台湾菠萝品种在福建泉州的引种比较试验

以泉州地区主栽品种‘沙捞越’为对照,对引进的菠萝品种‘台农16号’和‘台农17号’进行种植试验,观察其植物学性状、农艺性状,测定果实品质性状,并调查抗寒性能。结果表明,‘台农16号’和‘台农17号’的单果重、可溶性固形物、维生素C含量均高于对照,且酸度较低,属优质鲜食品种;‘台农16号’抗寒力较强,可在该地区扩大示范面积;‘台农17号’抗寒力弱,可作杂交种质。     

菠萝中蛋白酶及其他组份在品种间的差异分析

以湛江地区6个主要菠萝品种巴厘、卡因、台农17号、台农16号、粤脆、香水为对象,研究菠萝的组分在品种间的差异及其与菠萝蛋白酶的产率和酶活力之间的相关性,结果显示,不同的菠萝品种间,各组分的含量以及蛋白酶的得率及酶活有显著差异。菠萝果皮和果肉的不同生长部位的蛋白含量、酶活力及酶得率有显著差异。酶得率与蛋白及纤维素含量呈显著正相关;酶活力与糖酸比、得汁率、纤维素含量及Zn含量呈显著负相关,蛋白含量、纤维素含量、糖酸比、得汁率是衡量菠萝产酶品质的重要指标。     

低温胁迫下菠萝幼苗生长与生理特性变化

以国内外10个菠萝品种幼苗为材料,研究了它们在低温胁迫下的生长及其渗透调节物质、细胞膜透性的变化特征,并综合评价它们的耐寒性.结果表明:(1) 随低温处理时间的延续,各品种幼苗单株干重虽然均呈逐渐增加趋势,但不同品种生物量增加幅度存在显著差异.(2) 随着低温处理时间的延长,各品种叶片脯氨酸含量和细胞膜相对透性逐渐升高;可溶性蛋白含量总体上初期升高后期降低,而‘巴厘'、‘珍珠'、‘台农17号'、‘台农19号'和‘MD-2'的可溶性蛋白在处理末期又有所上升;可溶性糖含量变化趋势复杂.(3) 低温胁迫处理9 d后,各菠萝品种叶片中的脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量及细胞膜相对透性均增加;可溶性糖含量除‘珍珠'略有减少外,其余均增加.(4)经过各指标赋分分级综合评价后认为,‘MD-2'和‘巴厘'品种耐寒性最强;‘台农17号'、‘台农16号'、‘巴厘突变体'、‘台农13号'、‘台农19号'和‘无刺卡因'耐寒性中等;‘珍珠'和‘台农6号'耐寒性最弱.研究发现,菠萝耐寒性强弱可根据干物质积累结合其它生理指标来综合评判.     

台农四号凤梨组织培养快速繁殖种苗的研究

台农四号凤梨(Ananas comosus Var.Tainung 4)别名剥粒菠萝,为我国台湾省育成的品种。果实色香味俱佳,具剥粒特点食用方便,是近年来国际市场畅销的鲜食菠萝,价格高昂。该品种在我国华南地区极富推广潜力。目前国内种苗奇缺,苗价昂贵,亟需研究利用组织培养快速育苗的途径,以供生产需要。本文总结所得主要结果。     

一个适宜鲜食和加工的菠萝新品种菲选一号

菲选一号菠萝量产验收和品质鉴评会于1988年8月5日在厦门召开。参加鉴评会的有厦门市农委、农业局、轻工局和厦门罐头厂等单位的专家。非选一号是福建省业热带植物研究所菠萝课题组1981年从非律宾品种的芽变类型中选育出的。     

不同番木瓜品种植株感染环斑花叶病毒后PAL、PPO、POD活性的变化

对不同品种番木瓜接种环斑花叶病毒后,测定植株苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性变化,比较各品种的抗病性。结果表明,未接种的5个品种间PAL、PPO、POD活性差异较小,其酶活性水平次序为马来10号> 蜜红3号> 马来6号> 马来2号> 台农2号。接种后,5个品种的PAL、PPO、POD活性明显高于各对照水平,其中马来10号变化最突出,台农2号变化最缓慢。     

