Nutrients associated with terrestrial dissolved organic matter drive changes in zooplankton:phytoplankton biomass ratios in an alpine lake

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Growth and survival of Daphnia in epilimnetic and metalimnetic water from oligotrophic lakes: the effects of food and temperature

SUMMARY 1. In oligotrophic lakes, phytoplankton and bacteria growing in the deep chlorophyll maximum in the cool metalimnion of lakes often dominate biomass and production, but the importance of this source of food for zooplankton is unknown.
2. During much of the day, Daphnia rosea in two mountain lakes inhabited deep chlorophyll layers where food availability was at least equal to that in the epilimnion.
3. To determine the importance of the two strata (epilimnion and metalimnion) for Daphnia , we used a cross-classified factorial experiment to measure how epilimnetic and metalimnetic food and temperature (10 and 16 °C) influenced survival, growth and reproduction.
4. Daphnia survived and grew better when fed seston from the epilimnion of one lake, although chlorophyll, particulate nitrogen and particulate carbon were 2–2.5 times greater in the metalimnion.
5. Temperature had no significant influence on Daphnia survival or growth. Similar results were obtained with food from the second lake, with Daphnia surviving and reproducing better when provided with epilimnetic, rather than metalimnetic food, although the quantities of chlorophyll and carbon in the two strata were similar.
6. Food quality, rather than quantity or temperature, appeared to be the most important determinant influencing survival, growth and reproduction, and the greater food quantity in the metalimnia was not used effectively by the Daphnia .     

盐雾胁迫对舟山海岛7个造林树种存活和生长的影响

以普陀樟﹝Cinnamomum japonicum var. chenii ( Nakai) G. F. Tao〕、舟山新木姜子﹝Neolitsea sericea ( Bl.) Koidz.〕、红楠( Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc.)、全缘冬青( Ilex integra Thunb.)、石栎﹝Lithocarpus glaber ( Thunb.) Nakai〕、厚叶石斑木﹝Raphiolepis umbellata ( Thunb.) Makino〕和滨柃﹝Eurya emarginata ( Thunb.) Makino〕7个舟山海岛造林树种为研究对象,用浓度18 mg·g-1盐水通过盐雾发生装置每日喷雾0.0(对照)、0.5、1.0和2.0 h,并连续喷雾35 d,对翌年生长季各树种的形态特征、存活率和不同部位的干质量进行测定,并据此确定各树种的耐盐雾性。结果表明：随盐雾日处理时间及胁迫天数的延长,7个树种幼苗均表现出不同的受害症状并逐渐加重,但各树种的受害程度有差异。盐雾日处理0.5、1.0和2.0 h石栎幼苗的存活率,以及盐雾日处理2.0 h红楠、舟山新木姜子和滨柃幼苗的存活率均显著低于对照,但不同盐雾日处理时间对普陀樟、全缘冬青和厚叶石斑木幼苗的存活率均无显著影响。与对照相比,每日短时间的盐雾处理对普陀樟和全缘冬青幼苗的苗高和地径无显著影响,但随盐雾日处理时间延长二者的苗高和地径显著下降;盐雾日处理0.5、1.0和2.0 h,红楠、舟山新木姜子和滨柃幼苗的苗高总体上显著下降,厚叶石斑木幼苗的苗高则显著高于对照,但它们的地径总体上与对照无显著差异。每日短时间盐雾处理对普陀樟和滨柃幼苗单株的叶、根、茎干质量及总干质量均无显著影响,但随盐雾日处理时间的延长,二者单株的不同部位干质量及总干质量均逐渐下降;盐雾处理可导致舟山新木姜子、红楠、全缘冬青和石栎幼苗单株的不同部位干质量及总干质量显著或极显著下降,且降幅总体上随盐雾日处理时间的延长而增大,其中石栎幼苗单株的不同部位干质量及总干质量均最低;盐雾处理对厚叶石斑木幼苗生长则有一定的促进作用,使其单株的不同部位干质量及总干质量不同程度增加,但随盐雾日处理时间的延长增幅减小。盐雾处理对供试各树种叶、茎和根的质量比以及根冠比有不同的影响效应,其中盐雾胁迫造成各树种不同程度落叶,使多数树种根冠比增大,但全缘冬青和厚叶石斑木的根冠比则有所下降。根据实验结果,结合供试树种在舟山海岛的生长环境,初步确定厚叶石斑木的耐盐雾性最强,全缘冬青、普陀樟和滨柃的耐盐雾性次之,红楠和舟山新木姜子的耐盐雾性较弱,石栎的耐盐雾性在7个树种中最弱。     

