中国(鼲)亚科田鼠族(Microtini)分类学研究进展与中国已知种类

䶄亚科田鼠族（Microtini）是一个分布广、物种多、在分类学上存在争议也较多的类群。通常认为该族在全世界有10属81种,中国有7属24种。近年来,通过广泛采集标本,开展分类与系统发育研究,基本厘清了我国䶄亚科田鼠族分类与系统发育问题。确认田鼠族在全世界仅8属,分别是东方田鼠属（Alexandromys）、雪田鼠属（Chionomys）、毛足田鼠属（Lasiopodomys）、艾草田鼠属（Lemmiscus）、田鼠属（Microtus）、松田鼠属（Neodon）、沟牙田鼠属（Proedromys）和川西田鼠属（Volemys）。帕米尔田鼠属（Blanfordimys）被证明是田鼠属的亚属,白尾松田鼠属（Phaiomys）是松田鼠属 的同物异名,水䶄属（Arvicola）被证明不属于田鼠族。而东方田鼠属是从田鼠属的亚属提升为属。中国田鼠族包括6属26种。青海毛足田鼠（Lasiopodomys fuscus）、白尾松田鼠（Phaiomys leucurus）和克氏田鼠（Microtus clarkei）均是松田鼠属成员。凉山沟牙田鼠（Proedromys liangshanensis）、林芝松田鼠（Neodon linzhiensis）、聂拉木松田鼠（Neodon nyalamensis）和墨脱松田鼠 （Neodon medogensis）是近年来命名的新种。     

中国鼠平亚科田鼠族(Microtini)分类学研究进展与中国已知种类

鼠平亚科田鼠族(Microtini)是一个分布广、物种多、在分类学上存在争议也较多的类群。通常认为该族在全世界有10属81种,中国有7属24种。近年来,通过广泛采集标本,开展分类与系统发育研究,基本厘清我国鼠平亚科田鼠族分类与系统发育问题。确认田鼠族在全世界仅8属,分别是东方田鼠属(Alexandromys)、雪田鼠属(Chionomys)、毛足田鼠属(Lasiopodomys)、艾草田鼠属(Lemmiscus)、田鼠属(Microtus)、松田鼠属(Neodon)、沟牙田鼠属(Proedromys)和川西田鼠属(Volemys)。帕米尔田鼠属(Blanfordimys)被证明是田鼠属的亚属,白尾松田鼠属(Phaiomys)是松田鼠属的同物异名,水鼠平属(Arvicola)被证明不属于田鼠族。而东方田鼠属是从田鼠属的亚属提升为属。中国田鼠族包括6属26种。青海毛足田鼠(Lasiopodomys fuscus)、白尾松田鼠(Phaiomys leucurus)和克氏田鼠(Microtus clarkei)均属于松田鼠属。凉山沟牙田鼠(Proedromys liangshanensis)、林芝松田鼠(Neodon linzhiensis)、聂拉木松田鼠(Neodon nyalamensis)和墨脱松田鼠(Neodon medogensis)是近年来命名的新种。     

基于COⅠ基因序列的蜜蜂属系统发育分析及其舞蹈和筑巢行为进化分析

【目的】分析蜜蜂属Apis的系统发育关系,并在此基础上探讨蜜蜂属舞蹈方向、舞蹈声音、营巢环境、巢脾结构的祖先状态和演变过程。【方法】PCR扩增并测定中国分布的蜜蜂属内东方蜜蜂A. cerana、西方蜜蜂A. mellifera、大蜜蜂A. dorsata、黑大蜜蜂A. laboriosa、小蜜蜂A. florea和黑小蜜蜂A. andreniformis的线粒体COⅠ基因序列,并从NCBI数据库中下载分布于其他国家或地区的上述6种蜜蜂以及绿努蜂A. nulunsis、苏拉威西蜂A. nigrocinta、沙巴蜂A. koschevnikovi、炳式大蜜蜂A. dorsata binghami的COⅠ同源序列。分别利用最大简约法(MP)、最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯分析(BI)依据这些序列数据构建蜜蜂属系统发育关系。对蜜蜂属上述种的舞蹈语言和筑巢行为进行编码并作为性状特征标记到系统发育树中,利用简约法对祖先状态进行追溯。【结果】系统发育分析结果表明,蜜蜂属可划分为3大类群,即穴居蜜蜂类群(东方蜜蜂、西方蜜蜂、苏拉威西蜂、绿努蜂、沙巴蜂)、大蜜蜂类群(大蜜蜂、黑大蜜蜂)和小蜜蜂类群(小蜜蜂、黑小蜜蜂);小蜜蜂类群更加接近于祖型,大蜜蜂类群和穴居蜜蜂类群是两支单系;炳式大蜜蜂是独立于大蜜蜂和黑大蜜蜂的蜂种,且与黑大蜜蜂的亲缘关系更近。祖先状态重建结果显示：蜜蜂属祖先在露天环境下筑造垂直的单脾,且在传播食物或巢址信息时跳水平方向的无声摆尾舞,有嗡嗡声的舞蹈及筑造复脾是后来形成的。【结论】COⅠ基因可作为分子标记用于分析蜜蜂属的舞蹈和筑巢行为的祖先状态及进化过程;蜜蜂筑造复脾、跳有嗡嗡声的舞蹈是后期的适应性进化行为。     

