小胶质细胞在糖尿病中枢神经病变中的作用及机制

糖尿病神经病变在所有糖尿病的并发症之中属于最常见的一种类型。当糖尿病神经病变发生时,就会对生活质量造成严重的影响。其中糖尿病中枢神经病变患者出现不同程度的认知功能障碍甚至痴呆。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中的常驻免疫细胞,在中枢神经病变过程中有重要作用。本文就小胶质细胞的特性及其在糖尿病中枢神经病变中的作用及机制予以概述。     

原代培养星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的特性与鉴定

本研究旨在明确原代培养的星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞不同代次的生长特性,优化高效获取状态一致细胞的技术方法。将新生乳鼠的脑组织进行原代分离培养胶质细胞,通过细胞增殖检测试剂盒（cell counting kit-8,CCK-8）测定混合胶质细胞增殖曲线,使用流式细胞术检测两类细胞比例,并通过免疫荧光染色鉴定两类胶质细胞分型情况。生长曲线显示P0和P1代混合胶质细胞增殖活力最好;通过170 r/min机械振摇30 min可获得97.3%的高纯度小胶质细胞,该纯化方法得到的P0、P1、P2代离子钙接头蛋白-1（ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1,Iba-1）阳性小胶质细胞的形态及其M1、M2表型比例无代次差别;通过星形胶质细胞表面抗原-2（astrocyte cell surface antigen-2,ACSA-2）磁珠抗体分选的方法可获得纯度达到95.7%的星形胶质细胞,该纯化方法得到的P0、P1、P2代胶质纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP）阳性星形胶质细胞的形态及其A1、A2表型比例无代次差别。本研究详述了原代分离培养的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的生长特点,证明了获取两类胶质细胞的最佳代次,优化了获取两类胶质细胞的技术方法,验证了连续培养两代不会影响其功能表型。本结果为研究神经系统炎症相关疾病的分子机制提供了技术支撑。     

小胶质细胞发育和功能的性别差异

小胶质细胞是神经系统的免疫细胞,参与调节神经系统的发育以及维持神经系统稳态。小胶质细胞的发育和功能存在显著的性别差异,可能是脑性分化的关键介质。该文总结了小胶质细胞在发育、免疫应答以及神经系统疾病中的性别特征,为研究脑性分化和神经系统疾病的性别差异提供理论参考。     

小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞相互作用在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用机制研究进展

小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统主要的两种胶质细胞,两者各自在中枢神经系统中扮演着重要的角色。本文主要从小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞相互交流这一新的角度,概述两种胶质细胞相互作用方式及在中枢神经系统中的研究现状,并进一步阐明两者相互作用在各种中枢神经系统疾病的功能及机制,旨在为进一步了解这两种胶质细胞在中枢神经系统疾病的作用机理提供理论依据、为治疗相关中枢系统疾病提供新思路。     

马桑内酯对在体和离体小胶质细胞 CD11b/c表达的影响

目的研究致痫剂马桑内酯(CL)对在体和离体小胶质细胞CD11b/c表达的影响。方法①正常SD大鼠行马桑内酯侧脑室注射,观察大鼠的行为改变;利用免疫荧光染色的方法观察大鼠大脑皮质、海马内CD11b/c表达的变化。②纯化培养的小胶质细胞无血清培养,给予马桑内酯(5×10-5mol/L)刺激,利用免疫荧光染色结合流式细胞仪检测CD11b/c的表达。结果①马桑内酯侧脑室注射30min后均出现强烈的癫痫样发作,持续约4h;②马桑内酯侧脑室注射后大脑皮质及海马各区CD11b/c阳性细胞表达均出现明显增强,4-6h为表达高峰,至24h大脑皮质恢复至正常水平,但海马各区仍保持较高水平。③纯化培养的小胶质细胞在马桑内酯作用1h出现CD11b/c表达增强,2h达到高峰,至24h恢复正常。结论马桑内酯对小胶质细胞具有直接的活化作用;小胶质细胞的活化参与了马桑内酯的致痫过程。     

