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1.
黑长臂猿的群体大小及组成   总被引:11,自引:4,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
黑长臂猿(Hylobatesconcolor)是长臂猿科中较为原始的类群,对其野外行为生态习性近年来已有所报道,但意见不一。本文根据近两年的野外观察,认为黑长臂猿的群体大小为4.3±1.0只,(范围3—6,n=7),群体组成为1成年雄性,1—2成年雌性,1—3后代个体,群体之大小除与其本身的特点有关外,还与其赖以生存的生境条件好坏有关。  相似文献   

2.
东黑冠长臂猿鸣叫特征及气象因子对鸣叫的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
鸣叫是长臂猿非常典型的一个特征,并且受到生物因素和非生物因素(如气象因子) 的影响。为了解东黑冠长臂猿的鸣叫特征以及气象因子对鸣叫的影响,2008 年8 月至2009 年10 月,采用全事件记录法对栖息在广西邦亮自然保护区3 个东黑冠长臂猿野生群体的鸣叫行为进行观察。结果表明东黑冠长臂猿倾向于在早晨鸣叫,有91.4% 的鸣叫发生在日出前0.5 h 至日出后3 h 之间,其中53.1% 的鸣叫发生在日出后1 h 内。平均每个群体的鸣叫频次为69.7% ,一个群体平均每天鸣叫1.24 次,鸣叫的平均持续时间为18.3 min。一次二重唱中,雌性平均激动鸣叫4.4 次。长臂猿鸣叫的起始时间在光照强度的影响下差异显著,阴天和雾天鸣叫的起始时间延后,且雾天最迟;降雨致使长臂猿体能的损失和光照强度减弱,从而引起鸣叫起始时间的延后和持续时间缩短;温度对长臂猿鸣叫的影响并不显著。  相似文献   

3.
作者于2001年4月至2003年1月研究了社群大小的年变化、气候和人类活动对神农架自然保护区千家坪地区一群川金丝猴(Rhinopithecusroxellana)日移动距离的影响。对该群金丝猴进行了8个季节的跟踪研究,每季连续跟踪30d。用社群直线距离法确定猴群的日移动距离,同时调查社群大小,记录人为活动和气象因子。研究结果显示:(1)两年间猴群的个体数增加了14%,但其日移动距离没有明显变化,说明社群大小的年变化对日移动距离没有影响。(2)猴群在人为活动影响下的日移动距离比没有人为活动影响时长。(3)多变量回归分析显示,各个季节中,猴群的日移动距离与一天中晴和有云但无降水所占时间的比例没有相关性;与春季和冬季日降雨或雪所占时间的比例呈负相关,但与夏季和秋季的没有相关性,说明降水缩短了冬春季猴群的日移动距离,这可能与川金丝猴的繁殖有关。人为活动对猴群是不利的;冬春季的长时间降水可能是川金丝猴的灾害性天气。  相似文献   

4.
东黑冠长臂猿是极度濒危物种,全球种群数量极其稀少。2015年5月和8月,采用在固定地点监听鸣叫的方法在广西邦亮长臂猿国家级自然保护区内对东黑冠长臂猿开展两次实地调查,发现在中国境内形成了由1只成年雄性,2只成年雌性和1只婴猿组成的新群体。这是自2006年该物种在中国被重新发现后,首次在中国境内发现形成新群体。中国境内东黑冠长臂猿的种群数量也由3群22只,增长到4群26只。有限的栖息地可能是未来限制东黑冠长臂猿新群体形成的主要因素之一,所以栖息地恢复对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量增长尤为重要。放牧不利于栖息地恢复,要逐步减少,进而杜绝在保护区内放牧。另外,东黑冠长臂猿跨国界分布,中越两国政府之间应加强协调,避免在保护区内实施对栖息地不利的边境管理活动。如果两国间出现种群隔离,对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量的增长将会非常不利。  相似文献   

5.
生态限制模型(Ecological constraints model)认为随种群规模增加,灵长类种群会增加日移动距离、移动时间和取食时间,减少休息时间.果食性灵长类为取食斑块分布的高质量食物资源(如果实)而存在群内分摊竞争(Within-group scramble competition),很好地验证了生态限制模型...  相似文献   

