气候因素对黑线姬鼠种群动态影响的非线性效应

受全球气候变化的影响,气候因素与害鼠种群变化之间的关系成为害鼠防治研究中的热点问题。以西安市长安区周边分布的黑线姬鼠为研究对象,通过标志重捕法进行种群动态监测,掌握其种群数量的动态变化规律,并结合非线性的统计方法广义可加模型,对该地区2015—2018年黑线姬鼠种群密度和气候因素数据进行分析,探讨该鼠种群变化与气候因素之间的关系。结果表明,该地区黑线姬鼠种群数量总体显现为下降趋势。黑线姬鼠种群密度存在显著的正向自我调节效应(F_{1.00, 5.77}=27.062,P<0.01),且与上一月种群密度存在线性的正相关。当月平均温度与该鼠种群密度之间存在显著的非线性效应(F_{1.90, 5.77} =4.696,P<0.05),两者之间显现为钟型关系,当温度<21℃时,两者之间显现为正相关,黑线姬鼠种群密度随温度的升高而升高,反之显现为负相关。当月累计降雨量与其种群密度之间也存在显著的非线性效应(F_{1.87, 5.77}=3.879,P<0.05),同样,两者之间也显现为钟型关系,当降雨量>90 mm时,...     

Osmoregulatory traits of broad-toothed field mouse (Apodemus mystacinus) populations from different habitats

One mechanism for physiological adjustment of small mammals to different habitats and different seasons is by seasonal acclimatization of their osmoregulatory system. We examined the abilities of broad-toothed field mice (Apodemus mystacinus) from different ecosystems (‘sub-alpine’ and ‘Mediterranean’) to cope with salinity stress under short day (SD) and long day (LD) photoperiod regimes. We compared urine volume, osmolarity, urea and electrolyte (sodium, potassium and chloride) concentrations. Significant differences were noted in the abilities of mice from the two ecosystems to deal with salinity load; in particular sub-alpine mice produced less concentrated urine than Mediterranean mice with SD− sub-alpine mice seeming to produce particularly dilute urine. Urea concentration generally decreased with increasing salinity, whereas sodium and potassium levels increased, however SD− sub-alpine mice behaved differently and appeared not to be able to excrete electrolytes as effectively as the other groups of mice. Differences observed provide an insight into the kinds of variability that are present within populations inhabiting different ecosystems, thus how populations may be able to respond to potential changes in their environment. Physiological data pertaining to adaptation to increased xeric conditions, as modelled by A. mystacinus, provides valuable information as to how other species may cope with potential climatic challenges.     

The diet of the Alpine mouse Apodemus alpicola in the Swiss Alps

In this study, we used faecal analysis to determine the diet of the alpine mouse Apodemus alpicola in the field for the first time. This species consumes mainly insects in spring and fruits and seeds of small herbaceous dicotyledons in summer and autumn. Compared to the two congeneric species A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus, which also occur in the Alps, the diet of A. alpicola is rich in contrasts, with a very pronounced difference between spring and summer. The absence of tree seeds also suggests a mostly terrestrial behaviour. We explain these facts by the specificity of the habitat of A. alpicola: the extreme weather conditions produce great seasonal changes in the vegetation, and the rocky ground favours the adaptation to rock climbing rather than to arboreal living.

Zusamenfassung

Nahrungszusammensetzung bei der Alpenwaldmaus Apodemus alpicola in den Schweizer AlpenDie Nahrungszusammensetzung der Alpenwaldmaus Apodemus alpicola wurde erstmals an Wildfängen und anhand von Kotanalysen qualitativ und quantitativ untersucht. Die Alpenwaldmaus konsumierte im Frühjahr hauptsächlich Insekten, im Sommer und Herbst Früchte und Samen kleiner Dicotyledonen der Krautschicht. Verglichen mit der Gelbhalsmaus A. flavicollis und der Waldmaus A. sylvaticus, die ebenfalls in den Alpen vorkommen, ist die Nahrungspalette von A. alpicola kontrastreicher, mit größeren Unterschieden zwischen Frühjahrs- und Sommerkost. Wir erklären dies durch extreme Klimabedingungen, die zu ausgeprägten jahreszeitlichen Änderungen in der Vegetation führen. Das Fehlen von Baumsamen läßt auf ein vorwiegend terrestrisches Futtersuchverhalten schließen. Große Hinterfüße und langer Schwanz sind offenbar Anpassungen ans Felsklettern und nicht an arboricoles Verhalten.     

