响,结果表明去氧胆盐(DOC)促进CF的漏出,增加脂质体的通透性,BPP抑制CF的释放,降低通透性,保护膜结构.从而进一步闸明BPP具有细胞保护作用的机理.     

牛胰多肽(BPP)及去氧胆酸盐(DOC)与DMPC脂质体相互作用的激光拉曼光谱研究

本文报导用激光拉曼光谱技术研究牛胰多酞(BPP)和去氧胆酸盐(DOC)与DMPC脂质体的相互作用.结果表明,BPP与DMPC之间存在较强的疏水作用,从I_(2880cm)~(-1)/I_(2345cm)~(-1)强度比说明,BPP能使磷脂分子间协同作用加强,抑制由DOC所产生的磷脂分子间作用减弱.从C—C(?)动强度比I_(1998cm)~(-1)/I_((?)25cm)~(-1),说明BPP使磷脂分子内部gauche/trans构象比值下降,同时表现出抑制由DOC产生的guache/trans比值升高的作用.此外,BPP与DMPC作用后,磷脂头部基团外C—N伸缩振动波数向低波数向低波数方向从715cm~(-1)移至710cm~(-1),I_(715cm)~(-1)/I_(1295cm)~(-1)强度比值降低,提示BPP与DMPC之间除了有较强的疏水作用外,同间也存在静电相互作用.     

Spectrophotofluorometric evidence of negatively cooperative binding of warfarin and phenylbutazone to human serum albumin

Competition between drugs for common binding sites on plasma proteins is an often discussed mechanism of drug interaction. In this study, the validity of the concept that phenylbutazone displaces warfarin from human serum albumin (HSA) by direct competition for the same sites was investigated. The fluorescence enhancement titration procedure of Kolb & Weber, Biochemistry $\text{14}$, 4471–4476 (1975) was used to characterise the warfarin-HSA interaction under the following conditions: excitation and emission wavelenghts - 310 & 390 nm respectively; buffer 0.1 M phosphate, pH 7.0 (25°C) and [HSA] - 10^?6M. The titrations were then repeated in the presence of varying concentrations of phenylbutazone (10^?6M ? 5 × 10^?4M). Bjerrum plots of the data showed a shift of the warfarin-HSA binding curves to higher free levels of warfarin with increasing concentrations of phenylbutazone. However this shift was saturable, contrary to expectation for directly competitive antagonism. Together with indirect evidence from the literature, the results suggest that displacement of warfarin by phenylbutazone is via a negatively cooperative mechanism rather than by direct competition.     

Interaction of the major protein from bovine seminal plasma, PDC-109 with phospholipid membranes and soluble ligands investigated by fluorescence approaches

The major protein from bovine seminal plasma, PDC-109 binds selectively to choline phospholipids on the sperm plasma membrane and plays a crucial role in priming spermatozoa for fertilization. The microenvironment and accessibility of tryptophans of PDC-109 in the native state, in the presence of phosphorylcholine (PrC) and phospholipid membranes as well as upon denaturation have been investigated by fluorescence approaches. Quenching of the protein intrinsic fluorescence by different quenchers decreased in the order: acrylamide>succinimide>Cs(+)>I(-). Ligand binding afforded considerable protection from quenching, with shielding efficiencies following the order: dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)>lysophosphatidylcholine (Lyso-PC)>PrC. This has been attributed to a partial penetration of the protein into the DMPC membranes and Lyso-PC micelles, as well as a further stabilization of the binding due to the interaction of PDC-109 with lipid acyl chains and the resulting tightening of the protein structure, leading to a decreased accessibility of the tryptophan residues. Red-edge excitation shift (REES) studies yielded REES values of 4 nm for both native and denatured PDC-109, whereas reduced and denatured protein gave a REES of only 0.5 nm, clearly indicating that the structural and dynamic features of the microenvironment around the tryptophan residues are retained even after denaturation, presumably due to the constraints imposed on the protein structure by disulfide bonds. Upon binding of PDC-109 to DMPC membranes and Lyso-PC micelles the REES values were reduced to 2.5 and 1.0 nm, respectively, which could be due to the penetration of some parts of the protein, especially the segment containing Trp-90 into the membrane interior, where the red-edge effects are considerably reduced.     

Lateral diffusion of ganglioside GM1 in phospholipid bilayer membranes.

The lateral diffusion coefficient of ganglioside GM1 incorporated into preformed dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles has been investigated under a variety of conditions using the technique of fluorescence photobleaching recovery. For these studies the fluorescent probe 5-(((2-Carbohydrazino)methyl)thio)acetyl) amino eosin was covalently attached to the periodate-oxidized sialic acid residue of ganglioside GM1. This labeled ganglioside exhibited a behavior similar to that of the intact ganglioside, and was able to bind cholera toxin. The lateral diffusion coefficient of the ganglioside was dependent upon the gel-liquid crystalline transition of DMPC. Above Tm the lateral diffusion coefficient of the ganglioside was 4.7 X 10(-9) cm2 s-1 (with greater than 80% fluorescence recovery). This diffusion coefficient is significantly slower than the one previously observed for phospholipids in DMPC bilayers. The addition of increasing amounts of ganglioside, up to a maximum of 10 mol %, did not have a significant effect on the lateral diffusion coefficient or in the percent recovery. At 30 degrees C, the lateral mobility of ganglioside GM1 was not affected by the presence of 5 mM Ca2+, suggesting that, at least above Tm, Ca2+ does not induce a major perturbation in the lateral organization of the ganglioside molecules. The addition of stoichiometric amounts of cholera toxin to samples containing either 1 or 10 mol % ganglioside GM1 produced only a small decrease in the measured diffusion coefficient. The fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments were complemented with excimer formation experiments using pyrene-phosphatidylcholine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of the fungicides tributyltin acetate and tributyltin chloride on multilamellar liposomes: fluorescence studies.