施钙对‘台农17号’菠萝裂柄的生理影响及效果

了解菠萝中钙素营养与其裂柄的关系及其生理机制,本文以‘台农17号’菠萝为试验材料,研究施钙处理对其产量、裂柄率、D叶和果柄中Ca含量及果柄中相关酶活性的影响,同时分析裂柄率与其Ca含量及相关酶活性的相关关系。研究结果表明,施钙可以使菠萝增产,且降低菠萝裂柄率;催花期施钙的效果最好。相关分析表明,叶片和果柄的Ca含量与裂柄率均呈极显著负相关关系。钙肥施用后,果柄中原果胶(PP)含量显著增加;超氧化歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强,且在催花10 d施钙处理活性表现最强;多酚氧化酶(PPO)和细胞壁水解酶(CX和PG)活性降低。菠萝裂柄率与果柄中的PP含量及CAT活性呈显著负相关关系,与其PPO活性成极显著正相关。以上结果表明,施用钙肥是减少‘台农17号’菠萝裂柄的重要措施,其适宜施用量为300kg·hm~(-2),适宜施用时期为快速生长Ⅱ期至催花后10 d之间。     

台农16号菠萝新品种的快速繁殖

1　植物名称　菠萝 (Ａｎａｎａｓｃｏｍｏｓｕｓ)品种台农 1 6号。2　材料类别　腋芽、顶芽。3　培养条件　芽诱导培养基 :(1 )ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 1 .0ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1 (单位下同 ) ＮＡＡ 2 .0 2 ,4 Ｄ 0 .5 ;芽增殖培养基 :(2 )ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 2 .0 ＮＡＡ 0 .2 ,(3 )ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ     

水稻基因组分子标记应用于优质米育种研究

台湾大学农学院农艺学系林顺福先生利用分子标记选拔优良品质的粳稻品种。他以台农 6 9号稻种与越光品种稻杂交后代 16 0个品系为材料 ,分析其与食性有关的性状结果发现食味总评与食味计值和调查特性总计之间有极显著的相关关系 ,且食味总评与外观、香味、口味、粘弹性和硬性等     

不同菠萝品种种植对连作蕉园土壤理化性质和可培养微生物数量的影响

【背景】不同作物轮作是克服作物连作障碍的重要措施,香蕉与菠萝轮作能有效缓解香蕉土传枯萎病。【目的】以休耕(CK)、高病蕉园土壤中种植巴西香蕉苗(B)、高病蕉园土壤中种植"巴厘"菠萝苗(B_BP)、高病蕉园土壤中种植"金菠萝"菠萝苗(B_GP)和高病蕉园土壤中种植"台农17号"菠萝苗(B_PP)为对象,研究不同菠萝品种种植对连作蕉园土壤理化性质和可培养尖孢镰刀菌、真菌、细菌和放线菌数量的影响,揭示不同菠萝品种种植在高病蕉园土壤中理化性质差异及微生物分布特征。【方法】采用盆栽试验结合可培养微生物研究方法,探究在高病蕉园土壤种植不同菠萝品种后的土壤理化性质和可培养微生物数量的变化。【结果】与休耕(CK)处理相比,高病蕉园土壤中继续种植巴西香蕉苗(B)处理显著增加土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量,而种植菠萝品种"金菠萝"和"台农17号"(B_GP和B_PP)处理均能显著降低土壤中可培养尖孢镰刀菌数量,增加细菌和放线菌数量。土壤速效磷、细菌及放线菌数量均与可培养尖孢镰刀菌数量呈显著负相关关系;pH和真菌数量与可培养尖孢镰刀菌数量呈显著正相关关系。主坐标分析(principalco-ordinatesanalysis,PCoA)和多元回归树(multivariate regression trees,MRT)分析结果表明,种植"金菠萝"和"台农17号"菠萝(B_GP和B_PP)处理间的土壤肥力质量相近,并显著区别于其他3个处理。【结论】在高发病香蕉园地,种植菠萝品种"金菠萝"和"台农17号"(B_GP和B_PP)可以显著改善其土壤理化性质和土壤可培养微生物状况,对香蕉连作障碍有较好的缓解作用。     