Predicted warming and browning affect timing and magnitude of plankton phenological events in lakes: a mesocosm study

1. Aquatic ecosystems in Northern Europe are expected to face increases in temperature and water colour (TB) in future. While effects of these factors have been studied separately, it is unknown whether and how a combination of them might affect phenological events and trophic interactions. 2. In a mesocosm study, we combined both factors to create conditions expected to arise during the coming century. We focused on quantifying effects on timing and magnitude of plankton spring phenological events and identifying possible mismatches between resources (phytoplankton) and consumers (zooplankton). 3. We found that the increases in TB had important effects on timing and abundance of different plankton groups. While increased temperature led to an earlier peak in phytoplankton and zooplankton and a change in the relative timing of different zooplankton groups, increased water colour reduced chlorophyll‐a concentrations. 4. Increased TB together benefitted cladocerans and calanoid copepods and led to stronger top‐down control of algae by zooplankton. There was no sign of a mismatch between primary producers and grazers as reported from other studies. 5. Our results point towards an earlier onset of plankton spring growth in shallow lakes in future with a stronger top‐down control of phytoplankton by zooplankton grazers.     

滨海盐沼湿地有机碳的沉积与埋藏研究进展

滨海盐沼湿地有着较高的碳沉积速率和固碳能力,在缓解全球变暖方面发挥着重要作用,而盐渍土壤是滨海盐沼湿地碳收支研究中最大的有机碳库,研究其碳沉积与埋藏对于理解滨海湿地碳收支有着重要的意义.本文从滨海盐沼湿地土壤有机碳的来源、土壤有机碳库与沉积速率、盐沼湿地有机碳的埋藏机制、全球变化与滨海盐沼湿地碳封存等几方面对滨海盐沼湿地有机碳沉积与埋藏的相关研究进行综述.今后研究应侧重:1)加强对控制滨海盐沼湿地碳储存变异的基本因素的迸一步研究;2)对测量滨海盐沼湿地沉积物碳储量和沉积碳埋藏速率的方法进行标准化;3)对潮汐影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳与邻近生态系统之间的横向交换通量进行量化;4)探明全球变暖的影响和生产力的提高是否可以抵消因呼吸增强而造成的有机碳降解速率的升高.确定固碳速率变化驱动因子,理解气候变化和人类活动对碳埋藏的影响机制,有助于提升我国滨海盐沼湿地的固碳能力.     

废弃盐田复垦利用后土壤盐分与有机质含量空间变异特征

针对目前莱州湾南岸废弃盐田复垦过程中存在的土壤盐碱、瘠薄等障碍问题,以该区两个典型复垦地块为研究对象,综合运用经典统计学和地质统计学的克立格法,研究不同复垦年限下各层土壤盐分和表层土壤有机质的空间变异性,对二者进行相关性分析,并绘制了各土层盐分和表层土壤有机质含量的空间分布图。结果表明:两个区域各层土壤含盐量较高,均超过1g/kg;受复垦年限、土地平整水平和施肥等人为复垦措施影响,二区土壤含盐量明显低于一区;两个区域土壤有机质含量普遍较低,其中一区为4.37g/kg,二区为3.66g/kg;两个区域各层土壤含盐量和表层土壤有机质变异系数在32.79%—83.83%之间,在水平方向上呈中等变异强度;相关性分析结果表明各层土壤含盐量与有机质含量均呈极显著负相关;各土层土壤含盐量和有机质含量的块基比均小于25%,表明二者具有强烈的空间相关性;空间自相关距离最小为440m,超过采样间距(最小为160m),表明采样间距设置合理;Kriging插值结果表明两个区域土壤含盐量和有机质含量呈条带状分布;一区土壤含盐量以中部为高值区逐渐向南北部降低,二区土壤含盐量则以东南部最低,逐渐向西北部高值区过渡;一区土壤有机质含量表现为中部低南北部较高,二区则为东南部最高,中北部含量较低。研究结果为后期高含盐量的水盐运移模拟研究提供初步论证,也为盐田复垦区盐渍土的合理分区,改良利用和科学管理提供了技术支撑。     

