α-半乳糖苷酶酶解B型长臂猿细胞回输A型长臂猿的研究

使用基因重组咖啡豆α 半乳糖苷酶体外处理B型长臂猿红细胞 ,使其转变为O型 ,再回输给A型长臂猿 .α 半乳糖苷酶可以清除B型长臂猿红细胞表面B抗原 ,而不影响红细胞结构、功能及其在受体体内存活 .α 半乳糖苷酶酶解的B型红细胞输给A型血的长臂猿 ,未发生输血反应 ,受血猿的血液及尿液常规指标与输血前相比 ,无明显变化 .     

ABO血型正反定型及交叉配血实验在外科病人手术输血中应用

目的:探讨ABO血型正反定型及交叉配血实验在外科手术患者输血中的应用效果及影响因素。方法:选取我院自2017年2月-2019年2月收治的80例行ABO正反定型与交叉配血治疗的外科手术患者,记录ABO反定型与交叉配血不合的标本,使用2-Me处理被患者自身冷抗体凝集的红细胞,同时使用微柱凝胶法、凝聚胺法对血型不规则抗体以及特异性进行筛选和鉴定。分析ABO血型反定型不符合以及交叉配血不合的影响因素。结果:对正反定型完全无凝集反应的80例血清标本进行交叉配血实验,其中8例存在凝集反应,配血不合情况;导致外科手术患者输血中ABO血型反定型不符交叉配血不合的主要因素包括自身冷抗体、血型抗原性减弱、血型不规则抗体以及血型抗体效价减弱等。结论:ABO血型正反定型及交叉配血治疗中的患者中,大部分配血一致,少数的交叉配血不合,主要与自身冷抗体、血型抗原性减弱、血型不规则抗体以及血型抗体效价减弱等因素相关。     

Frequency of unexpected red blood cell antibodies in Nanjing

The development of unexpected red blood cell antibodies can significantly complicate transfusion therapy and result in more difficulties in cross-matching of blood. This study aimed to determine the occurrence rate of red blood cell alloimmunization in patients from Nanjing and the surrounding area. The antibody screening tests were carried out on 604 patients in Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center from January 2014 to December 2016, and the results were compiled and statistically analyzed. In the 604 patients, 483 cases revealed autoantibodies with or without underlying alloantibodies, while 121 patients had only alloantibodies in their serum. The overall frequency of alloimmunization was 32.5%. The most frequent antibodies were what against the Rh systerm(72.39%), followed by MN system (25.71%).     

The accumulation of basic nonhemoglobin proteins during the differentiation of primitive (embryonic) red cells of amphibia

The preferential accumulation of hemoglobin is a characteristic of the differentiation of definitive (adult) red blood cells. Since primitive (embryonic or larval) red blood cells have many properties which contrast with definitive red cells, the accumulation of red cell proteins was analyzed during the differentiation of primtive red cells to determine whether or not hemoglobin was the only protein which showed a substantial increase in amount. Primitive red cells of amphibia were used because the mature circulating cell retains large amounts (13%) of specific, well characterized, nonhemoglobin proteins (CP). Preparations of primitive red cells enriched in immature cells were obtained from the circulation of bullfrog tadpoles recovering from phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. The amount of CP, determined by electrophoresis, imunodiffusion, and ion-exchange chromatography, was compared for red cells from normal animals and anemic animals. Mature cells contained three to six times the amount of CP and three times the amount of hemoglobin found in the population of red cells enriched in immature cells. The accumulation of CP during maturation of primitive red cells indicates that differentiation of primitive red cells is less restrictive than differentiation of definitive red cells. Since the primitive red cell is less specialized than the definitive red cell, it is possible that primitive red cells have several roles in the developing animal, in contrast to the single role of synthesizing and maintaining hemoglobin in the adult animal.     

Comparison of the Direct Agglutination and Indirect Hemagglutination Tests in the Determination of Blood Serum Titers to Escherichia coli Organisms

A comparison of the direct agglutination test and the indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of blood serum antibodies to Escherichia coli organisms indicated that these serological tests were comparable. In some instances the indirect hemagglutination test provided higher endpoint readings. Preparation of the antigens for the indirect hemagglutination test was more time consuming than for the direct agglutination test. Crude extract and purified polysaccharides were comparable as red blood cell sensitizing agents.     