中国北方野粮衣属地衣分类学研究

本研究对采自中国北方11个省、市、自治区的400余份野粮衣属标本利用形态学、化学、生态学等特征进行了综合研究,共发现12种,包括6个分类单位从平茶渍属归并至野粮衣属中,即：Aspicilia maculata,A. maculata f. subochracea,A. ochraceoalba,A. schafeevii,A. tortuosa和A. transbaicalica;其中,将A. maculata f. subochracea提升为种级单位;首次报道了Circinaria hispida和C. schafeevii在中国的新记录分布;Lecanora tortuosa var. ferruginea,L. tortuosa var. simplicior和L. tortuosa var. perfecta作为Circinaria tortuosa的异名处理。本文也为报道的物种提供了形态图和检索表。     

基于叶绿体DNA atpB-rbcL片段的典型樱亚属部分种的亲缘关系及分类地位探讨

蔷薇科典型樱亚属植物（Subg.Cerasus Koehne）（樱花类）具有重要的观赏价值,深入研究其种间亲缘关系及分类地位,对于国产樱属植物系统发育与种质资源创新具有重要的理论指导意义。基于PCR扩增与测序技术研究了从云南、江西、福建采集的典型樱亚属3个种（含变种）的叶绿体DNA非编码区atpB-rbcL片段,结合GenBank数据库已经提交的其它4个种的同源序列,共获得7个种的30条序列矩阵,以此构建了单倍型中介网络图与系统发育树,分析和探讨了它们的亲缘关系与分类地位。（1）在atpB-rbcL序列矩阵中,774个有效位点中共发现15个多态性位点,占分析序列的1.94%,（A+T）含量为70.50%,存在明显的碱基偏好;（2）DNASP 5共检测到9个单倍型,物种间平均单倍型多样性（H_d=0.880 5±0.026）,平均核苷酸多态性（π=0.007 11±0.000 54）,除尾叶樱桃（Prunus dielsiana）外（Hap5~Hap7）,其余物种拥有各自独特的1个单倍型,具有较丰富的遗传多样性;（3）综合Network中介图与系统发育重建结果：推测磐安樱桃（P.pananensis）处于较原始的进化阶段,相比尾叶樱桃,与浙闽樱桃（P.schneideriana）亲缘关系较近;长柱尾叶樱桃（P.dielsiana var.longistyla）与尾叶樱桃互为姊妹支,并共同构成独立进化单元。综上,叶绿体atpB-rbcL片段在典型樱亚属下种间的适用效果较好,可以优先选为DNA条形码;分子证据结合形态学特征支持将长柱尾叶樱桃作为尾叶樱桃变种的处理意见,而磐安樱桃的分类地位则需要更多的证据。     