灌水量与密度互作对冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响

为明确协同提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的适宜灌水量和种植密度,选用大穗型品种‘泰农18’(T18)和中穗型品种‘山农22’(S22)为试验材料,设置4个灌溉水平(不灌水、每次灌水45、60、75 mm)和4个种植密度,其中泰农18选用135×10⁴、270×10⁴、405×10⁴、540×10⁴ 株·hm^-2,山农22选用90×10⁴、180×10⁴、270×10⁴、360×10⁴株·hm^-2,研究了籽粒产量、麦田耗水特性和水分利用效率对灌水量和密度互作效应的响应。结果表明: 籽粒产量、总耗水量、土壤贮水消耗量和水分利用效率均受到灌溉水平、种植密度及两者互作效应的显著影响。每次灌水量为45 mm,泰农18种植密度为405×10⁴株·hm^-2、山农22种植密度为270×10⁴株·hm^-2时,两品种籽粒产量均达到最高,拔节后棵间蒸发量占阶段农田总耗水量的比例最小,1 m以下土壤水消耗比例、水分利用效率高。种植密度与灌溉量合理组合,有利于降低水分无效损耗,提高水分利用效率。     

武汉城区四种不同水质对雷氏黄萤幼虫呼吸行为的影响

选择武汉城区4种不同的水质作为影响因子,通过室内实验,研究武汉城区4种不同水质对雷氏黄萤Luciola leii Fu and Ballantyne幼虫呼吸行为的影响,探讨利用雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸指标作为监测多污染源混合废水的可行性。结果表明,Ⅲ类(东湖)、Ⅳ类(汤逊湖)、Ⅴ类(野芷湖)和劣Ⅴ类(南湖)四类水质与CK相比较,对雷氏黄萤幼虫昼夜的呼吸行为均有影响。雷氏黄萤幼虫刚接触Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类水质均有明显反应。在劣Ⅴ类水质条件下,雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸持续时间和呼吸频率(FR)均高于Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水质,呼吸间隔时间(SI)均低于Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水质。提示雷氏黄萤幼虫的昼夜呼吸行为、呼吸持续时间、呼吸频率(FR)、呼吸间隔时间(SI)可作为多污染源混合废水的敏感生物学监测指标。     

宽幅播种对冬小麦‘泰农18’产量和氮素利用率的影响

为阐明小麦宽幅播种的增产增效效应,于2015-2016年小麦生育季在泰安、兖州试验点分别采用宽幅播种和常规条播两种播种方式,研究了播种方式对冬小麦‘泰农18’产量和氮素吸收利用的影响.结果表明: 播种方式、试验点及两者的互作效应显著影响冬小麦产量、氮素利用率及其相关指标.在两试验点,相对于常规条播,宽幅播种均可通过提高单株与群体分蘖数和单株成穗数来提高单位面积穗数,实现增产,在泰安、兖州点分别增产22.5%和15.4%;宽幅播种均可通过促进小麦氮素吸收积累、提高氮素吸收效率来提高氮素利用率,在泰安、兖州点氮素吸收效率分别提高27.7%和17.5%,氮素利用率分别提高22.5%和15.4%.泰安点宽幅播种的增效效应尤为显著.生产上采用宽幅播种方式可有效提高冬小麦产量和氮素利用率,实现小麦高产高效栽培.     