小胶质细胞纯化分离培养方法的改良

目的改良现有的小胶质细胞纯化分离培养方法,建立稳定简便的培养模型。方法利用盐酸利多卡因注射液代替机械振摇纯化分离小胶质细胞;利用CD11b/c(OX42)免疫细胞化学的方法对分离的小胶质细胞纯度进行鉴定,同时观察小胶质细胞形态及活化指标NFкBp65的表达情况;利用流式细胞仪,结合细胞计数及MTT细胞活力测定检测纯化分离后小胶质的增殖情况。结果改良的方法可稳定的获得1.2×106个/培养瓶(75cm2,250ml)的小胶质细胞,纯度达到98%,存活率≥95%,形态上以阿米巴样为主,继续培养3-5d,约半数细胞可转变为静止状态。NFкBp65免疫细胞化学染色为胞浆表达。流式细胞仪检测结合细胞计数及MTT细胞活力检测结果显示,体外纯化培养的小胶质细胞多位于G0/G1期,培养过程中未出现明显的增殖。结论改良的方法易于操作,产量多,纯度高。为体外小胶质细胞进一步研究提供了基础。     

大鼠脑内小胶质细胞神经营养素受体的表达

神经营养素在神经元的生长、发育中的重要作用已有许多报道,但对神经胶质细胞的作用及其作用机制却知之甚少。在本研究中,我们着重对体外培养的小胶质细胞所表达的神经营养素受体进行了分析。首先,利用酚-氯仿法提取了总的细胞RNA,然后通过特异引物采用反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增得到cDNA,再用琼脂糖凝胶电泳、DNA印迹法和免疫细胞化学染色法对神经营养素受体(Trks)进行了测定。实验结果表明:体外培养的大鼠脑小胶质细胞表达高亲和力神经营养素受体TrkA、TrkB和TrkC,以及低亲和力NGF受体LNGFRp75。因此推断,神经营养素对小胶质细胞的生理及调节作用可能是通过它们相应的受体(Trks和LNGFRp75)介导的。这些结果为进一步研究神经营养素在神经系统中的作用机制及小胶质细胞的生理功能提供了资料。     

显示小胶质细胞的三种组织化学方法之比较

小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统内的一种特殊的胶质细胞,属于单核吞噬细胞系统,功能上最突出的特点是具有免疫监视、抗原递呈和参与调节损伤修复的作用。关于小胶质细胞功能的研究已经成为近年的热点。要观察小胶质细胞的形态和分布,需要通过相应的组织化学手段,比如免疫组织化学术或者碳酸氨银反应来显示该细胞。我们在技术工作的实践中发现,很多单位在进行小胶质细胞的形态学观察时,并未正确使用这些方法,难免出现染色结果不佳的情况。     

猫视皮层星形胶质细胞的老年性变化

电生理研究结果显示,在衰老过程中猫的视皮层神经元对视觉刺激的反应性出现显著的功能衰退,是否这种功能性衰退伴随胶质细胞活动的改变尚无直接的实验证据。以前期电生理实验猫为材料,用免疫形态学方法比较青年猫和老年猫初级视皮层内星形胶质细胞的活动状况。利用Nissl染色显示猫初级视皮层组织结构,用免疫组织化学方法（SABC法）显示GFAP免疫阳性（GFAP-IR）星形胶质细胞。光镜下观察、拍照,对GFAP-IR细胞计数并换算成密度,测量GFAP-IR直径取平均值。老年猫初级视皮层灰质各层及白质内的GFAP-IR细胞密度比青年猫的显著升高（p〈0.001）。与青年猫相比,老年猫视皮层灰质和白质中GFAP-IR细胞的平均直径均比青年猫的显著增大（p〈0.0001）,且老年猫视皮层内GFAP阳性免疫反应较青年猫的明显增强。老年猫初级视皮层神经元功能衰退伴随着星形胶质细胞活动的增强,胶质细胞活动增强有助于神经元之间的信息交流,因而可能对衰老过程中神经元的功能衰退起补偿作用。     

