人为干扰对传粉昆虫群落物种多样性及其优势类群生态位的影响

物种多样性是群落功能复杂性和稳定性的重要量度指标,不同干扰强度下物种多样性和生态位特征不同,人为干扰对传粉群落的影响可以通过群落结构和物种多样性的变化直接表现出来。在巩义市选取24个采样点,3种景观类型(农田、灌丛、林地)进行取样,共捕获传粉昆虫18576头,分属于14目,147科,双翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目与缨翅目6个传粉功能群。为了解研究区人为干扰对传粉昆虫类群传粉类群及其生态位的影响,本研究选取双翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目3类主要传粉昆虫作为研究对象,在景观类型分类与实际情况的基础上,依据人为干扰指数赋值表和干扰强度计算公式,分析不同干扰强度下传粉昆虫优势种群生态位特征情况,结果表明:各传粉类群在不同的干扰条件下物种多样性不同;作为优势类群的蠓科、胡蜂科,生态位宽度和生态位重叠均均值高于其他几个类群,且中度干扰强度下值最大,但其生态宽度值与生态重叠值之间没有明显的相关关系。     

River alteration and niche overlap among three native minnows (Cyprinidae) in the Missouri River hydrosystem

The influence of physical and hydrologic stabilization on habitat niche overlap among three native cyprinid species: flathead chub Platygobio gracilis , sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki and sturgeon chub Macrhybopsis gelida , in riverine segments of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers in western North Dakota and eastern Montana, was evaluated. Collectively the three species exhibited higher niche overlap in quasi‐natural river segments than in segments highly altered by a mainstem dam based on relatively high percentages of individuals in quasi‐natural river segments that were classified correctly, according to species, in discriminant function analyses of resource use, compared to lower percentages of individuals classified correctly in the altered river segments. The lower niche overlap in altered river segments resulted primarily from the lower overlap between flathead chub and the remaining species; this appears to be related to a decline in the diversity of natural habitats and conditions that provided a wide range of habitat conditions suitable for all three species. Results from this study suggest that selective segregation and habitat changes, rather than interactive segregation and competition, is probably the mechanism responsible for the pattern of habitat use and niche overlap among the three species in the altered segments.     

基于生态位理论的浙江省旅游城市竞争发展策略

在区域间旅游竞争日趋激烈的背景下,如何明辨竞争对手,采取科学竞争策略,是目前许多旅游城市亟待解决的问题之一。尝试运用生态位重叠理论和生态位态势理论构建了旅游城市竞争关系判断框架,并以浙江省11个旅游城市为研究对象进行了实证分析,发现这11个城市间旅游生态位重叠度都处于较高水平,彼此之间竞争压力比较大。11个旅游城市中,杭州、宁波和温州的旅游综合生态位居前三位,在旅游市场竞争中处于比较有利的地位,而舟山、湖州、衢州分别居倒数前三位,在旅游市场竞争中处于弱势的地位。在此基础上,运用生态位错位、生态位扩充等理论,针对每个城市与其他城市间的生态位重叠度和自身旅游综合生态位的大小,提出了相对应的基本竞争发展策略。     

Evidence for diet partitioning among three coexisting native freshwater fishes in South Africa's Cape Fold Ecoregion

The partitioning of limited resources commonly explains how different species can coexist within the same ecological community. In this 2010 study, the diets of three coexisting freshwater fishes (Cape galaxias Galaxias zebratus, n = 27; Cape kurper Sandelia capensis, n = 60; Breede River redfin Pseudobarbus burchelli, n = 77) were characterised and compared in three headwater streams in South Africa's Cape Fold Ecoregion using gut contents and stable isotope analyses. These data were analysed to ascertain whether the three species exploit distinct trophic niches. Both approaches provided evidence that these species occupy different trophic niches, though with some overlap. However, dietary differences among sites were not consistent and were probably influenced by site-specific factors like resource availability. Pseudobarbus burchelli had a broader niche breadth at Tierkloof Stream than the other two species, but not at Waaihoek or Tierstel Streams. Our results also suggest that P. burchelli consumed a more omnivorous diet than do the other two species, whereas S. capensis occupied a higher trophic position than the other two species and consumed vertebrates. Our findings suggest that these species occupy non-equivalent feeding niches in Cape Fold Ecoregion headwater streams, and that diet partitioning might facilitate their coexistence in these systems.     