Organic matter quality in ecological studies: theory meets experiment

Despite its importance for the understanding of element cycles in ecosystems, organic matter (OM) quality has remained an elusive property that is difficult to measure. In this study, two new approaches, both of which taking into account the complete biochemical composition of the organic material during the decomposition process, have been combined to solve this problem. First, following the continuous-quality theory where quality is defined as a measure of substrate availability to the decomposers, initial litter OM qualities of a range of plant species from two experiments on litter decomposition were estimated and resulted in highly accurate fits of observed mass loss during decomposition. Applying the same theory, qualities of the litters at all stages of decomposition were then calculated. By comparison, the initial qualities of the same litters were estimated from conventional chemical fractions and resulted in much lower accurate fits. Second, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), a highly precise physical method of characterising biochemical composition of OM, was used to obtain a unique spectral signature of each sample. Calibrations were performed between spectral data and calculated qualities on the first half of the sample set and the calibration equations were applied to the second half of the sample set. Results show that theoretical litter OM quality can be calibrated and predicted precisely using NIRS. OM quality, defined according to a theoretical concept of substrate availability to decomposers, then contains and summarises all the relevant biochemical information. We demonstrate how the combination of NIRS and theory allows us to accurately measure OM quality. Measurement of OM quality provides an access to a fundamental property of organic matter and opens up new possibilities for studying element cycles in ecosystems.     

Feature Extraction and Classification of Heart Murmurs Based on Acoustic Qualities

Background and objectiveHeart murmur characterization is a crucial part of cardiac auscultation for determining the potential etiology and severity of heart diseases. One such helpful murmur characterization is the sonic qualities, which reflect both structural and hemodynamical states of the heart. Therefore, the objective is to develop a machine learning based solution for classifying murmur qualities.MethodsFour medically defined murmur qualities, namely the musical quality, blowing-like quality, coarse quality, and soft quality were examined. Feature was extracted from heart murmurs signals in their time domain, frequency domain, time-frequency domain, and phase space domain. Sequential forward floating selection (SFFS) was implemented along with three classifiers, including k-nearest neighbor (KNN), Naïve-Bayes (NB), and linear support vector machine (SVM).ResultsIt was found that multi-domain features are suited for better classification results and linear SVM was able to achieve a better balance between performance and the size of feature subsets among tested classifiers. Using the derived features, classification accuracies of 86%, 91%, 90%, and 84% were achieved for musical quality, blowing-like quality, coarse quality, and soft quality classifications respectively.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that it is possible to effectively characterize heart murmur through its diagnostic characteristics instead of drawing direct conclusions, which is helpful for retaining versatility and generality found in the conventional cardiac auscultation.     

Evaluation of physiology lectures conducted by students: comparison between evaluation by staff and students

As a peer-assisted learning process, minilectures on physiology were conducted by students. During this process, students lecture to their colleagues in the presence of faculty staff members. These lectures were evaluated by faculty staff and students simultaneously. The aim of this study was to compare feedback from faculty members and students on 66 minilectures conducted by students. Their perception of different qualities of lecture was assessed using a questionnaire. There were significant correlations between students and faculty members for many qualities of the lecture, including the speed of the lecture, retaining attention, clear introduction, and the overall quality of the lecture. However, ratings for gesture, eye contact, language usage, illustration usage, audiovisuals, voice usage, and important points stressed were significantly different between students and faculty members. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the degree of effect of different aspects of a lecture on its overall quality. Aspects such as gesture, eye contact, and language usage showed very low β-values, suggesting a poor contribution of these factors to the overall quality of the lecture for both students and faculty members. The speed of the lecture, retaining attention, and clear introduction were qualities that faculty members and students rated equally, and these were the main contributors to the overall quality of the lecture. Awareness about the possible discrepancy between ratings given by faculty members and students may be important when interpreting the evaluation results of formal lectures by these two groups.     

贵州地方梨种质果实品质性状多样性分析

为探讨贵州地方梨(Pyrus spp.)资源的遗传多样性,对贵州34份梨典型资源的12个果实品质性状指标进行分析。结果表明:除可食率外,地方梨种质资源间的果实品质性状指标均存在极显著差异,表明贵州的梨种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性。主成分分析结果表明,前5个主成分的累积贡献率可达到85.52%,表明各性状的贡献率较分散,累积贡献率增长不明显,同时也表明贵州梨资源果实的品质性状变异存在多向性。Q型聚类分析结果表明,海子梨-3和葫芦梨各自聚为一类,显示出它们果实品质上的独特性。这些为贵州梨种质资源的开发利用和品种选育奠定了基础。