蛋白质组研究中分离新技术与新方法

对于蛋白质组的研究离不开分析技术的支撑。由于样品及其基质的复杂性,为了实现蛋白质的高通量、高灵敏度、快速分析鉴定,必须发展与之匹配的新技术与新方法。多维高效液相色谱/毛细管电泳技术,部分弥补了传统2D PAGE的不足,近年来,在蛋白质分离鉴定方面取得了最令人瞩目的成绩。本文分别从多维液相色谱分离技术、多维毛细管电泳蛋白质分离平台、微柱液相-毛细管电泳联用技术、极端pH蛋白质的分离分析和蛋白质的在线富集技术等方面对蛋白质组学研究中在新技术与新方法方面近期取得的成果加以系统阐述。     

毛细管电泳在微生物分离与检测中的应用

毛细管电泳在分离与分析无机离子、有机小分子、生物大分子(如蛋白质、核酸)和微生物(细菌、病毒)等方面应用十分广泛。着重论述了毛细管电泳在微生物分离与检测方面的基本原理、早期探索、存在问题和最新进展。     

毛细管电泳技术在蛋白质翻译后修饰中的应用

蛋白质中翻译后修饰蛋白的鉴定是蛋白质组学研究的主要内容之一。毛细管电泳技术由于其高分辨能力、低样品上样量、易操作性和较少的分析时间等特点,迅速发展成为一种重要的分离技术。通过毛细管电泳与质谱连用,可以得到许多关于蛋白质鉴定、纯化和结构改变方面的十分有价值的信息。对毛细管电泳技术进行了简单介绍,并且就其在蛋白质磷酸化和蛋白质糖基化研究中的应用进行了综述。     

毛细管电泳的最新进展

毛细管电泳是近年发展最快的分离分析技术之一。它具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、高速度等优点,广泛应用于各个领域。随着毛细管电泳技术的不断发展,逐渐出现了非水毛细管电泳,毛细管阵列电泳,毛细管电泳免疫分析,毛细管电色谱手性拆分等分支。     

蛋白质组学中的分离检测技术

10多年来,随着基因组学研究取得的巨大成就,蛋白质组学的研究也得到了突飞猛进的发展,并产生了许多先进的分离检测技术,包括与电泳相关的和非电泳的技术。本就蛋白质组学中的分离检测技术,如双向电泳、差异凝胶电泳、毛细管电泳、液相色谱质谱联用、蛋白质芯片等作一综述。     

毛细管电泳芯片及其应用

毛细管电泳芯片是近十年发展起来的一项新技术。与普通毛细管电泳相比,毛细管电泳芯片具有体积小、分离速度快、效果好、所用样品量少等优点。章介绍了毛细管电泳芯片的芯片结构及其应用等的研究进展。     

毛细管电泳质谱联用技术及其在代谢组学研究中的应用

毛细管电泳自20世纪80年代中后期迅速发展以来,是近几年分析化学领域中发展最为迅速的分离手段之一。毛细管电泳与质谱的联用使得分析范围更广,灵敏度更高,因此被广泛应用于生物样品的分析中。介绍了毛细管电泳质谱联用常用的接口技术,质量分析器及其在生物样品中的分离模式,综述了近年来毛细管电泳质谱联用技术在代谢组学中的应用。     

毛细管无胶筛分电泳

围绕着毛细管无胶筛分电泳的介质和机理,概括介绍了近年来这种技术在各个方面的发展,及其在DNA片段的分离、PCR扩增产物的检测和蛋白质分子量的测定等方面的应用前景．     

高效毛细管电泳在蛋白质分析上的应用

高效毛细管电泳（ＨＰＣＥ）是继高效液相色谱技术之后的又一新型分析及分离技术。本文应用高效毛细管电泳技术对基因工程干扰素、疫苗、动物脏器提取物等蛋白质产品进行了分离分析和纯度鉴定,并与凝胶电泳的分析结果进行对比。实验结果表明,ＨＰＣＥ可以用于生物产品分离、生物遗传研究和医学临床等领域的蛋白质定量分析、组分测定和纯度鉴定,是一种很有应用前途的新技术。     