滨海盐沼湿地有机碳的沉积与埋藏研究进展

滨海盐沼湿地有着较高的碳沉积速率和固碳能力,在缓解全球变暖方面发挥着重要作用,而盐渍土壤是滨海盐沼湿地碳收支研究中最大的有机碳库,研究其碳沉积与埋藏对于理解滨海湿地碳收支有着重要的意义.本文从滨海盐沼湿地土壤有机碳的来源、土壤有机碳库与沉积速率、盐沼湿地有机碳的埋藏机制、全球变化与滨海盐沼湿地碳封存等几方面对滨海盐沼湿地有机碳沉积与埋藏的相关研究进行综述.今后研究应侧重:1)加强对控制滨海盐沼湿地碳储存变异的基本因素的进一步研究;2)对测量滨海盐沼湿地沉积物碳储量和沉积碳埋藏速率的方法进行标准化;3)对潮汐影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳与邻近生态系统之间的横向交换通量进行量化;4)探明全球变暖的影响和生产力的提高是否可以抵消因呼吸增强而造成的有机碳降解速率的升高.确定固碳速率变化驱动因子,理解气候变化和人类活动对碳埋藏的影响机制,有助于提升我国滨海盐沼湿地的固碳能力.     

Nutrient dynamics and pelagic food web interactions in oligotrophic and eutrophic environments: an overview

The concept of limiting nutrients is a cornerstone of theories concerning the control of production, structure and dynamics of freshwater and marine plankton. The current dogma is that nitrogen is limiting in most marine environments while freshwater ecosystems are mostly phosphorus-limited, although evidence of phytoplankton limitation by either N or P has been found in both environments.However, the same considerations apply to the availability of phosphorus in freshwater as to nitrogen in oceans. In resource-limited environments the plankton dynamics depend mostly on the internal mechanisms which act to recycle the limiting nutrient many times over within the surface waters. As the overall productivity increases, this dependence on nutrient regeneration decreases.The relationship between the stock of limiting nutrient, rates of supply and plankton dynamics must therefore be seen in the light of the processes operating within the entire food chain over quite different time scales. There is strong evidence that process-rates are mostly size-dependent and that food web interactions at the microbial level (picophytoplankton, bacteria, microheterotrophs) strongly effect the production of carbon and the regeneration of nutrients in the pelagic zone.     

Identifying the mechanism of Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival by the addition of salt in the treatment with organic acids

Aim

In this study, the effects of the addition of salt to treatment with acids (one of several organic acids and salt in various solutions including rich or minimal broth, buffer, or distilled water) on the reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were investigated. The protein expression profiles corresponding to acid stress (acetic acid) with or without salt addition were studied using a comparative proteomic analysis of E. coli O157:H7.

Methods and Results

When acetic, lactic, or propionic acid was combined with 3% NaCl, mutually antagonistic effects of acid and salt on viability of E. coli O157:H7 were observed only in tryptone and yeast extract broth. After exposure to acetic acid alone or in combination with salt, approximately 851 and 916 protein spots were detected, respectively. Analysis of 10 statistically significant differentially expressed proteins revealed that these proteins are mainly related to energy metabolism.

Conclusions

When we compared protein expression of E. coli O157:H7 treated with acetic acid and the combination of the acid and salt, the differentially expressed proteins were not related to acid stress‐ and salt stress‐inducible proteins such as stress shock proteins.

Significance and Impact of the Study

According to these results, the increased resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to acetic acid after the addition of salt may not be the result of synthesis of proteins related to these phenomena; therefore, further research needs to be conducted to identify the mechanism of the mutually antagonistic effect of some organic acids and salt.     

Effects of drainage and soil organic content on growth of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in an artificial salt marsh mesocosm

An artificial salt marsh mesocosm was constructed using 680-L polypropylene tanks to determine the effect of soil drainage depth and organic content on growth and rhizome proliferation of the salt marsh smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. Soil drainage depth had no effect on accumulation of aerial or subsurface plant tissue, but tanks that had 2.5% soil organic content supported enhanced aerial tissue and rhizome growth compared to tanks that contained sand alone. We propose a mathematical model for predicting the mass of photosynthetically significant leaf tissue without cutting and drying leaves. Implications of these findings for salt marsh creation projects are discussed.     