山矾科中原氏山矾复合体的叶形态特征及分类意义

该研究在形态学观察以及统计学分析的基础上,深入研究了山矾科中原氏山矾复合体的叶片形态学结构。结果表明:叶片质地在整个复合体中可分为革质、纸质2种类型,叶片大小变异幅度较大,除中原氏山矾(Symplocos kawakamii)、棱角山矾(S.tetragona)、蒙自山矾(S.henryi)均与其他种差异显著外,其余种均属于连续过度,叶片分形可以初步区分该复合体植物。该研究结果为中原氏山矾复合体的进一步研究提供了依据,对复合体的分类处理具有一定的分类学意义。     

Demography of the striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) in the succulent karoo

The striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) is widely distributed in southern Africa, inhabiting a wide range of habitats. We describe the demography of the striped mouse in the arid succulent karoo of South Africa, and compare our findings with those of published results for the same species from the moist grasslands of South Africa. In both habitats, breeding starts in spring, but the breeding season in the succulent karoo is only half as long as in the grasslands, which can be explained by different patterns and levels of rainfall; the succulent karoo receives mainly winter rain and rainfall is much less (about 160 mm year⁻¹) than in the grasslands (>1000 mm year⁻¹) which experience summer rain. Population density increased from 37 (start of breeding season) to 171 (end of breeding season) mice per hectare. A high yearly survival rate of 27% during our study from summer to the next breeding season resulted in a population density that was 10 times higher in the succulent karoo than in grasslands. The comparatively high population density may result in habitat saturation and thus forced philopatry, promoting group living in the succulent karoo, which contrasts with the solitary life-style exhibited by populations in moist grasslands.

Zusammenfassung

Demographie der Striemengrasmaus (Rhabdomys pumilio) in der SukkulentenkarooDie Striemengrasmaus (Rhabdomys pumilio) ist im südlichen Afrika weit verbreitet und kommt in unterschiedlichen Habitaten vor. In dieser Studie beschreiben wir die Demographie der Striemengrasmaus in der ariden Sukkulentenkaroo Südafrikas, und vergleichen unsere Ergebnisse mit den Ergebnissen früherer Studien, welche dieselbe Art in den feuchten Grasländern Südafrikas untersucht haben. Die Fortpflanzungssaison beginnt in beiden Habitaten im Frühling, aber sie ist in der Sukkulentenkaroo nur halb so lange wie in den Grasländern. Der Grund dafür wird im unterschiedlichen Niederschlagsmuster vermutet: In der Sukkulentenkaroo regnet es wenig im Winter (ca. 160 mm), während es in den Grasländern viel im Sommer regnet (>1000 mm). Die Überlebensrate in der Sukkulentenkaroo war vom Sommer zur nächsten Fortpflanzungssaison im Frühjahr mit 27% außerordentlich hoch, während die Populationsdichte zehnmal so groß war wie in den Grasländern. Am Anfang der Fortpflanzungssaison betrug die Populationsdichte 37 Mäuse ha⁻¹, am Ende der Fortpflanzungssaison 171 Mäuse ha⁻¹. Die außergewöhnlich hohe Populationsdichte führt womöglich zu Habitatsättigung und einem Fehlen freier Territorien, was mit erklären könnte, warum die Striemengrasmaus in der Sukkulentenkaroo gruppenlebend ist, in den Grasländern hingegen solitär.     

Reasons for arboreality in wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus and Bank voles Myodes glareolus

Although it is broadly accepted that small mammals often climb trees, only few studies explore arboreality in woodland rodents systematically. Here, we investigate the three-dimensional habitat use of wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus and bank voles Myodes glareolus at three different sites in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, under varying environmental conditions. A total of 12 trapping sessions was carried out between March and September 2003 and 2004. During each session, 100 Longworth live-traps with shrew escape holes were set in a 25-point-grid for 3 succeeding nights. Each time, 50 traps were placed on the ground, and 50 in surrounding trees at heights of 30–250 cm. Wood mice were significantly more arboreal than bank voles, and male wood mice spent significantly more time in trees than did females. Arboreality in bank voles occurred only under high population densities and food shortage, and both species were significantly more arboreal in woodland with dense understorey. Thus we conclude that while arboreality is predominantly a result of inter- and intra-specific competition, of the two species we studied, only wood mice, being more agile, can afford to utilize trees without getting caught by predators, and that sex differences are due to male territoriality. Estimates of population sizes and distribution, as well as studies of inter-specific interactions and socio-spatial behaviour are presumed to be affected by these results, and are currently likely to underestimate rodent numbers considerably.     