高效毛细管电泳在蛋白质分析上的应用

高效毛细管电泳（ＨＰＣＥ）是继高效液相色谱技术之后的又一新型分析及分离技术,本文应用高效毛细管电泳技术对基因工程干扰素、疫苗、动物脏器提取物等蛋白质产品进行了分离分析和纯度鉴定,并与凝胶电泳的分析结果进行对比。实验结果表明,ＨＰＣＥ可以用于生物产品分离、生物遗传研究和医学临床等领域的蛋白质定量分析、组分测定和纯度鉴定,是一种很有应用前途的新技术。     

Accurate Determination of Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium Metal Anodes and Lithium Metal Batteries

Lithium (Li) metal is an ideal anode material for high energy density batteries. However, the low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and the formation of dendrites during repeated plating and stripping processes have hindered its applications in rechargeable Li metal batteries. The accurate measurement of Li CE is a critical factor to predict the cycle life of Li metal batteries, but the measurement of Li CE is affected by various factors that often lead to conflicting values reported in the literature. Here, several parameters that affect the measurement of Li CE are investigated and a more accurate method of determining Li CE is proposed. It is also found that the capacity used for cycling greatly affects the stabilization cycles and the average CE. A higher cycling capacity leads to faster stabilization of Li anode and a higher average CE. With a proper operating protocol, the average Li CE can be increased from 99.0% to 99.5% at a high capacity of 6 mA h cm^?2 (which is suitable for practical applications) when a high‐concentration ether‐based electrolyte is used.     

Hydrolysis, lactonization, and identification of alpha(2 --> 8)/alpha(2 --> 9) alternatively linked tri-, tetra-, and polysialic acids

Alpha-(2 --> 8)/alpha(2 --> 9) alternatively linked polysialic acid (PSA) can be identified by controlled hydrolysis followed by the analysis with capillary electrophoresis (CE). Due to the different stability of alpha(2 --> 8) and alpha(2 --> 9) linkages in acidic hydrolysis, oligosialic acids (OSAs) from the hydrolysis of alpha(2 --> 8)/alpha(2 --> 9) OSA/PSA could be classified into two groups in the CE profile. The group with an odd numerical degree of polymerization (DP) had two peaks in the CE profile, and the other group, with even number of DP, showed one peak. Each alternating alpha(2 --> 8)/alpha(2 --> 9) linked OSA contains two isomers: one starts with the alpha(2 --> 8) linkage from the nonreducing end and the other starts with the alpha(2 --> 9) linkage from the nonreducing end. Trimers and tetramers were isolated by using a Mono Q column with an HPLC system. The two trimer isomers are alpha(2 --> 8)/alpha(2 --> 9) and alpha(2 --> 9)/alpha(2 --> 8) linkages and only showed partial separation by CE. After lactonization, sialidase hydrolysis, and alkaline treatment, the two trimer isomers could be separated and identified by CE analysis, but only the alpha(2 --> 8)/alpha(2 --> 9) trimer could be converted to the dilactone in glacial acetic acid. The two tetramer isomers could be converted to four monolactones and three dilactones. These lactonized species could be identified on the basis of several principles in sialidase hydrolysis and lactonization. In conclusion, regioselectivity on the lactonization of oligosialic acids proceeds under several principles: (1) Lactonization takes place more easily in the alpha(2 --> 8) linkage than in the alpha(2 --> 9) linkage; (2) all of the positions of alpha(2 --> 8) linkages in alpha(2 --> 8)/alpha(2 --> 9) alternatively linked OSA can be lactonized regardless of external or internal carboxyl groups involved; and (3) for the site of alpha(2 --> 9) linkage, only internal carboxyl groups can be lactonized.     

Capillary electrophoretic characterization of PEGylated human parathyroid hormone with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A capillary electrophoretic method (CE) for characterizing PEGylated human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH) with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is described. CE was used to optimize the PEGylation of PTH through control of the reaction pH and the molar ratio of reactants with the advantages of minimal sample consumption and high separation capacity. The mono-PEGylated PTH (mono-PEG-PTH) was isolated and then digested with endoproteinase Lys-C. Resistance to Lys-C digestion on the PEGylation sites in the mono-PEG-PTH resulted in patterns of CE electropherograms different from that of the native PTH, and the PEGylation sites were assigned accordingly. The extent of positional isomers present in the mono-PEG-PTH was also determined by quantifying PEGylated fragments in the same CE electropherogram. In conclusion, the CE analysis of the Lys-C-digested sample allowed for simultaneous analysis of the PEGylation site and the extent of positional isomers in the mono-PEG-PTH. The results were confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. This method will be applicable for characterizing PEGylation of other therapeutic peptides.     