Niches in the Anthropocene: passerine assemblages show niche expansion from natural to urban habitats

Human‐mediated habitat transformation is increasingly evident around the world. Yet, how this transformation influences species’ niche width and overlap remains unclear. On the one hand, human‐mediated habitat transformation promotes increased species similarity through trait‐based filtering, and an increased prevalence of generalist species with broad niches, resulting in functional homogenization. On the other hand, species that colonize transformed habitats could use empty niches, resulting in decreased species similarity and an expansion of assemblage‐level niche space. Here we explore these two alternatives in eight highly diverse passerine assembles in natural, rural and urban habitats in south and southwest China, a rapidly developing region of the world. Based on stable isotopes, we found that species’ niche width increased from natural to human‐made habitats, but there were no differences in niche overlap among habitats. Therefore, we found evidence for niche expansion, with generalists appearing to use empty niches created by human habitat modification, and with assemblages being comprised of complementary species. Further research is needed to determine whether increased between‐ or within‐individual niche variation is the main driver of niche expansion in transformed habitats.     

莱州湾鱼类群落优势种生态位

根据2011年5月、8月、10月和12月莱州湾底拖网调查资料,对该海域鱼类群落优势种的生态位进行了研究。结果表明,全年调查共捕获鱼类49种,各季节优势种种类数分别为春季3种,夏季5种,秋季3种,冬季4种。夏、冬季优势种的丛生指数较低,春、秋季较高;冬、春季优势种的平均拥挤度较低,夏、秋季较高。基于欧氏距离的优势种丰度聚类结果同优势度排序结果吻合。主成分分析(PCA)表明,青鳞小沙丁鱼(Sardinella zunasi)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)分别是影响第一轴和第二轴的主要种类。绯鱼衔(Callionymus beniteguri)、鲬(Platycephalus indicus)、髭缟虾虎鱼(Tridentiger barbatus)和短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)是时空二维生态位宽度最高的种类(2)。时空生态位显著重叠(0.6)的种类有7组,其中银姑鱼(Pennahia argentata)和皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)重叠值最高(0.798)。δ~(13)C值变幅(CR)最大的种类为斑鱼祭(Konosirus punctatus),δ~(15)N值变幅(NR)最大的种类为青鳞小沙丁鱼;青鳞小沙丁鱼和鱼祭生态位总面积超过20,皮氏叫姑鱼生态位总面积最小(1.38)且与其他优势种营养生态位重叠较高。等级聚类、排序、PCA和优势种排序结果较一致,而与时空生态位宽度分析结果差异较大,表明莱州湾鱼类群落结构受洄游鱼类的影响较大。时空生态位宽度较高的种类主要为集群特征不明显的周年定居种(绯鱼衔、鲬、短吻红舌鳎等底层鱼类),而季节洄游种(青鳞小沙丁鱼、鱼祭、赤鼻棱鳀等中上层鱼类)因时间生态位宽度较低导致时空生态位宽度较低。时空生态位和营养生态位分析表明,生态位重叠导致的资源利用性竞争并不是导致莱州湾鱼类群落结构现状的决定性因素,而更多可能是人为干扰形成的。     

塔额盆地草原蝗虫空间生态位研究

本文分析塔额盆地草原蝗虫的生态位,旨在为当地的蝗灾监控、治理及生态平衡保护提供理论依据。本研究对塔额盆地冲积平原、山前洪积倾斜平原、山地3种地形的草原蝗虫的空间生态位进行分析,统计得出了蝗虫优势度、群落组成差异、Levins生态位宽度和Shannon生态位宽度、Pianka生态位重叠等相关参数。结果表明：3种地形共采集蝗虫6科19种1 023头,不同地形优势种、常见种及稀有种均存在差异。山地与山前洪积倾斜平原、冲积平原的蝗虫群落组成差异较大。黑条小车蝗Oedaleus decorus decorus、蓝胫戟纹蝗Dociostaurus tartarus、意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus、红胫戟纹蝗Dociostaurus kraussi kraussi、伪星翅蝗Calliptamus coelesyriensis的生态位较宽且与其他蝗虫存在生态位重叠。塔额盆地草原蝗虫发生种类较多,绝大部分优势种蝗虫对空间资源的利用能力较强、竞争较激烈,对优势危害种加大监测力度,而针对山前洪积倾斜平原中的稀有种类,应加以保护以确保生物多样性。     