Inducing salt tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) through seed priming with chloride salts: Growth and ion transport at early growth stages

The study was conducted to determine whether salt tolerance could be induced in maize at germination stage by soaking of seeds for 8 h in distilled water or in 200 meq·L⁻¹ of NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂·2H₂O. Both primed and un-primed seeds were subjected for 14 days to 0, 100 or 200 mol·m⁻³ NaCl under controlled conditions. Although all priming agents were effective in alleviating adverse effects of salt stress on maize at germination stage, CaCl₂·2H₂O proved to be more effective since the seeds primed with this salt had significantly higher final germination, rate of germination and fresh and dry weights of plumules and radicles than those treated with other salts or distilled water. Concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ increased significantly in all parts of germinating seeds of maize seeds primed with NaCl, KCl, or CaCl₂·2H₂O, respectively. In addition, seeds primed with CaCl₂·2H₂O were the highest in Cl⁻ accumulation in all parts of the germinating seeds, followed by seeds treated with NaCl and KCl. Most of the Ca²⁺ was retained in seeds and mesocotyl, because of which, transport of this ion to plumules and radicles was low.     

Winter climate change and coastal wetland foundation species: salt marshes vs. mangrove forests in the southeastern United States

We live in an era of unprecedented ecological change in which ecologists and natural resource managers are increasingly challenged to anticipate and prepare for the ecological effects of future global change. In this study, we investigated the potential effect of winter climate change upon salt marsh and mangrove forest foundation species in the southeastern United States. Our research addresses the following three questions: (1) What is the relationship between winter climate and the presence and abundance of mangrove forests relative to salt marshes; (2) How vulnerable are salt marshes to winter climate change‐induced mangrove forest range expansion; and (3) What is the potential future distribution and relative abundance of mangrove forests under alternative winter climate change scenarios? We developed simple winter climate‐based models to predict mangrove forest distribution and relative abundance using observed winter temperature data (1970–2000) and mangrove forest and salt marsh habitat data. Our results identify winter climate thresholds for salt marsh–mangrove forest interactions and highlight coastal areas in the southeastern United States (e.g., Texas, Louisiana, and parts of Florida) where relatively small changes in the intensity and frequency of extreme winter events could cause relatively dramatic landscape‐scale ecosystem structural and functional change in the form of poleward mangrove forest migration and salt marsh displacement. The ecological implications of these marsh‐to‐mangrove forest conversions are poorly understood, but would likely include changes for associated fish and wildlife populations and for the supply of some ecosystem goods and services.     

Prespawning stress in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: maternal cortisol exposure and hyperthermia during embryonic development affect offspring survival, growth and incidence of malformations

In the current study, mature female Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were given intraperitoneal cortisol implants with the purpose of elucidating potentially detrimental effects on offspring survival, growth, morphological development and also the ability of prenatally stressed offspring to cope with an environmental stressor, typified by a period of mild hyperthermia. Augmented levels of maternal cortisol inflicted a range of progeny somatic parameters, as reflected in increased mortality, reduced fork length and mass, diminished yolk-sac volume, decelerated yolk-sac utilization and, to some extent, enhanced prevalence of morphological malformations. The most pronounced consequences on offspring performance were demonstrated in specimens exposed to both enhanced prenatal cortisol and a subsequent episode of hyperthermia. This accentuates the importance of knowledge on how the maternal endocrinological state during gametogenesis may impinge on offspring characters in farmed Atlantic salmon, and further substantiates the necessity of incorporating maternal effects when evaluating rearing conditions and animal welfare in commercial aquaculture.     