绒属Caryomys（Thomas，1911）地位的恢复（啮齿目：仓鼠科：田鼠亚科）

绒属Ｃａｒｙｏｍｙｓ原为Ｔｈｏｍａｓ（１９１１）命名的Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓ属中的一个新亚属,Ｈｉｎｔｏｎ（１９２３）将它升格为独立属,但很快又于１９２６年否定了此属的存在,从此各国学者或认为它是属Ｃｌｅｔｈｒｌｏｎｏｍｙｓ的同物异名,或认为它是绒鼠属Ｅｏｔｈｅｎｏｍｙｓ的亚属,近７０年间再无人承认此属名。本文通过对Ｃａｍｐｍｙｓ所包含的ｉｎｅｚ和ｅｖａ两种的形态学及染色体核型进行研究,并与绒鼠属Ｅｏｔｈｅｎｏｍｙｓ和属Ｃｌｅｔｈｒｉｏｎｏｍｙｓ代表种类的相关特征进行了比较分析,结果表明,ｉｎｅｚ和ｅｖａ除在形态上与绒鼠属及属种类有一些明显差异外,在染色体核型上也有显著不同,主要表现在：ｉｎｅｚ及ｅｖａ的染色体数目２ｎ＝５４,且在常染色体中,其最大的一对染色体均为亚端部着丝粒染色体;而绒鼠属和属的染色体数目则为２ｎ＝５６,且在常染色体中无此对端部着丝粒染色体。为此,作者认为应恢复Ｃａｒｙｏｍｘｓ属的分类地位。     

滇绒鼠在四川的分类与分布厘定

2019至2023年,在四川省珙县（104°50′05″E,27°54′27″N,海拔1 331 m）和叙永县（105°32′05″E,28°13′51″N,海拔1370m）分别采集到2号和4号绒鼠类成体标本。这些标本个体较小,尾长约为体长的41%,形态鉴定属于滇绒鼠（Eothenomys eleusis）。对所采标本的Cyt b基因进行PCR扩增和测序,并结合从GenBank下载的绒鼠属物种序列构建贝叶斯基因树,结果显示：所采标本与滇绒鼠指名亚种（E. e. eleusis）聚为一个支系（贝叶斯后验概率为1.0）,遗传距离为0.8%,与滇绒鼠aurora亚种（E.e.aurora）的遗传距离为2.5%。根据标本形态、头骨特征,结合分子生物学证据,确定所采6号标本为滇绒鼠,是该物种在四川省的首次确认分布记录。标本现存于四川省林业科学研究院动物标本馆（编号分别为SAF19843、SAF19844、SAF220125、SAF220131、SAF23176和SAF23177）。     

直翅目虫草（肉座菌目）：物种多样性及其与寄主的关系

迄今为止,以直翅目昆虫为寄主的虫草共报道25种,本研究详细介绍了它们的种类、寄主与分布,并给出了相关的分类学注释。ITS和tef1-α基因联合数据的分子系统发育显示,直翅目虫草分别隶属于白僵菌属Beauveria、绿僵菌属Metarhizium和线虫草属Ophiocordyceps 3个属。基于直翅目昆虫六大类群的生态习性特点,分析并讨论了直翅目虫草物种多样性与寄主的关系。以两种白僵菌Beauveria及戴氏虫草Metacordyceps taii（贵州绿僵菌Metarhizium guizhouense的异名）为例,介绍了虫草的根状菌索,一种介于子实体和孢梗束形体之间的根须状结构。种类修订：蟋螽白僵菌新组合Beauveria grylli comb. nov. ≡ 蟋蟀虫草Cordyceps grylli = Beauveria loeiensis,Beauveria kirkii comb. nov. ≡ Cordyceps kirkii。寄主更正：蟋螽白僵菌的寄主由原来的蟋蟀成虫（蟋蟀科Gryllidae）更正为螽斯（蟋螽）若虫（蟋螽科Gryllacrididae）,蟋蟀线虫草Ophiocordyceps tettigonia 寄主由原来的螽斯成虫（螽斯科Tettigoniidae：螽斯属Tettigonia）更正为蟋蟀成虫（蟋蟀科）。     

侧金盏花属修订(一)

(1)本文承认毛莨科侧金盏花属植物共30种,4亚种,11变种和2变型,并将其等区分为2亚属,6组,6系。(2)根据有关特征分析,发现了一些重要演化趋势,据此确定以特产尼泊尔的Adonis nepalensis为代表的Sect.Leiocarpa为此属的原始群,此属的其他群均源出于此群。(3)根据Sect.Ancistrocarpium,Ser.Amurenses,以及Ser.Apenninae和ser.Vernales的地理分布可分别看出三条迁移路线:(a)由喜马拉雅西部向西到达欧洲西南部,(b)由我国西南部山地向东北沿中国西南-东北走廊到达西伯利亚东部和日本,(c)从我国西南部山地向北到达亚洲北部。(4)一年生的亚属Subgen.Adonis有9种,在中东集中分布了8种,1亚种,6变种,这里是此亚属的次生分化中心,其起源中心可能位于喜马拉雅西部。(5) A.nepalensis具原始的瘦果,但同时又具进化的羽状复叶,因此不是此属的最原始种,后者可能尚未被发现,或已绝灭,根据上述三条迁移路线的分布格局,以及A.nepalensis和Ser.Amurenses的原始种的分布,推测喜马拉雅东部至横断山区一带可能是最原始种和Adonis属起源中心的所在地区。(6)简要回顾了此属的分类历史,并综述了此属的经济用途。     