红树林区软体动物生态位的三种分析方法

利用广东湛江红树林保护区定量取样获取的软体动物密度数据,根据Shannon-Wiener和Pj．anka公式,分别选用潮带和季节（方法1）、红树植物群落和季节（方法2）、红树植物群落和潮带（方法3）3种不同环境因子组合确定环境资源位点数,从而计算研究区软体动物生态位宽度和物种间重叠值。结果表明,3种分析方法计算结果有差别,采用方法1、方法2和方法3计算的物种生态位宽度分别为0～1．96、0～2．16、0～1．64;生态位重叠指数为0～0．1的种对,方法1、方法2和方法3分别占25．1％、32．8％和21．6％,生态位重叠指数为0．1～0．5的种对,分别占31．6％、36．2％和22．3％,生态位重叠指数〉0．5的种对分别占43．396、3196和56．1％。可见,方法3计算出的生态位重叠指数比其它2种方法的大。物种聚类和排序也验证了3种分析方法的计算结果有差别。将计算结果与实际定量取样比较,表明以红树植物群落和季节为准确定环境资源位点数的分析方法与实际相符,适合红树林区软体动物的生态位研究。     

长苞铁杉群落优势种群高度生态位研究

基于天宝岩国家级自然保护区内长苞铁杉群落的调查数据 ,以不同高度作为一维资源位状态 ,以个体多度为生态位计测的资源状态指标 ,对群落中的 1 2个优势树种进行了生态位的计测和分析。结果表明 ,长苞铁杉具有较大的生态位宽度值 ,具有一定的稳定性 ;各优势树种 ,均表现出一定程度的对环境适应的相似性和生态位重叠。长苞铁杉与阳性树种柳杉、耐荫树种中偏阳性树种木荷之间的生态位相似性和生态位重叠值比与耐荫性树种深山含笑、细叶青冈之间的都要大。这些分析结果为珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉的保护提供了科学依据     

福建三明钩栲种群与主要伴生树种生态位研究

采用Levins生态位宽度及重叠、Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度测度式,定量分析福建三明钩栲群落8个主要伴生树种的生态位宽度、生态位重叠。结果表明,该群落中优势种的生态位宽度值均普遍较大;生态位宽的种群对生态位窄的种群可能有较大的重叠值,反之则低;揭示钩栲的生态位特征及空间分布格局,对今后生产实践具有一定的参考价值。     

Isotopic niche is not equal to trophic niche

The work of Sheppard et al. (Ecol. Lett., 21, 2018, 1395) relies on the strong assumption that isotopic niche is equal to trophic niche. Here I raise three main concerns showing that classic hypotheses built upon trophic niche cannot be directly interpreted in isotopic space. Future studies should always keep isotopic and trophic niches distinct.     

中街山列岛海洋保护区虾类优势种时空生态位

为了解中街山列岛海洋保护区内虾类种群特征和生存状况,根据2018年1、4、7和10月该海域拖网调查数据,基于相对重要性指数、Shannon指数、Pianka公式以及Pearson相关系数,对该海域虾类优势种的时空生态位进行分析。结果表明: 该海域共采集鉴定虾类16种,隶属于10科13属,其中葛氏长臂虾、中华管鞭虾、鲜明鼓虾、哈氏仿对虾、日本鼓虾为优势种,隶属于4科4属。优势种时间生态位宽度变化幅度较大,而空间生态位宽度变化幅度较小,时间生态位宽度与适温性呈显著相关。小型虾类日本鼓虾的时空生态位宽度值最高。哈氏仿对虾和中华管鞭虾的时间生态位重叠值最大,二者时间同步性高,季节性竞争剧烈。所有优势种均存在显著的空间生态位重叠,说明优势种虾类空间同域性高,区域性竞争整体较强。哈氏仿对虾与葛氏长臂虾的时空生态位重叠值最大,表明二者在该海域对水环境和生物环境的选择以及产卵和洄游习性等相似度高,可能存在激烈的种间竞争。本研究旨在为海洋生物时空生态位的应用研究提供参考。     

Feeding habits and niche partitioning in a predator guild composed of tigers, leopards and dholes in a temperate ecosystem in central Bhutan