小胶质细胞与阿尔茨海默病

国内外对阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）神经元病理和神经胶质细胞病理机制进行了大量探索,小胶质细胞（microglia,MG）是中枢神经系统的免疫细胞,在致炎因素作用下它被激活成反应性MG,反应性MG既具有保护神经元的作用,也能分泌细胞毒因子、补体蛋白而损害神经元。尽管目前AD发病机理还不清楚,但大多数学者认为β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）沉积激活MG引起的炎症反应是AD的核心病理机制。     

Autophagic adaptations in diabetic cardiomyopathy differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Little is known about the association between autophagy and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Also unknown are possible distinguishing features of cardiac autophagy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In hearts from streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice, diastolic function was impaired, though autophagic activity was significantly increased, as evidenced by increases in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3/LC3 and LC3-II/-I ratios, SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) and CTSD (cathepsin D), and by the abundance of autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes detected electron-microscopically. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated and ATP content was reduced in type 1 diabetic hearts. Treatment with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, worsened cardiac performance in type 1 diabetes. In addition, hearts from db/db type 2 diabetic model mice exhibited poorer diastolic function than control hearts from db/+ mice. However, levels of LC3-II, SQSTM1 and phosphorylated MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) were increased, but CTSD was decreased and very few lysosomes were detected ultrastructurally, despite the abundance of autophagic vacuoles. AMPK activity was suppressed and ATP content was reduced in type 2 diabetic hearts. These findings suggest the autophagic process is suppressed at the final digestion step in type 2 diabetic hearts. Resveratrol, an autophagy enhancer, mitigated diastolic dysfunction, while chloroquine had the opposite effects in type 2 diabetic hearts. Autophagy in the heart is enhanced in type 1 diabetes, but is suppressed in type 2 diabetes. This difference provides important insight into the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy, which is essential for the development of new treatment strategies.     

MLD-STZ诱导1型糖尿病小鼠胰腺比较蛋白质组学研究

目的：通过对小剂量多次链脲佐菌素（multiple low doses of streptozotocin MLD-STZ）诱导的1型糖尿病模型小鼠胰腺与正常小鼠胰腺蛋白的比较分析,拟从蛋白水平上对1型糖尿病发病机制进行探讨。方法：将20只雄性昆明鼠,按体重随机分为MLD-STE模型组和正常对照组（n=10）,应用二维凝胶电泳技术获得胰腺的二维电泳图谱,经ImageMaster2D 5．0软件分析获得差异蛋白,结合质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）与MASCOT网络数据库进行匹配鉴定蛋白。结果：与正常对照组比较,模型组胰腺中有23个蛋白表达改变,其中15个蛋白表达下调,8个蛋白表达上调。经肽质量指纹图谱分析及蛋白数据库检索,最终鉴定出15个差异蛋白,根据其功能可分为：①代谢相关蛋白;②氧化应激相关蛋白;③催化酶类;④细胞骨架蛋白;⑤伴侣蛋白;⑥免疫相关蛋白;⑦其他蛋白。结论：研究结果表明模型组胰腺蛋白表达存在明显改变,提示1型糖尿病的发生是多途径多靶点的共同作用,同时这些改变蛋白为研究和治疗糖尿病等相关疾病提供了新靶标。     

Changes in the expression levels of CB1 and GLP‐1R mRNAs and microRNAs 33a and 122 in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats treated with ghrelin

The aim of the study is to clarify the effect of ghrelin treatment on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cnr1/CB1) and glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (Glp1r/GLP‐1R) as well as microRNAs (miR)‐122 and miR‐33a in the liver of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Adult Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control (n = 7), T2DM (n = 7), and treatment (n = 7). Control animals received tap water. T2DM was induced by feeding 10% fructose in drinking water for 2 weeks followed by a single injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [IP]). In the treatment group, diabetic rats were injected ghrelin (25 μg/kg, IP) for 14 days. Serum lipid profiles were evaluated, and mRNA expression levels of Cnr1 and Glp1r in the liver were detected using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). In addition, miR‐122 and miR‐33a levels were measured using RT‐qPCR. Serum triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased in the T2DM group compared with control rats but ghrelin treatment showed no effect on serum lipid levels. The mRNA expression levels of Cnr1 and Glp1r decreased in the T2DM group compared with the control group. These reductions were significantly increased in the T2DM group treated with ghrelin. Furthermore, the increase in miR‐33a expression level was reduced in the treatment group compared to rats with T2DM. Our findings suggested that ghrelin treatment may alter the mRNA expression levels of CB1 and GLP‐1R in the liver of rats with T2DM. The mRNA levels of Cnr1 and Glp1r may inversely correlate with the expression level of miR‐33a but not miR‐122.     