The influence of tri-n-butyltin acetate (TBTA) and tri-n-butyltin chloride (TBTC) on the physico-chemical state of charged and neutral phospholipids was investigated using multilamellar liposomes. The thermal dependence of steady state fluorescence polarization of DPH and its charged derivative TMA-DPH was recorded. The two fungicides lowered DPPC phase transition temperature and broadened the temperature range of the transition in different ways. The effects were concentration-dependent. The results show that TBTC interacts more effectively with DPPC model membranes rather than TBTA. Moreover, TBTC broadens and shifts the main phase transition (Tm) more effectively in DPPC rather than in DMPC liposomes. Below Tm, TBTC decreases fluorescence polarization (P) in all phospholipids used. Above Tm P is almost constant in phospholipids with saturated acyl chains, except for DMPG. In fact, an increase of P is detectable in this lipid as in PLs with unsaturated acyl chains. It is suggested that the effects of TBT on liposomal membranes are dependent on the anion moiety and phospholipids characteristics.     

Fluorescence studies on the interaction of choline-binding domain B of the major bovine seminal plasma protein,PDC-109 with phospholipid membranes

The microenvironment and accessibility of the tryptophan residues in domain B of PDC-109 (PDC-109/B) in the native state and upon ligand binding have been investigated by fluorescence quenching, time-resolved fluorescence and red-edge excitation shift (REES) studies. The increase in the intrinsic fluorescence emission intensity of PDC-109/B upon binding to lysophosphatidylcholine (Lyso-PC) micelles and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) membranes was considerably less as compared to that observed with the whole PDC-109 protein. The degree of quenching achieved by different quenchers with PDC-109/B bound to Lyso-PC and DMPC membranes was significantly higher as compared to the full PDC-109 protein, indicating that membrane binding afforded considerably lesser protection to the tryptophan residues of domain B as compared to those in the full PDC-109 protein. Finally, changes in red-edge excitation shift (REES) seen with PDC-109/B upon binding to DMPC membranes and Lyso-PC micelles were smaller that the corresponding changes in the REES values observed for the full PDC-109. These results, taken together suggest that intact PDC-109 penetrates deeper into the hydrophobic parts of the membrane as compared to domain B alone, which could be the reason for the inability of PDC-109/B to induce cholesterol efflux, despite its ability to recognize choline phospholipids at the membrane surface.     

Determination of the structural domain of ApoAI recognized by high density lipoprotein receptors.

There is good evidence that high density lipoprotein (HDL) interacts with high affinity sites present on hepatocytes. The precise nature of the ligand recognized by putative HDL receptors remains controversial, although there is a consensus that apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) is involved. This suggestion would be strengthened if a biologically active site demonstrating a high affinity for the receptor could be isolated. Cyanogen bromide fragments (CF) of apoAI (CF1-CF4) were complexed with phospholipid, and their ability to associate with the receptor was compared in various binding studies. Careful analysis of the concentration-dependent association of 125I-labeled dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) recombinants to rat liver plasma membranes revealed high and low affinity binding components. As all DMPC recombinants displayed the low affinity binding component, it was postulated that this interaction was independent of the protein present in the particle and may well represent a lipid-lipid or lipid-protein association with the membranes. Only 125I-labeled CF4.DMPC displayed a high affinity binding component with similar Kd and Bmax (8 x 10(-9) M, 1.6 x 10(-12) mol/mg plasma membrane protein) to that of 125I-labeled AI.DMPC (7 x 10(-9), 1.4 x 10(-12) mol/mg plasma membrane protein). Similarly, egg yolk phosphatidylcholine complexes containing CF4 (CF4.egg PC) showed higher affinity binding than CF1-egg yolk phosphatidylcholine complexes confirming the results obtained with DMPC complexes. Furthermore, ligand blotting studies showed that only 125I-labeled CF4.DMPC associated specifically with HB1 and HB2, two HDL binding proteins recently identified in rat liver plasma membranes. We conclude that a region within the carboxyl-terminus of apoAI is responsible for the interaction with putative HDL receptors present in rat liver plasma membranes.     

Hairpin Formation In d-AAGCTTAAGCTT Under High Salt Conditions Shows Unusual Properties

Abstract

The hairpin-duplex equillibria of the dodecamer d-AAGCTTAAGCTT and interaction of the duplex form with a pentapeptide, KGWGK, has been studied. UV thermal transitions are monophasic at low salt but biphasic at higher salt concentrations. At 10^?5M or less oligomer concentration biphasic melting curves persist till 900 mM NaCl. The d(Tm)/d log(Na⁺) for the duplex form is 12 °C and for the hairpin is 18 °C. The ΔH and ΔS values for duplex formation are low(-25 Kcal/mole and—59 Cal/mole respectively). KGWGK binds to the duplex form with a binding constant K = 3.4×10⁵M^?1measured from fluorescence quenching of tryptophan. These unusual results are markedly different from that reported for d-AGATCT- AGATCT (Biochemistry 31, 6241–6245) and are discussed in ternis of sequence dependence of loop folding and cruciform extrusion pathway of hairpin formation.