6.
邦亮东黑冠长臂猿日食性与活动节律的季节性变化   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
日食性变化和活动节律是动物行为的重要方面,通过对日食性变化与活动节律的研究,可以了解食物、温度和光照时间等环境因素的变化对动物行为的影响,以及动物在行为上的应对策略。2009 年1 -12 月,在广西靖西县邦亮东部黑冠长臂猿自治区级自然保护区内,采用瞬时扫描取样法对2 群东黑冠长臂猿觅食行为和活动节律进行了研究。结果显示,东黑冠长臂猿的活动和食性在旱季和雨季都具有明显的节律。鸣叫只发生在12:00之前,但旱季的鸣叫时间偏晚。在日节律上,东黑冠长臂猿在离开过夜树后和进入过夜树前各有一个取食高峰,07:00 喜欢取食果实和无花果,16:00 也选择更多的果实,但无花果较少,13:00 - 15:00 取食更多的叶和芽。在10:00 - 12:00,其用于休息和社会活动的时间增加。在雨季,东黑冠长臂猿以果实和无花果为主要食物,并且花大量时间觅食无脊椎动物;但在旱季,其食物以叶和芽为主。与之相适应,东黑冠长臂猿在旱季通过减少移动增加休息来节约能量开支和应对低温,同时它们增加取食的时间以获得等价的能量和营养。雨季时社会行为的比例明显高于旱季,而且其高峰出现在08:00 - 10:00,但旱季社会行为主要出现在11:00 - 14:00。在雨季东黑冠长臂猿没有出现休息高峰,相反在旱季10:00 左右出现一个明显的休息高峰。上述行为节律体现了东黑冠长臂猿对环境季节性变化的良好适应,使其能够在寒冷并且退化的喀斯特森林中生存繁衍。  相似文献   

7.
动物通过集群降低个体警戒时间,从而增加采食等行为时间,这种现象被称为\" 群体效应\" 。除群体大小
外,社会及环境因子如季节与性别也可能影响个体警戒水平。本文于2007 年至2009 年在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类
野生动物保护区采用焦点动物取样法,通过测定鹅喉羚警戒行为比例、平均每次警戒持续时间及10 min内警戒频
率,研究了季节、性别及群体大小对鹅喉羚个体警戒水平的影响,并验证群体效应。结果表明:由于季节更替
而产生的生物量的变化对鹅喉羚个体警戒水平无显著影响;在秋冬季除雄性外,鹅喉羚个体警戒水平均有随群
体增大而降低的趋势,但这种趋势并不十分明显。性别则显著影响其警戒水平,夏季由于雌性羚羊处于哺乳期,
因而其警戒水平显著高于雄性(P < 0.05);受繁殖行为影响,冬季雄性比雌性警觉性更高(P > 0. 05);春秋季
两性间警戒水平没有差异(P >0.05)。不同生理周期是导致鹅喉羚育幼期雌性及繁殖期雄性个体警戒水平发生
显著变化的重要因子。  相似文献   

8.
群体大小对青幼鱼群体特征的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
付世建  聂利娟  吴慧  况璐  黄清 《生态学报》2016,36(19):6062-6070
为考察群体大小对青幼鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)群体特征的影响,在(25±0.5)℃条件下对1、2、4和8尾青幼鱼组成的群体(N=12)进行视频拍摄和轨迹分析,得到游泳速度和空间分布特征数据,实验同时测定了不同群体大小对恐吓刺激的反应差异。结果显示:青幼鱼自发游泳速度多处于0—10 cm/s,不受群体大小的影响,但不同个体速度同步性随群体大小增加而显著下降;青幼鱼最近邻距离多数位于0—10 cm,且随着群体大小增加,最近邻距离和群体排列的极性均随群体数量上升而显著下降;青幼鱼群体中位置分布具有个体差异,且随着群体数量上升差异加剧;青幼鱼对恐吓刺激的反应率不受群体大小的影响,但群体内部不同个体对刺激的反应的一致性随群体大小上升有所下降。结果表明:青幼鱼具备集群性,在2—8个体范围内随群体大小上升凝聚力上升,协调性下降;群体特征的改变对恐吓刺激反应率没有显著影响,但协调性的下降导致反应一致性降低;青幼鱼群体中不同个体在集群活动中可能存在社会分工,且这种分工的作用在大群体大小上升表现更为明显。  相似文献   

9.
2003年8月—2005年8月,对无量山大寨子5个黑长臂猿群体的结构和组成进行了观察。当一个群体在早晨鸣叫或依次通过树冠时,记录群体的结构和组成。每个群体都由1个成年雄性、2个成年雌性及其后代组成。2003年8月平均群体大小为6·2只;到2005年8月,平均群体大小发展为6·4只,其中有2个亚成年雄性从出生群迁出,且有3只幼猿出生。在3个群体(G1、G2和G3)中两个成年雌性都成功繁殖了后代。同一群体内两个成年雌性间无攻击或等级行为。2005年4月15日,当一只亚成年雌性进入G3的领域后,两只成年雌性对其进行追逐驱赶,并且干扰其与成年雄性配合进行二重唱,成年雄性没有直接驱赶流浪的亚成年雌性,10天后这只亚成年雌性离开了G3的领域。亚成年雄性经常与群体其他成员保持一定距离,并且在出生地通过独唱练习鸣叫。黑长臂猿可能通过亚成年雄性和雌性的迁出,及成年雌性对外来流浪雌性的驱赶维持这种一夫二妻的群体结构。  相似文献   