Variation of within-day foraging costs in the striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio)

Foraging behavior is influenced by spatial and temporal habitat heterogeniety. Here we report on within-day foraging and perceived risk of predation by the striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) in a grassland savannah with wooded “islands” using giving-up densities (GUD, amount of food left behind in depletable food patches). Higher GUDs correspond to higher forging costs. GUDs were measured six times per day at 2-h intervals from paired stations along fern–grass habitat boundaries at 3 and 6 m distances from 10 wooded islands. R. pumilio's GUDs varied significantly over the course of the day with highest GUDs during the afternoon hours of 1–3 pm, and lowest between 7 and 9 am in the morning. The same pattern was consistent for both habitats (fern and grass) and distances from the wooded islands. GUDs decreased with distance from the woody islands in both fern and grass habitats and were significantly lower in the fern habitat. This activity pattern suggests that R. pumilio responds to a spectrum of spatially and temporally varying risks from a variety of predators including aerial predators that increase risk as they make use of mid-day thermals.     

云南高山姬鼠头骨的几何形态学研究

表型可塑性是指同一基因型在不同环境条件下而产生多种不同表现型的反应能力。哺乳动物头骨形态的变化是在进化过程中出现的重要表型特征之一。云南省地势西高东低、海拔变化剧烈、是古北界寒带物种南迁,中南半岛热带物种北移的交汇地,自然环境的地带性和非地带性变化明显,栖息在该地区的动物为了适应多样的环境,可能出现不同的表型分化。高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)为我国特有种,主要分布在中国西南的横断山及其附近地区,是研究表型与生态适应之间关系的理想物种。为研究在云南特殊生态环境下物种的微进化,采用几何形态学的方法测量云南不同地区高山姬鼠头骨形态的变异,采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cyt b)基因和线粒体控制区(Mitochondrial control region,D-loop)探讨基因型的变化。结果显示:昆明种群与横断山种群(中甸、剑川、丽江)间发生了明显的形态变异和遗传分化,高山姬鼠头骨背面和腹面,横断山种群和滇中昆明种群很少重叠,这两个种群变异较大;但头骨的侧面和下颌侧面变异不明显。因此,分布于云南地区的高山姬鼠可能正处于生态物种形成的早期阶段。     

Studying hunting behaviour in the striped field mouse using data compression

We compare predatory behaviour towards a mobile insect in three species of small mammals: the granivorous striped field mouse, the insectivorous common shrew and the Norway rat (a generalist). The striped field mouse displays a surprisingly efficient hunting stereotype. We apply the data compression method (Ryabko et al. Theory Comput Syst 52:133–147, 2013) to compare the complexity of hunting behavioural patterns and to evaluate the flexibility of stereotypes and their succinctness. Norway rats demonstrated the highest level of complexity of hunting behaviour, with the highest proportion of ‘auxiliary’ and ‘noise’ elements and relatively low proportion of ‘key’ elements in their behaviours. The predominance of ‘key’ elements resulted in similarly low levels of complexity of hunting stereotypes in striped field mice and shrews. The similarity between hunting stereotypes of the insectivorous shrew and the granivorous striped field mouse enables us to argue about evolutionary roots of hunting behaviour in small mammals. We show that this method is a useful tool for comparing ethograms as ‘biological texts’.     

嫩江下游人工林中黑线姬鼠与黑线仓鼠的消化道形态及其取食策略

对嫩江下游流域人工林区两同域共存优势种黑线姬鼠东北亚种(Apodemus agrarius mantchuricus)与黑线仓鼠三江平原亚种(Cricetulus barabensis manchuricus)夏季主要食物组成及消化道形态结构的适应性变化进行了比较分析.二者均以当年生植物嫩茎、叶、种子及昆虫为主要取食对象,但黑线姬鼠对茎和叶的采食频次小于黑线仓鼠,而种子、根和昆虫类在黑线姬鼠的食物中出现的频次则相对较高.与食物组成相适应,黑线仓鼠的胃、盲肠和大肠在长度及重量上均显著大于黑线姬鼠,这是黑线仓鼠对高纤维和低蛋白食物的适应性调整.研究结果表明,两种啮齿动物在长期的进化中产生了不同的食物资源利用模式,而其消化道形态结构的变化则可能是其在长期的种间竞争和进化压力下进行食物资源分享的一种功能性反应.     