重庆楼梯草属一新组和三新种

描述了自重庆市江津区四面山发现的荨麻科楼梯草属的一新组和三新种：（1）雌伞楼梯草组Sect.Gynosciadion具一新种,雌伞楼梯草Elatostema femineocymosum,其特征为雌花序为3~4回分枝的聚伞花序,无花序托和总苞,根据这些特征可与楼梯草属的其他组相区别;（2）圆微叶楼梯草E.gyronanophyllum,与对叶楼梯草E.sinense H.Schr ter近缘,区别特征为此新种的叶较小,具较少二级脉,退化叶圆形或近圆形,雌总苞具12枚三角形苞片,雌花具2花被片,柱头扁球形;（3）正宇楼梯草E.zhengyuanum,与四面山楼梯草E.simianshanicum W.T.Wang近缘,区别特征在于新种的茎无毛,有时为营养茎,其叶片、钟乳体和托叶均较小,雌总苞的苞片呈倒披针状长圆形,在背面无鸡冠状突起。     

Phylogeny of Oriental voles (Rodentia: Muridae: Arvicolinae): molecular and morphological evidence

The systematics of Oriental voles remains controversial despite numerous previous studies. In this study, we explore the systematics of all species of Oriental voles, except Eothenomys wardi, using a combination of DNA sequences and morphological data. Our molecular phylogeny, based on two mitochondrial genes (COI and cyt b), resolves the Oriental voles as a monophyletic group with strong support. Four distinct lineages are resolved: Eothenomys, Anteliomys, Caryomys, and the new subgenus Ermites. Based on morphology, we consider Caryomys and Eothenomys to be valid genera. Eothenomys, Anteliomys, and Ermites are subgenera of Eothenomys. The molecular phylogeny resolves subgenera Anteliomys and Ermites as sister taxa. Subgenus Eothenomys is sister to the clade Anteliomys + Ermites. Caryomys is the sister group to genus Eothenomys. Further, the subspecies E. custos hintoni and E. chinensis tarquinius do not cluster with E. custos custos and E. chinensis chinensis, respectively, and the former two taxa are elevated to species level and assigned to the new subgenus Ermites.     

绒鼠类系统学研究(啮齿目:仓鼠科:田鼠亚科)

在系统综述的基础上对绒鼠属Eothenomys的分类进行了探讨,认为Eothenomys属的典型特征应力;下颌骨臼齿咀嚼面左右两侧的三角形齿环均不呈交错排列,而是两两相对,彼此相融合;二倍染色体数2m=56,全部常染色体均为端部着丝粒（T）,东方绒鼠亚属Antheliomys5种中,至少玉龙绒鼠E.proditor不属于此属不能排除恢复Antheliomys属级分类地位的可能性,同意将Caryomys独立为绒Ping属;将Craseomys shanseius Thomas,1908(=E.shanseius)订正为棕背Ping的山西亚种C.r.shanseius。台湾绒鼠Eothenomys kanoi Tokuda,1937的染色体特征与Clethrionomys属相似,不应收入绒鼠属,其分类地位待定。Clethrionomys属和Eothenomys属化石种均最早出现于早更新世,目前还不能断定此二属究竟谁起源于谁,也许它们共同起源于第三者。     

Historical biogeography at the crossroads of the northern continents: molecular phylogenetics of red-backed voles (Rodentia: Arvicolinae)