Cardiac allotransplantation across major blood group barriers in the baboon

In heterotopic heart transplantation experiments in Chacma baboons, some of the animals were significantly immunosuppressed with cyclosporine, resulting in prolonged cardiac allograft survival. ABO blood group incompatibility between recipient and donor did not significantly influence mean allograft survival, but early hyperacute (vascular) or acute (cellular) rejection occurred only when ABO incompatibility was present.     

Mycobacterial Agglutination-Inhibition Test

The mycobacterial agglutination-inhibition test (MAIT) is described as a modification of the mycobacterial agglutination of Schaefer (MATS). It is an organized assemblage of absorption and agglutination tests which is especially useful in the identification of Mycobacterium avium isolates normally excluded from serological identification because of unstable cell suspension characteristics. The identity of 100 unstable M. avium and 3 unstable Mycobacterium intracellulare isolates was determined by the MAIT method and by animal pathogenicity tests. The comparability of the MAIT and MATS methods was demonstrated by testing 10 stable M. avium and 10 stable M. intracellulare isolates by both methods and obtaining the same serological identification for each culture. The reproducibility of the MAIT was confirmed when the same result was obtained in three consecutive tests on each of the 123 cultures used in this evaluation.     

Problems of multiple transfusions

The use of blood infusion in large amounts is increasing sharply. Increased knowledge of blood group antigens has alerted physicians to the possible hazards of hemolytic reactions to subgroups that must be eliminated by proper cross-matching techniques. Multiple transfusions of preserved blood often defeat their purpose in control of bleeding, for thrombocytopenia is enhanced. Careful selection of blood or preparations of plasma concentrates offer increased protection to the recipient.Plastic bag equipment increases the yield of viable platelets and keeps blood in usable condition for longer periods of storage. The use of multiple transfusions has complicated the selection of preserved blood to control pigment metabolism.     

Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in SIVsmm9-infected Macaca mulatta

One of 15 rhesus macaques infected with SIVsmm9 developed profound hemolysis with spherocytosis, reticulocytosis, and IgG and complement at the red blood cell surface. A female offspring born to this animal developed similar findings. Furthermore, cold agglutinins were noted in samples from both animals. Four of the 13 animals remaining in the cohort had weakly positive antiglobulin tests but were not anemic. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia may be an underrecognized cause of anemia in SIV infection.     

Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions

After receiving apparently compatible blood three patients suffered hemolytic reactions. The compatibility tests were by saline and indirect Coombs technique including a screening tube of group 0 cells. The antibodies responsible for these reactions were not clearly demonstrable for several days following the transfusion. In two instances the antibody was anti-E.These case reports point up the following. (a) Currently used cross-matching procedures will occasionally fail to demonstrate an incompatibility. (b) In two of the cases the direct Coombs test was negative on an immediate post-transfusion specimen, when it could have been of great aid in diagnosis. (c) When a transfusion reaction of hemolytic type is suspected, a follow-up study several days after the reaction may clarify the diagnosis; when possible, transfusions should be avoided in the interim.     

Trypanosoma evansi: Effect of experimental infection on the osmotic fragility, lipid peroxidation and calcium-ATPase activity of rat red blood cells

Trypanosoma evansi is the causative agent of equine trypanosomoses. The disease is characterized by fever, anemia, and cachexia. Peroxidative damage of the red blood cells caused by the parasite, may contribute to the pathogenesis of the anemia seen in trypanosomoses. Consequently, we evaluated the hematocrit, the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells, the level of lipid peroxidation and the activity of the Ca-ATPase of red blood cell ghosts from rats experimentally infected with T. evansi. After 72 h inoculation, the hematocrit decreased from 49.5% to 33%; the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells was approximately 40% higher as compared to the healthy animals; and the red blood cell ghosts showed a higher level of lipid peroxidation and a lower Ca-ATPase activity than the red cell ghosts from the healthy animals. In vitro incubations of red blood cells from healthy animals with T. evansi, produced also a significant increase of the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells.     