新疆葡萄穴粉虱的形态学及生物学特性

【目的】葡萄穴粉虱是近年来入侵新疆吐鲁番地区的一种新害虫,明确其在新疆吐鲁番地区的生物学特性及发生危害情况,可为防治策略的制定提供科学依据。【方法】通过室内观察和田间调查,了解葡萄穴粉虱的形态学特征及生物学特性。【结果】葡萄穴粉虱属过渐变态。成虫复眼红棕色,翅膀表面覆盖白色蜡粉。卵倒锥形。若虫共4龄,扁椭圆形,体缘有蜡丝,末龄若虫在体壳内化蛹。4龄若虫(拟蛹)有半透明和黑色2型,越冬型4龄若虫(拟蛹)为黑色且有金属光泽。该虫在吐鲁番1年发生3~4代。越冬代成虫于4月上中旬破蛹羽化,开始在葡萄园危害,5月中旬第1代若虫孵化,5月下旬为孵化高峰;6月中旬2代若虫开始孵化,6月下旬—7月初为孵化高峰,世代重叠严重,10月中下旬之后以越冬代蛹在枯叶和枯枝上越冬。除为害葡萄外,葡萄穴粉虱还危害五叶地锦等葡萄科植物。【结论】在葡萄冬季埋土前或春季上架时,清除枯枝落叶可以大量减少越冬虫源,减轻防治压力。5月中旬第一代若虫孵化高峰期是化学防治的关键时期。在重点开展葡萄园防治的同时,应加强对五叶地锦等园林植物的防治。     

Marking aphids and their parasites with 14C in field studies

Aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) were marked with ¹⁴C by feeding them on host plants (rape, Brassica napus L. var. oleifera and kale, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala (D.C.) Alef.) which had been exposed to ¹⁴CO₂. With concentrations of radioactivity in the leaves of 20–50 Ci per g wet weight, the adult aphids contained 5–10nCi of ¹⁴C after 2 days' feeding. The concentration of activity in the leaves decreased with a halflife of 6–12 days depending on the age of the leaves. The aphids lost much of their activity after removal to an unlabelled plant, retaining 20% of the initial activity after 8 days. The first progeny born had an activity of 3% of the initial activity of the parents, and those born after 8 days, 0.08%. The progeny retained 70% of this activity as adults.Parasites (Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh)) contained 2–4 nCi after developing from egg to adult in aphids labelled with 4–30nCi. Adult parasites contained 0.3nCi after feeding on labelled honey dew.In a field trial, marked aphids and parasites were identified amongst insects caught at 0.6 m and 6 m from a labelled plant. Also marked were the hyperparasites Alloxysta brassicae (Ashmead) and Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché).

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Résumé On a marqué avec du ¹⁴C les pucerons Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) et Myzus persicae (Sulzer) en les nourrissant sur des plantes hôtes Brassica napus L. var. oleifera et Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala (D.C.) Alef. exposées au ¹⁴CO₂.La concentration de radioactivité dans les feuilles diminuait à la longue, la demi-vie biologique de l'isotope étant de 6 jours dans les feuilles jeunes et de 12 jours dans les feuilles mûres. Il n'y avait pas beaucoup de perte de ¹⁴C dans la plante entière pendant 2 mois, ce qui était indiqué par l'activité des pucerons qui se nourrissaient sur la plante à la fin de ce temps.Pour une concentration de radioactivité de 20–50 Ci g^-1 dans les feuilles, l'activité des pucerons adultes était de 5–10 n Ci après 2 jours de nourrissement. Les pucerons perdaient beaucoup de leur activité après avoir été transportés sur une plante non-marquée, retenant 20% de la valeur initiale après 8 jours. Beaucoup d'activité perdue fut retrouvée dans des descendants marqués; ceux qui naquirent les premiers ayant une activité égale à 3% de l'activité initiale des parents; ceux qui naquirent 8 jours plus tard, de 0.08%. Les descendants retenaient 70% de cette activité comme adultes. La reproduction ne fut pas affectée si les parents contenaient 5 n Ci.Des parasites (Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh)) furent marqués de 2–4 n Ci après développement d'uf jusqu'à adulte dans des pucerons marqués de 4–30 n Ci. Des parasites adultes furent marqués de 0.3 n Ci en les nourissant du miellat excrété par ces pucerons.Dans un essai sur le terrain, une plante marquée dans le champ fut attaquée par des pucerons des deux espèces. Les insectes furent attrapés dans des pièges à succion placés à des distances de 0.6 m et 6 m de la plante marquée. Des insectes marqués, identifiés par leurs images sur un radiofilm, comprenaient des pucerons et des parasites. Des hyperparasites, Alloxysta brassicae (Ashmead) et Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) furent également marqués.