Evolutionary relationships of red-backed voles and their relatives were examined and used to test biogeographic hypotheses. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were obtained for 25 individuals representing Alticola macrotis, Clethrionomys californicus, C. gapperi, C. glareolus, C. rutilus, and C. rufocanus. These were combined with 21 partial sequences from GenBank for C. regulus, C. rex, C. rufocanus, C. rutilus, Eothenomys imaizumii, E. melanogaster, Phaulomys andersoni, and P. smithii. Complete sequences of three species of Microtus (M. montanus, M. oeconomus, and M. pennsylvanicus), representative species of other arvicoline genera (Myopus, Synaptomys, Arvicola, Ellobius, Ondatra, Lemmus, Dicrostonyx, and Phenacomys), and a sigmodontine representative (Peromyscus) were included as outgroups. We used maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, distance, and Bayesian based methods and conducted statistical tests on proposed hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic histories. A close relationship of species representing the genera Alticola, Clethrionomys, and Eothenomys was supported (Clethrionomyini); however, the genus Clethrionomys was paraphyletic with respect to both Alticola and Eothenomys. Three major clades were identified as Asian (Eothenomys andersoni, E. smithii, C. rex, C. regulus, and C. rufocanus), Trans-beringian (Alticola macrotis, C. californicus, C. gapperi, C. glarelolus, and C. rutilus), and Taiwanese (E. melanogaster). These results are consistent with the fossil record which indicates an initial diversification in Asia followed by colonization of the Nearctic on at least two occasions. The holarctic species, C. rutilus, appears to have either reinvaded Asia from North America or colonized North America more recently (late Pleistocene) than the two species of Clethrionomys (C. gapperi and C. californicus) that are endemic to North America (early to mid-Pleistocene). Finally, C. gapperi, appears to be comprised of an eastern and a western species, the former with affinities to the Asian C. glareolus and the latter more closely related to C. californicus.     

Phylogeny of the genus Peperomia (Piperaceae) inferred from the trnK/matK region (cpDNA)

The genus Peperomia is one of the largest genera of basal angiosperms, comprising about 1500-1700 pantropically distributed species. The currently accepted infrageneric classification divides Peperomia into nine subgenera and seven sections. This classification is based on some 200 species, primarily using fruit morphology. The monophyly of these infrageneric taxa has never been tested and molecular phylogenetic studies of a representative sampling within Peperomia do not exist. This paper provides the first molecular phylogeny for the genus Peperomia. Monophyletic clades within Peperomia are identified and previously used morphological characters are critically reviewed. We show that the importance of some morphological characters has been overestimated and that some of these characters presumably have evolved several times independently. Only one previously described subgenus has been confirmed to be monophyletic.     

Molecular phylogeny of the snubnose darters, subgenus Ulocentra (genus Etheostoma, family Percidae)

Snubnose darters comprise one of the largest subgenera of the percid genus Etheostoma. Many species are described based on differences in male breeding coloration. Few morphological synapomorphies have been proposed for the subgenus and their relatives, making it difficult to delineate monophyletic clades. The phylogenetic relationships of the 20 snubnose darter species of the subgenus Ulocentra and 11 members of its proposed sister subgenus Etheostoma were investigated with partial mitochondrial DNA sequences including 1033 bp encompassing the entire mitochondrial control region, the tRNA-Phe gene, and part of the 12S rRNA gene. Two hypotheses on the relationship and monophyly of the two subgenera were evaluated. Both maximum-parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses supported monophyly of the subgenus Ulocentra and resolved some species-level relationships. The banded darter, E. zonale, and its sister taxon, E. lynceum, were not closely related to the snubnose darters and appear to be diverged from the other members of the subgenus Etheostoma, fitting their former distinction as the recognized subgenus Nanostoma. The sister group to Ulocentra appears to be a restricted species assemblage within the subgenus Etheostoma containing E. blennioides, E. rupestre, E. blennius, and the E. thalassinum species group. The placement of the harlequin darter, E. histrio, is problematic, and it may represent a basal member of Ulocentra or of the restricted subgenus Etheostoma. Despite recent estimates of divergence times between nominal Ulocentra taxa, each species exhibits its own unique set of mtDNA haplotypes, providing no direct evidence for current genetic exchange between species. The nominal taxa of snubnose darters thus appear to be evolving independently from each other and therefore constitute valid species under the Phylogenetic Species Concept.     