二氢杨梅素对2型糖尿病小鼠认知功能障碍的影响

目的：观察二氢杨梅素（DHM）对2型糖尿病（T2DM）小鼠认知功能障碍及海马中BDNF蛋白表达的影响。方法：将40只C57BL/6J小鼠首先随机分为两组：正常对照组（n=8）：普通饲料喂养;2型糖尿病模型组（n=32）：高糖高脂联合100 mg/kg的STZ处理（造模过程中死亡5只,不成功3只）。24只建模成功的小鼠随机分成3组：T2DM组、T2DM+L-DHM组和T2DM+H-DHM组,3组小鼠高糖高脂喂养,同时分别用等体积生理盐水、125 mg/（kg·d）的DHM和250 mg/（kg·d）的DHM （1次/天,灌胃）处理16周。正常对照小鼠继续普通饲料喂养,同时用等体积生理盐水（1次/天,灌胃）处理16周。16周后测定小鼠体重、空腹血糖、进行腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量实验和相关行为学实验。最后,Western blot检测各组小鼠海马中BDNF蛋白的表达。结果：高糖高脂联合100 mg/kg的STZ成功建立2型糖尿病小鼠模型。16周后,与正常对照组相比,T2DM组小鼠体重明显下降,空腹血糖显著升高,糖耐量显著异常;而T2DM+DHM组相比T2DM组小鼠体重却显著增加、空腹血糖降低,且H-DHM可显著改善T2DM小鼠糖耐量异常。行为学实验结果显示：与正常对照组相比,T2DM组小鼠学习记忆能力明显下降;与T2DM组相比,T2DM+DHM组小鼠学习记忆能力得到改善,且H-DHM组更为明显。Western blot结果显示：与对照组相比,T2DM组小鼠海马中BDNF蛋白表达显著下降,而DHM组相比T2DM组小鼠其BDNF蛋白的表达明显增加。结论：二氢杨梅素可改善2型糖尿病小鼠认知功能障碍,其机制可能通过降血糖作用,并激活海马中BDNF蛋白表达。     

Hepatic functional and pathological changes of type 1 diabetic mice in growing and maturation time

To detect the changes in the liver function in both male and female OVE26 mice from young to adults for better understanding of type 1 diabetes‐induced hepatic changes, OVE26 mice and wild‐type FVB mice were raised in the same environment without any intervention, and then killed at 4, 12, 24 and 36 weeks for examining liver's general properties, including pathogenic and molecular changes. The influence of diabetes on the bodyweight of male and female mice was different. Both male and female OVE26 mice did not obtain serious liver injury or non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, manifested by mild elevation of plasma alanine transaminase, and less liver lipid content along with significantly suppressed lipid synthesis. Uncontrolled diabetes also did not cause hepatic glycogen accumulation in OVE26 mice after 4 weeks. Oxidative stress test showed no change in lipid peroxidation, but increased protein oxidation. Changed endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis along with increased antioxidant capacity was observed in OVE26 mice. In conclusion, uncontrolled type 1 diabetes did not cause hepatic lipid deposition most likely because of reduced lipids synthesis in response to insulin deficiency. Enhanced antioxidant capacity might not only prevent the occurrence of severe acute liver injury but also the self‐renewal, leading to liver dysfunction.     