10.
应用2003年11月~2004年10月晴好天气涡度相关通量观测资料,对西双版纳热带季节雨林CO2交换的日变化和季节变化进行分析。结果表明:雾凉季、干热季和雨季的净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)均呈现出单峰型曲线的日变化趋势,昼间其变化规律较强,夜间呈波动状态。昼间NEE(取绝对值)雾凉季和雨季均显著大于干热季;夜间NEE雨季显著大于干热季 ,而干热季显著大于雾凉季。光合有效辐射是影响NEE日变化的主要因素,但不是造成季节差异的主要因素;饱和水汽压差和气温对NEE的季节差异有较大贡献。另外,应用Micha elis _Menten模型对昼间不同饱和水汽压差和气温下NEE对光合有效辐射的响应进行分析,结果表明:各季节较高饱和水汽压差下的表观最大光合速率(Pmax)、表观暗呼吸速率(Re)比较低饱和水 汽压差下的PmaxRe大,而表观光量子产额(α )则相反。各季节较高气温下的Re比较低气温下的Re大;雾凉季气温的差异对Pmaxα的影响较小;干热季和雨季较高气温下的α较小。  相似文献   

11.
    
The Cao Vit gibbon is a critically endangered species with only about 110 individuals remaining in a degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border. Behavioral data from this site are particularly useful in understanding gibbon behavioral adaptations to different sets of ecological conditions and will contribute to the conservation of the species. We studied seasonal variation in the time budget and diet of the Cao Vit gibbon in response to variation in food availability and ambient temperature by observing two groups for 1,379 hr between January and December 2009. We used 5-min scan samples to record the activity of gibbons. Both ambient temperature and food availability varied from month to month. Gibbon groups increased resting time and huddled together in sleeping places in cold months. Gibbons spent more time feeding on fruit when fruit was more abundant suggesting that fruit was their preferred food. Alternatively, leaf eating was negatively correlated with leaf availability which suggested that leaves may be used as a fallback food. Gibbons increased their diet diversity when they ate more leaves. This might be a strategy to cope with toxins or digestion inhibitor accumulation associated with feeding from a limited number of leaf species. Individuals consumed more buds when Broussonetia papyrifera produced buds in March and April. During this period, they decreased traveling time and engaged in less frequent social interactions. Gibbons spent more time searching for and feeding on invertebrates during June and October. However, we did not collect data on invertebrate abundance and therefore cannot determine the relationship between invertebrate feeding and availability. We conclude that flexibility in consuming diverse food types and food species, and in responding to the availability of preferred foods, has enabled the Cao Vit gibbon to survive in a degraded karst forest habitat.  相似文献   

12.
东黑冠长臂猿鸣叫声谱分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2007 年9 月至2009 年6 月,利用Sony TC - D5 Pro2 录音机、Sony C - 76 指向性话筒和Sony 录音磁带对广西邦亮自然保护区3 群东黑冠长臂猿的鸣叫进行了录音,对每群录音效果较好的5 个声音用Signal/ RTS 4.0 软件进行声谱分析。结果表明:东黑冠长臂猿叫声的频率较高,最高频率已经达到甚至超过了5 kHz;雄性的鸣叫声由起始音(boom)、简单的重复音节(aa notes)、调节前音节(pre-modulated note)和调节音句(modulated phrases)组成,雌性长臂猿一般只会发出一种固定而刻板的激动鸣叫,二者互相配合组成结构复杂的二重唱。通常,二重唱由成年雄性发起和结束,并占主导地位。同时,将东黑冠长臂猿二重唱的声谱结构与近缘种西黑冠长臂猿和海南长臂猿进行比较,结果显示雄性和雌性的叫声、以及二者配合发出的激动鸣叫序列在三者之间都有明显差异。因此,从声谱特征角度可以有效论证这三种长臂猿独立物种的分类地位。  相似文献   