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Oriental voles: genus Eothenomys (Muridae, Mammalia)

Oriental voles of the genus Eothenomys are predominantly distributed along the Southeastern shoulder of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1143 bp) obtained from 23 specimens (eight species) of Oriental voles collected from this area, together with nucleotide sequences from six specimens (two species) of Japanese red-backed voles (Eothenomys andersoni and Eothenomys smithii) and five species of the closely related genus Clethrionomys, we revised the systematic status of Eothenomys. We also tested if vicariance could explain the observed high species diversity in this area by correlating estimated divergence times to species distribution patterns and corresponding paleo-geographic events. Our results suggest that: (1) the eight species of Oriental voles form a monophyletic group with two distinct clades, and that these two clades should be considered as valid subgenera--Eothenomys and Anteliomys; (2) Eothenomys eleusis and Eothenomys miletus are not independent species; (3) Japanese red-backed voles are more closely related to the genus Clethrionomys than to continental Asian Eothenomys taxa; and (4) the genus Clethrionomys, as presently defined, is paraphyletic. In addition, the process of speciation of Oriental voles appears to be related to the Trans-Himalayan formation via three recent uplift events of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau within the last 3.6 million years, as well as to the effects of the mid-Quaternary ice age.     

Systematics of the subgenus Oligocephalus (Teleostei: Percidae: Etheostoma) with complete subgeneric sampling of the genus Etheostoma

The genus Etheostoma is the most diverse clade of freshwater fishes in North America. While studies have been performed with complete sampling of a single subgenus, none have included representatives of all remaining subgenera. The subgenus Oligocephalus is the largest, consisting of 25-27 species in four species groups, and its monophyly has never been clearly demonstrated. The monophyly of this subgenus and its constituent groups was tested using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of ND2 (mtDNA) and the first intron of S7 (nDNA) with complete species sampling from Oligocephalus and complete subgeneric sampling from Etheostoma. Although the subgenus Oligocephalus was not recovered as a monophyletic group in any analyses, monophyletic E. whipplei, Southwestern Darter, and E. spectabile (in part) species groups were recovered in all analyses. All analyses agree that E. okaloosae and both subspecies of E. hopkinsi are not closely related to other members of the subgenus Oligocephalus. E. exile is, however, presenting the strongest evidence yet that recognition of the subgenus Boleichthys is unwarranted.     

Systematic significance of seed morphology in veronica (plantaginaceae): a phylogenetic perspective

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A new infrageneric rearrangement for Veronica has been proposed based on the most recent evidence from DNA sequence data, morphological evidence, and biogeographical considerations. Looking for morphological synapomorphies for each monophyletic subgenus has been problematic, due to difficulties arising from widespread homoplasy (mainly parallel evolution). In an attempt to overcome these difficulties, previously underexplored morphological characters are starting to be studied in more depth. METHODS: A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis was used based on sequences of ITS (nuclear ribosomal DNA) and plastid trnL-F regions, as a framework to test the use of seed coat ultrastructure (studied under scanning electron microscope) in the systematics of the genus. A sample of 132 taxa representing ten of the 13 subgenera in Veronica, excluding the species of the southern hemisphere Hebe complex and the exclusively North American subgenus Synthyris, was studied. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that, in many cases, the ultrastucture of the testa can be employed to assess relationships of taxa within the genus, and the character provides additional support for molecular trees. Further characters relevant for the classification of Veronica, i.e. base chromosome number, iridoid chemical data, life cycle, inflorescence position, have been taken into consideration in a discussion where an attempt is made to highlight the best traits to characterize each subgenus investigated.     

Phylogeny in Echinocereus (Cactaceae) based on combined morphological and molecular evidence: taxonomic implications

Echinocereus is a morphologically diverse genus that includes 64 species grouped into eight taxonomic sections based on morphological traits. In previous molecular phylogenetic analyses, the relationships amongst Echinocereus species were not entirely revealed and useful characters to recognize clades were not provided. The inclusion of several sources of evidence in a phylogenetic analysis is likely to produce more supported hypotheses. Therefore, we performed a combined phylogenetic analysis with a set of 44 morphological characters and six chloroplast DNA sequences. Topologies from parsimony and Bayesian analyses were mostly congruent. However, the relationships of E. poselgeri were not consistent between analyses. A second Bayesian analysis using a long-branch extraction test resulted in a topology with the morphological position of E. poselgeri congruent with that in parsimony analysis. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses corroborated the monophyly of Echinocereus, which included eight monophyletic groups. The combined phylogeny integrated into different clades those taxa that were not determined in previous analyses and changed the relationships of some recognized clades. The clades did not recover the recent infrageneric classification. In the present study, a new sectional classification for Echinocereus is proposed based on the eight recovered clades, which is supported by a combination of morphological and molecular characters. An identification key for sections in the genus is included.