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Non-shivering thermogenesis in winter-acclimatized and in long-scotophase and cold-acclimated Apodemus mystacinus (Rodentia)

1. 1.|Resistance to cold through non-shivering thermogenesis (the absolute increase in O₂ consumption caused by noradrenaline injection) was increased 3-fold in individuals of the broad-toothed mouse A. mystacinus, kept for 3 weeks under a short photoperiod (long scotophase 8L:16D) at an ambient temperature of 28°C, compared to control conditions (12L:12D; 28°C), and did not differ significantly from the winter-acclimatized group.

2. 2.|Acclimation of the same individuals to long scotophase and cold (8L:16d; 7°C) caused a significant (P < 0.01) increase in absolute O₂ consumption and maximal body temperature, as a response to noradrenaline injectin, when compared to long-scotophase individuals (8L:16D; 28°C).

3. 3.|The results of this study support the idea that winter acclimatization of heat-production mechanisims may be induced by the extension of scotophase, which cycles very regulary in nature and in the Mediterranean region occurs before the beginning of the cold season.

横断山区高山姬鼠身体能值的适应性调节

为探讨栖息于横断山地区高山姬鼠(Apodemus cheurieri)身体状况与环境之间的适应关系,对野外和实验室条件下高山姬鼠的身体能值进行了测定.结果表明,高山姬鼠身体能值存在季节性变化,6月最高,9月次之,11月开始下降,到次年3月达到最低.冷驯化条件下,其身体能值显著降低.高山姬鼠的身体能值在不同季节和冷驯化条件下表现出的变化模式,与其低纬度高海拔、年平均温度较低的生存环境有关.反映了横断山区小型哺乳动物在季节性环境中的生存机制和适应对策.     

Genetic diversity in Passiflora species determined by morphological and molecular characteristics

Morphological and molecular characteristics were studied in six wild species of Passiflora. There were statistically significant differences among these six species for all characteristics studied. Intra-specific variability was observed for number of flowers, number of fruits, number of seeds, fruit length, fruit width and leaf area. Cluster analysis using morphological data showed three groups: 1) P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, P. morifolia and P. foetida var. foetida, 2) P. coriacea and P. micropetala, and 3) P. suberosa. The dendrogram constructed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data showed six different groups for each species. The genetic distances among the 24 accessions ranged from 0.05 (between P. morifolia accessions P1 and P3) to 0.95 (P. coriacea accession 31 and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata accession 49). The species showed high morphological and molecular inter- and intraspecific variability.     

杉木叶形态特征与叶面积估算模型

植物叶片是碳水交换和能量平衡过程最重要的场所,是农林生产经营中的模型估算以及物种结构变异-功能适应机制分析的关键参考量。采用游标卡尺和手持叶面积仪,测量杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)单叶叶长(LL)、最大叶宽(LW_(max))、最大叶厚(LT_(max))3个直测指标,和叶面积(LA)、平均叶宽(LW_(mean))、平均叶厚(LT_(mean))、叶延长率(LE)和叶周长(LP)5个间接转算指标。分析8个形态学指标的统计分布及其相关性,用多变量线性回归模型和非线性回归指数模型对7个形态学指标和杉木单叶叶面积进行拟合,结果表明:杉木单叶面积大部分值(95%CI)分布在0.758—0.836 cm~2,其叶面积的变异程度最大(CV=0.513),叶长、叶宽与叶面积相关性达到极显著(r=0.896,0.682)。拟合LA的多元线性模型为:Y=-0.388+0.165X_1-0.023X_2+1.453X_3(R~2=0.981,SE=0.053),X_1—X_3分别为LP、LE、LW_(mean)。从简便性上考虑,LL的单变量指数模型适合对LA进行估算:LA=0.1×(1+LL)~(1.398)(R~2=0.77,!~2=0.39)。研究结果为准确估测其他叶片功能性状指标提供了方法,为杉木叶面积估算模型提供了基础数据。