A novel alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase (CE2FT-2) in Caenorhabditis elegans generates H-type 3 glycan structures

The 1,2-fucosyltransferase family (1,2FT) is the largest familyof glycosyltransferases in the genome of the free-living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, and early evidence suggests that eachmember may have a unique activity. Here we describe a C. elegansgene (designated CE2FT-2) encoding an 1,2FT that has the potentialto generate the sequence Fuc1-2Galβ1-3GalNAc-R, which isthe H-type 3 blood group structure. The CE2FT-2 cDNA encodesa putative transmembrane protein that shows 42% amino acid identityto a previously cloned C. elegans 1,2FT (termed CE2FT-1), buthas a very low identity (16–20%) to 1,2FT sequences inhumans, rabbits, and mice. A recombinant form of CE2FT-2 expressedin human 293T cells has a high 1,2FT activity toward Galβ1-3GalNAc-O-pNP,but unexpectedly, the enzyme is inactive toward the acceptorGalβ-O-phenyl. Thus, CE2FT-2 differs from all other 1,2FTspreviously described from animals that all utilize Galβ-O-phenyl.CE2FT-2 is expressed at all stages of worm development, butremarkably, promoter analysis of the CE2FT-2 gene using greenfluorescent protein reporter constructs indicates that the CE2FT-2is expressed exclusively in pharyngeal cells of the worm fromembryo to an adult stage. Because pharyngeal cells are knownto secrete their glycoconjugates to the nematode surface, theseresults may indicate that products of CE2FT-2 contribute tointeractions of the nematode with its environment or are usedas ligands for bacterial attachment. These findings, along withthose on other 1,2FTs in C. elegans, suggest that each 1,2FTin this organism may have a unique acceptor specificity, expressionpattern, and biological function.     

Structural investigation of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides from human skin fibroblast decorin

Hybrid chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) glycosaminoglycan chains, derived from decorin secreted by human skin fibroblasts, were shown to interact with FGF-2, as did oligosaccharides derived therefrom by chondroitin B lyase digestion. In a first attempt to identify the biologically active sequence, a novel protocol for structural analysis of enzyme-resistant oligosaccharides larger than standard trisulfated hexasaccharides was developed. The method bases on capillary electrophoresis (CE) for separating oversulfated species in offline combination with nanoelectrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (nanoESI-QTOF-MS/MS) in the negative ion mode. Under optimized CE and ESI-MS conditions, up to 12-mer oligosaccharides with different degrees of sulfation were identified. A novel tandem MS protocol (CID-VE) was applied to elucidate the structure of a previously undescribed pentasulfated CS/DS hexasaccharide, Delta-4,5-IdoAGalNAc[GlcAGalNAc]2(5S). In this molecular species, detected as a triply charged ion at m/z 511.38, three sulfates are found in the IdoAGalNAcGlcA moiety offering two structural variants: one containing sulfated IdoA together with a disulfated GalNAc moiety and in the other one both uronic acids, that is, GlcA and IdoA and the amino sugar each carry a sulfate ester group.     

Hormone-sensitive lipase is involved in hepatic cholesteryl ester hydrolysis

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) regulates the hydrolysis of acylglycerol and cholesteryl ester (CE) in various organs, including adipose tissues. However, the hepatic expression level of HSL has been reported to be almost negligible. In the present study, we found that mice lacking both leptin and HSL (Lep(ob/ob)/HSL(-/-)) showed massive accumulation of CE in the liver compared with Lep(ob/ob)/HSL(+/+) mice, while triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation was modest. Similarly, feeding with a high-cholesterol diet induced hepatic CE accumulation in HSL(-/-) mice. Supporting these observations, we detected significant expression of protein as well as mRNA of HSL in the liver. HSL(-/-) mice showed reduced activity of CE hydrolase, but not of TG lipase, in the liver compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, we confirmed the expression of HSL in viable parenchymal cells isolated from wild-type mice. The hepatocytes from HSL(-/-) mice showed reduced activity of CE hydrolase and contained more CE than those from HSL(+/+) mice even without the incubation with lipoproteins. Incubation with LDL further augmented the accumulation of CE in the HSL-deficient hepatocytes. From these results, we conclude that HSL is involved in the hydrolysis of CE in hepatocyes.     