Incompatibility between a pair of residues from the pre-M1 linker and Cys-loop blocks surface expression of the glycine receptor

Regulation of cell membrane excitability can be achieved either by modulating the functional properties of cell membrane-expressed single channels or by varying the number of expressed channels. Whereas the structural basis underlying single channel properties has been intensively studied, the structural basis contributing to surface expression is less well characterized. Here we demonstrate that homologous substitution of the pre-M1 linker from the β subunit prevents surface expression of the α1 glycine receptor chloride channel. By investigating a series of chimeras comprising α1 and β subunits, we hypothesized that this effect was due to incompatibility between a pair of positively charged residues, which lie in close proximity to each other in the tertiary structure, from the pre-M1 linker and Cys-loop. Abolishing either positive charge restored surface expression. We propose that incompatibility (electrostatic repulsion) between this pair of residues misfolds the glycine receptor, and in consequence, the protein is retained in the cytoplasm and prevented from surface expression by the quality control machinery. This hypothesis suggests a novel mechanism, i.e. residue incompatibility, for explaining the mutation-induced reduction in channel surface expression, often present in the cases of hereditary hyperekplexia.     

Study of Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) MhcDRB (Mafa-DRB) polymorphism in two populations

Cynomolgus monkey is one of the macaque species currently used as an animal model for experimental surgery and medicine, in particular, to experiment new drugs or therapy protocols designed for the prevention of allograft rejection. In this field, it is of utmost importance to select histoincompatible recipient–donor pairs. One way to ensure incompatibility between donor and recipient is to check their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes at the loci playing a determinant role in histocompatibility. We report in this paper on the cynomolgus monkey DRB polymorphism evidenced by sequencing of amplified exon 2 separated either by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), or by cloning. By the study of 253 unrelated animals from two populations (Mauritius and The Philippines), we characterized 50 exon 2 sequences among which 28 were identical to sequences already reported in Macaca fascicularis or other macaque species (Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina). By cloning and sequencing DRB cDNA, we revealed two additional DRB alleles. Out of the 20 haplotypes that we defined here, only two were found in both populations. The functional impact of DR incompatibility was studied in vitro by mixed lymphocyte culture.     

Serologic markers and chromosome variants in a pair of chimeric twins

A pair of chimeric twins, T.S. (male) and M.R. (female) first examined in 1970 are reinvestigated in order to determine if the proportions of admixture of red cells in their blood are unchanged, and if erythrocytes and leukocytes show the same percentage of admixture. T.S., M.R. and their family are investigated for HLA, serum types, and erythrocyte antigens and enzymes. A quantitative determination of 'foreign' cell populations in the blood of each twin is attempted for the systems ABO, and HLA, and for sex chromosomes in PHA stimulated lymphocytes. The results for the ABO system obtained by agglutination technique and by a double-layer immunofluorescence technique indicate that the population of M.R. erythrocytes in T.S. has decreased during the 7-year period, and is now below half the size found in 1970. Erythrocytes and leukocytes show the same percentage of admixture in both twins.     

THE AGGLUTINATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN THE PRESENCE OF BLOOD SERA

1. The addition of blood serum displaces the optimum for agglutination of red blood cells in a salt-free medium to the reaction characteristic of flocculation of the serum euglobulin. 2. This effect is not due merely to a mechanical entanglement of the cells by the precipitating euglobulin, since at reactions at which the latter is soluble it protects the cells from the agglutination which occurs in its absence. 3. A combination of some sort appears therefore to take place between sheep cells and sheep, rabbit, and guinea pig serum euglobulin, and involves a condensation of the serum protein upon the surface of the red cell. 4. At the optimal point for agglutination of persensitized cells both mid- and end-piece of complement combine with the cells. 5. Agglutination is closely related to an optimal H ion concentration in the suspending fluid, and probably of the cell membrane, and not to a definite reaction in the interior of the cell.     