13.
高海拔栖息地中灵长类动物的行为适应一直以来都是灵长类研究中的重点内容,同物种在不同栖息地的行为差异也成为近年的热点问题。西黑冠长臂猿(Nomascus concolor)是我国国家一级重点保护野生动物,也是我国长臂猿科动物中种群数量最大的物种,滇中哀牢山、无量山是该物种的集中分布区。哀牢山和无量山的西黑冠长臂猿栖息地存在显著差异,且其社会组织不同。本研究首次报道了在哀牢山高海拔栖息地中一个一夫一妻长臂猿群体的活动时间分配和食性季节性变化。2014—2015年,采用3 min间隔瞬时扫描法记录了长臂猿的行为和食性,468 h的行为数据结果表明,移动行为比例最高38.1%,其次是休息行为36.4%,取食行为23.3%,最少为鸣叫行为1.9%和其他行为1.3%。3 784次取食行为可辨识食物类型,总体上叶类食物占41.1%,其次是果实类食物33.3%,花类食物21.0%,附生植物3.9%,其他食物0.6%。长臂猿的时间分配和食性在雨季和旱季均具有显著差异,在低温旱季,长臂猿增加休息时间,减少移动时间,提高叶类和花类食物的取食比例;在高温雨季,长臂猿增加移动时间,减少休息时间和取食时间,取食更...  相似文献   

14.
灵长类动物姿势行为研究对了解其环境适应机制具有重要意义.2012年9月至2013年8月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对广西弄岗国家级自然保护区内一群熊猴(Macaca assamensis)的姿势行为进行观察,比较熊猴姿势行为的季节和日时段变化.结果 表明,熊猴移动模式的频率存在显著差异,从高到低为四足行走(45.3%±7.6%...  相似文献   

15.
Rhinogobius sp. CB is a common amphidromous goby in Japan. I investigated egg and clutch sizes along a river course and within a spawning season in the Aizu River, Kii Peninsula, Japan. Clutch size within the same female size did not differ along the course of the river, but decreased from early to later in the spawning season. Egg size within the same female size decreased from early to later in the spawning season and from the upper to the lower reaches. These results mean energy resources allocated to the ovary decreased seasonally and locally. Several factors are presented to explain these variations, such as female somatic conditions, a tradeoff between reproduction and growth, food availability, water temperature, and presence of competitive species. Some factors explaining the seasonal and local variations in egg size, such as water temperature and food availability for offspring, are also presented. Egg size correlated well with female size. The trend in egg size variation with female size seems to be an adaptation for their migrating pattern, as larvae from larger female, which tended to inhabit the upper reaches, would have a greater endurance against starvation during their migration to the sea.  相似文献   

16.
    
During spring and summer, we studied the thermal ecology of two populations of the Balearic lizard, Podarcis lilfordi, from two coastal islets of Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain): Aire and Colom. We calculated the accuracy of thermoregulation, that is, the extent to which body temperatures are close to species' thermal optima, the thermal quality of the habitat as the proximity of operative temperatures to thermal optima and effectiveness of thermoregulation, as the extent to which accuracy is higher than thermal quality of the habitat. We found that seasonality affects thermoregulation differently, depending on the lizard population. Those effects are consistent for all thermal parameters under study. The effects of seasonality were significantly stronger in Aire than in Colom islet. Many factors may be responsible for this different effect of seasonality, from differences on physiological traits to differences in the environmental conditions of the two islets, as their resource availability, predator pressure or habitat structure. Identifying the factors that boost or inhibit those seasonal changes would be important to understand thermoregulation in lizards. Slight changes on two similar populations can lead to great differences in thermal ecology of conspecific ectotherms.  相似文献   

17.
    
Anthropogenic modification of the landscape, resultant habitat loss, and decades of persecution have resulted in severe decline and fragmentation of large carnivore populations worldwide. Infectious disease is also identified as a primary threat to many carnivores. In wildlife species, population demography and group persistence are strongly influenced by group or population size. This is referred to as the Allee effect, in which a population or group is at an increased risk of extinction when the number or density of individuals falls below some threshold due to ecological and/or genetic factors. However, in social mammalian species, the relationship between the number of individuals and the risk of extinction is complicated because aggregation may enhance pathogen exposure and transmission. Although theoretical studies of the interaction between infectious disease transmission and Allee effects reveal important implications for carnivore management and population extinction risk, information about the interaction has yet to be synthesized. In this paper, we assess life history strategies of medium to large carnivore species (≥2.4 kg) and their influence on population dynamics, with a special focus on infectious disease. While declining population trends are observed in 73 % of all carnivores (both social and solitary species), infectious disease is identified as a significant cause of population decline in 45 % of social carnivores and 3 % of solitary carnivores. Furthermore, where carnivores suffer a combination of rapid population decline and infectious disease, Allee effects may be more likely to impact social as compared to solitary carnivore populations. These potentially additive interactions may strongly influence disease transmission dynamics and population persistence potential. Understanding the mechanisms that can result in Allee effects in endangered carnivore populations and the manner in which infectious disease interfaces at this nexus may define the outcome of developed conservation strategies.  相似文献   

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