Combining proteomics and bioinformatics to explore novel tegumental antigens as vaccine candidates against Echinococcus granulosus infection

Echinococcus granulosus is the parasite responsible for cystic echinococcosis (CE), an important worldwide-distributed zoonosis. New effective vaccines against CE could potentially have great economic and health benefits. Here, we describe an innovative vaccine design scheme starting from an antigenic fraction enriched in tegumental antigens from the protoscolex stage (termed PSEx) already known to induce protection against CE. We first used mass spectrometry to characterize the protein composition of PSEx followed by Gene Ontology analysis to study the potential Biological Processes, Molecular Functions, and Cellular Localizations of the identified proteins. Following, antigenicity predictions and determination of conservancy degree against other organisms were determined. Thus, nine novel proteins were identified as potential vaccine candidates. Furthermore, linear B cell epitopes free of posttranslational modifications were predicted in the whole PSEx proteome through colocalization of in silico predicted epitopes within peptide fragments identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-TOF/TOF. Resulting peptides were termed “clean linear B cell epitopes,” and through BLASTp scanning against all nonhelminth proteins, those with 100% identity against any other protein were discarded. Then, the secondary structure was predicted for peptides and their corresponding proteins. Peptides with highly similar secondary structure respect to their parental protein were selected, and those potentially toxic and/or allergenic were discarded. Finally, the selected clean linear B cell epitopes were mapped within their corresponding 3D-modeled protein to analyze their possible antibody accessibilities, resulting in 14 putative peptide vaccine candidates. We propose nine novel proteins and 14 peptides to be further tested as vaccine candidates against CE.     

虎杖提取物对弹性蛋白酶的抑制作用研究

本文主要研究了虎杖提取物对弹性蛋白酶的抑制作用。实验利用热水浸渍法提取虎杖得到粗提取物1(CE1),聚酰胺柱层析后得到粗提取物2(CE2),并进行一系列的定性及定量分析。分别用紫外分光光度法和荧光光谱法研究了提取物对弹性蛋白酶的抑制作用和荧光猝灭作用。实验结果表明CE1和CE2中均含有虎杖苷,含量分别为41.01%和69.57%。CE1、CE2和虎杖苷对弹性蛋白酶有一定的抑制作用,当浓度为2.0 mg/mL时,它们对弹性蛋白酶的抑制率分别为53.56%、61.27%和82.53%。CE1、CE2和虎杖苷对弹性蛋白酶均有明显的内源荧光猝灭作用,当浓度为0.1 mg/mL时,荧光猝灭率分别为70.38%、72.90%和75.99%。     

Development of Systemic in vitro Evolution and Its Application to Generation of Peptide-Aptamer-Based Inhibitors of Cathepsin E

Proteases are involved in various biological functions. Thus, inhibition of their activities is scientifically interesting and medically important. However, there is no systematic method established to date to generate endopeptidase inhibitory peptides. Here, we report a general system to identify endopeptidase inhibitory peptides based on the use of in vitro evolution. Using this system, we generated peptides that inhibit cathepsin E (CE) specifically at a submicromolar IC₅₀. This system generates protease inhibitor peptides utilizing techniques of cDNA display, selection-by-function, Y-ligation-based block shuffling, and others. We further demonstrated the importance and effectiveness of a secondary library for obtaining small-sized and active peptides. CE inhibitory peptides generated by this method were characterized by a small size (8 to 12 aa) and quite different sequences, suggesting that they bind to different sites on CE. Typical CE inhibitory peptide aptamers obtained here (P_i101; SCGG IIII SCIA) have half an inhibition activity (K_i; 5 nM) of pepstatin A (potent CE inhibitor) without inhibiting cathepsin D (structurally similar to CE). The general applicability of this system suggests that it may be useful to identify inhibitory peptides for various kinds of proteases and that it may therefore contribute to protein science and drug discovery. The peptide binding to a protein is discussed in comparison with the antibody binding to an antigen.