Homing of Hematopoietic Cells to the Bone Marrow

Homing is the phenomenon whereby transplanted hematopoietic cells are able to travel to and engraft or establish residence in the bone marrow. Various chemomkines and receptors are involved in the homing of hematopoietic stem cells. [1, 2]This paper outlines the classic homing protocol used in hematopoietic stem cell studies. In general this involves isolating the cell population whose homing needs to be investigated, staining this population with a dye of interest and injecting these cells into the blood stream of a recipient animal. The recipient animal is then sacrificed at a pre-determined time after injection and the bone marrow evaluated for the percentage or absolute number of cells which are positive for the dye of interest. In one of the most common experimental schemes, the homing efficiency of hematopoietic cells from two genetically distinct animals (a wild type animal and the corresponding knock-out) is compared. This article describes the hematopoietic cell homing protocol in the framework of such as experiment.     

Rapid and selective removal of larval erythrocytes from systemic circulation during metamorphosis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Mechanisms of hemoglobin transition during bullfrog metamorphosis were investigated by labeling red blood cells from larvae (L-RBC) and from froglets (A-RBC) with a fluorescent dye, PKH26. The life span of the labeled L-RBC in systemic circulation was significantly shorter when they were injected into the animals at the metamorphic climax, compared to injection into pre- or postmetamorphic animals. The A-RBC had a long life span regardless of the metamorphic stage of the recipient animal. Therefore, L-RBC were selectively removed from the systemic circulation at the time of metamorphic climax. During climax, the labeled L-RBC were ingested by hepatic and splenic macrophages, indicating that macrophages are involved in the specific elimination of L-RBC.     

Specificity of antierythrocyte autoantibodies secreted by a NZB-derived hybridoma and NZB peritoneal cells

The specificity of monoclonal IgM antierythrocyte autoantibody produced by a NZB-derived hybridoma and the specificity of autoantibodies produced by uninduced NZB peritoneal cells in culture were determined. Supernatant fluids from cultures of hybridoma and peritoneal cells reacted in direct hemagglutination assays with bromelin-treated mouse erythrocytes, and, to a lesser extent, with sheep red blood cells; no agglutination was observed with intact mouse red blood cells or human O⁺ erythrocytes. These results suggest the presence of previously characterized anti-HB, but not anti-X or cold reactive autoantibodies, with a cross-reaction between antigenic constituents on sheep and bromelin-treated mouse erythrocytes. Specificity was affirmed by neutralization of agglutination or of direct hemolysis of bromelin-treated mouse erythrocytes with partially purified SEA-HB, the soluble plasma analog of the erythrocyte-bound HB autoantigen. Plaque formation in direct plaque-forming cell assays by both hybridoma and peritoneal cells was specifically inhibited by SEA-HB. These results demonstrate that NZB-derived hybridoma as well as NZB peritoneal cells secrete anti-HB autoantibody, an autoantibody that spontaneously appears in the serum of NZB as well as other strains of mice.     

Hemagglutination Inhibition for Serogrouping of Neisseria meningitidis

A hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test has been studied as an alternative to bacterial agglutination (BA) for serogrouping strains of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from clinical specimens. The HI test consists of polysaccharide antigens adsorbed to sheep red blood cells which were then agglutinated by group-specific antisera. Supernatant fluids from suspensions of meningococci were used to inhibit the agglutination. Results of the two tests agreed for 381 (80%) carrier strains. Of the remaining 95 strains, 82 (86%) were identified by HI although they were nongroupable by BA. Thus, the HI test has been shown to be more highly specific and sensitive and to be more economical of reagents and time than the BA test.     

Vi antigen and microbial adhesion factors. The detection of adhesins in commercial Vi antigen preparations

Enterobacterial Vi-antigen inhibit the Escherichia coli-induced agglutination of red blood cells of guinea pigs and other animals, which indicates that Vi-antigen contains the admixture of adhesion associated with type I pili. The amount of adhesion contained in Vi-antigen can be determined from the degree to which its hemagglutination-inhibiting effect is manifested.