Pulsed electromagnetic field: an organic compatible method to promote plant growth and yield in two corn types

Pre-sowing treatment of pulsed electromagnetic fields was used in corn seeds, in both indoor and outdoor conditions, in order to investigate the effect on plant growth and yield. The results of this research showed that pulsed electromagnetic fields can enhance plant characteristics, both under controlled environmental conditions and uncontrolled field conditions. The two varieties responded differently in the duration of magnetic field. Seeds were treated for 0, 15, 30, and 45 min with pulsed electromagnetic field (MF-0, MF-15, MF-30, and MF-45). Common corn variety performed better results in MF-30 treatment, while sweet corn variety performed better in MF-45 treatment. Magnetic field improved germination percentage, vigor, chlorophyll content, leaf area, plant fresh and dry weight, and finally yields. In the very interesting measurement of yield, seeds that have been exposed to magnetic field for 30 and 45 min have been found to perform the best results with no statistical differences among them. Another interesting finding was in root dry weight measurements, where magnetic field has a negative impact in MF-30 treatment in both hybrids, however without affecting other measurements. Enhancements on plant characteristics with economic impact on producer's income could be the future of a modern, organic, and sustainable agriculture.     

Estimation of growth and survival in size-structured cohort data: an application to larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

We present a method for estimating growth and mortality rates in size-structured population models. The methods are based on least-square fits to data using approximate models (using spline approximations) for the underlying partial differential equation population model. In a series of numerical tests, we compare our approach to an existing method (due to Hackney and Webb). As an example, we apply our techniques to experimental data from larval striped bass field studies.Research supported in part under grants at Brown University from the National Science Foundation: UINT-8521208, NSFDMS-8818530 (H.T.B., F.K. and CW.); from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research: AFOSR F49620-86-C-0111 (H.T.B., C.W.); and at University of California, Davis from the Alford P. Sloan Foundation (L.W.B.)     

Amphibian survival,growth and development in response to mineral nitrogen exposure and predator cues in the field: an experimental approach

Mineral nitrogen (N) has been suggested as a potential factor causing declines in amphibian populations, especially in agricultural landscapes; however, there is a question as to whether it remains in the water column long enough to be toxic. We explored the hypothesis that mineral N can cause both lethal and sublethal toxic effects in amphibian embryos and larvae in a manipulative field experiment. We sampled 12 ponds, fertilizing half with ammonium nitrate fertilizer early in the spring, and measured hatching, survival, development, growth, and the incidence of deformities in native populations of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) embryos and larvae held in in situ enclosures. We found that higher ammonium concentrations negatively affect R. sylvatica more strongly than A. tigrinum. R. sylvatica tended to have lower survival as embryos and young tadpoles, slowed embryonic development, and an increased proportion of hatchlings with deformities at experimentally elevated ammonium. A. tigrinum did not experience significantly reduced survival, but their larval development was slowed in response to elevated ammonium and the abundance of large invertebrate predators. Variable species susceptibility, such as that shown by R sylvatica and A. tigrinum, could have large indirect effects on aquatic community structure through modification of competitive or predator-prey relationships. Ammonium and nitrate + nitrite concentrations were not correlated with other measures that might have affected amphibians, such as pH, pond area, depth, or vegetation. Our results highlight the potential importance of elevated ammonium on the growth, development and survival of amphibians, especially those that breed in surface waters receiving anthropogenic N inputs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Taenia solium disease in humans and pigs: an ancient parasitosis disease rooted in developing countries and emerging as a major health problem of global dimensions

This article reviews current knowledge on human and porcine cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium. It highlights the conditions favorable for its prevalence and transmission, as well as current trends in research on its natural history, epidemiology, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Our opinions on the most urgent needs for further research are also presented.     

Genesis of stromatactis in an upper jurassic carbonate buildup (Mlynka,Cracow region,Southern Poland): Internal reworking and erosion of organic growth cavities

Summary The Middle Oxfordian strata in the southern part of the Cracow-Wielun Upland consist of platy and bedded limestones (‘normal facies’), of massive limestones as well as locally of mass flow sediments. Massive limestones, prevailing in the Upper Oxfordian, form commonly carbonate buildups, which are made up predominantly of cyanobacterial allochems and to a minor amount of siliceous sponges. Stromatactis can be best observed in the Mlynka quarry. They occurs in the uppermost part of slope sediments close to a cyanobacterial-sponge buildup. The bedding-plane of the slope sediments is directly overlain by debris-flow and grain-flow sediments. Fragments of a primary laminar framework rich in growth-cavities occur in the uppermost part of the slope sediments as precondition for the formation of stromatactis. The stromatactis cavities were formed by internal reworking and erosion within these organic growth cavities, caused by strong bottom currents due to mass transport from higher parts of the buildup.