Anxiety- and depression-like behavior are correlated with leptin and leptin receptor expression in prefrontal cortex of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Anxiety and depression are common in diabetics. Diabetes also may cause reduced leptin levels in the blood. We investigated the relation between diabetes induced anxiety- and depression-like behavior, and leptin and leptin receptor expression levels in diabetic rats. The anxiety- and depression-like behaviors of rats were assessed 4 weeks after intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Diabetic rats exhibited greater anxiety-like behavior; they spent more time in closed branches of the elevated plus maze test and less time in the center cells of the open field arena. Increased depression-like behavior was observed in diabetic rats using the Porsolt swim test. Prefrontal cortex (PFC), blood leptin levels and PFC neuron numbers were decreased, and leptin receptor expression and apoptosis were increased in diabetic rats. Blood corticosterone levels also were increased in diabetic rats. These results indicate that reduction of leptin up-regulates leptin receptor expression and may affect PFC neurons, which eventually triggers anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in diabetic rats.     

锌转运蛋白8与1型和2型糖尿病的研究进展

ZnT8(zinc transporter,member8)是锌离子转运蛋白,主要定位于胰岛β细胞,能将胞浆锌离子转运至胰岛素储存/分泌性囊泡内,其转运功能降低会影响胰岛素合成、储存和分泌,能增加2型糖尿病(T2DM)的发病风险。ZnT8蛋白也可作为抗原引起β细胞自身免疫损伤,诱发1型糖尿病(T1DM)。ZnT8基因多态性是引起其锌离子转运功能和免疫原性变化的重要因素,与糖尿病的发生、发展密切相关。该文综述了ZnT8与T1DM和T2DM的研究进展,提示ZnT8可作为糖尿病防治的新药物靶点。     

Upregulated expression of Iba1 molecules in the central nervous system of mice in response to neurovirulent influenza A virus infection

The present study deals with the expression of Iba1 molecules, a novel EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein, in the brain after stereotaxic introduction of the neurovirulent WSN strain of influenza A virus into the olfactory bulb of C57BL/6 mice. The virus selectively targeted the paraventricular and anterior olfactory nuclei. Infected neurons appeared as early as at day 3 post infection and degenerated and vanished by day 12. The Iba1 molecule was normally expressed in resting microglia. The overexpression of the Iba1 in microglial cells was detected at day 3 post infection, culminating at day 7 with a morphological activation. Iba1-immunopositive macrophages outnumbered microglia in the paraventricular and anterior olfactory nuclei, where the infected neurons had degenerated. Macrophages totally disappeared by day 12, and the Iba1-expression in microglia was reduced to a normal level by day 35. Lack of perforin predisposed the mice to long-term virus infection of the brain, leading to the prolonged Iba1-overexpression. These results show that the Iba1 is upregulated in the mouse brain in response to influenza virus infection and may play significant roles in the regulation of some immunological and pathophysiological functions of microglia during virus infection.     

RvD1对大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性痛的作用及机制研究

目的：采用2型糖尿病神经病理性痛大鼠,探讨其脊髓背角小胶质细胞极化情况以及消退素D1（RvD1）缓解大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性痛的机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠高糖高脂饲养,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）,制备大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性痛模型。将2型糖尿病神经病理性痛大鼠随机分为3组（n=36）：2型糖尿病神经病理性痛组（D组）、2型糖尿病神经病理性痛注射RvD1组（R组）和溶剂对照组（S组）。R、S组分别于注射STZ 14 d后蛛网膜下腔置管,3 d后R、S组分别给予RvD1 10μl（10 ng/μl）和100%乙醇10μl,每天1次,连续14 d,D组不做任何处理。另取36只正常大鼠为正常对照组（N组）,普通饲料喂养。鞘内给药后第1、3、7、14天时测定机械缩足阈值（MWT）和热缩足潜伏期（TWL）,各组随机取9只大鼠处死,取L4-6脊髓膨大,采用Western blot法检测小胶质细胞M1、M2型极化标记物,即诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、精氨酸酶1（Arg1）的表达。结果：与N组比较,D、S组第1、3、7、14天时MWT降低、TWL缩短,脊髓背角Arg1表达减少,iNOS表达增多（P < 0.05）;与D组比较,R组第7、14天时MWT升高、TWL延长,脊髓背角Arg1表达增多,iNOS表达减少（P < 0.05）;D组与S组各指标比较差异无统计学意义。结论：RvD1促进小胶质细胞M2型极化并缓解大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性痛。