We describe the food habits, niche overlap and prey preferences in a predator guild comprised of tigers Panthera tigris , leopards Panthera pardus and dholes Cuon alpinus in a mountainous region of central Bhutan. Scat analyses revealed that these predators consumed 11 different prey species including livestock and rodents, of which leopards consumed 11. The combined relative occurrence of the three species, sambar Cervus unicolor , muntjac Munticus muntjac and wild pig Sus scrofa , constituted 42.7, 33.7 and 71.1% of the tiger, leopard and dhole diets, respectively, while livestock comprised 44.5, 73.4 and 15.9% of the prey consumed, respectively. Regression equations from earlier feeding trials were used to estimate the relative biomass and the numbers of prey consumed. Results showed that sambar featured more frequently than did muntjac and wild pig in the diets of tiger, leopard and dhole and contributed more relative biomass than did muntjac and wild pig. Sambar, muntjac and wild pig together provided 36.9, 28 and 63.1% of the biomass consumed by tigers, leopards and dholes respectively. All else being equal, there was evidence that all three predators ate livestock less than might have been expected on the basis of the abundance and high biomass of this prey category in the area. There was a high dietary niche overlap between the predators (Pianka's overlap index of 0.58–0.92), with a greater overlap between the two felid species than between the felids and the canid. This study provides evidence of a substantial diet overlap among the three sympatric carnivores, and thus highlights the potential for high intra-guild competition among them, especially given the relatively low density of prey.     

陕北黄土高原辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)群落类型划分及其生态位特征

根据陕北黄龙林区辽东栎群落30个样地资料,通过聚类对该群落进行了类型划分,共划分为6个群丛,分别为A．辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）-土庄绣线菊（Spiraea pubescens）、B．辽东栎-虎榛子（Ostryopsis davidiana）、c．辽东栎-胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）、D．辽东栎．水枸子（Cotoneasten multtflorus）、E．辽东栎-白刺花（Sophora viciifolia）、F．辽东栎-黄蔷薇（Rosa hugonis）。另外,对各类型辽东栎林和不同坡向辽东栎群落的生物多样性进行了计算,结果表明各群落Whittaker多样性指数存在明显的差异,并与其所处的生境条件密切相关,其中与坡向关系较大,即北坡〉西北坡〉东南坡〉西南坡〉南坡。最后,对辽东栎林乔木层和灌木层组成种类生态位和生态位重叠进行了计算分析,结果表明,乔木层,辽东栎、油松、白桦不仅生态位宽度较大（LB值1．2—1．5）,而且三者之间的生态位重叠值也较大（0ik值0．7—0．9）;在现演替阶段它们之间存在着较为激烈的资源利用性竞争;灌木层,土庄绣线菊、榛子、铁杆蒿、黄蔷薇生态位宽度较大（LB〉1）,而葱皮忍冬、南蛇藤、鼠李、鞘柄菝葜较小（LB为0．4—0．45）;生态位重叠值〉0．8的种对仅占灌木计算种对的2．8％,而〈0．6的种对占87．4％。     

Phylogenetic relationships and ecological niche conservatism in killifish (Profundulidae) in Mesoamerica

The family Profundulidae is a group of small-sized fish species distributed between southern Mexico and Honduras, where they are frequently the only fish representatives at higher elevations in the basins where they occur. We characterized their ecological niche using different methods and metrics drawn from niche modelling and by re-examining phylogenetic relationships of a recently published molecular phylogeny of this family to gain a better understanding of its biogeographic and evolutionary history. We assessed both lines of evidence from the perspective of niche conservatism to set a foundation for discussing hypotheses about the processes underlying the distribution and evolution of the group. In fish clades where the species composition is not clear, we examined whether niche classification could be informative to discriminate groups geographically and ecologically consistent with any of the different hypotheses of valid species. The characterization of the ecological niche was carried out using the Maxent algorithm under different parameterizations and the projection of the presence on the main components of the most relevant environmental coverage, and the niche comparison was calculated with two indices (D and I), both in environmental space and in that projected geographically. With the molecular data, a species tree was generated using the *BEAST method. The comparison of these data was calculated with an age-overlap correlation test. Based on the molecular phylogeny and on niche overlap analyses, we uncovered strong evidence to support the idea that ecologically similar species are not necessarily sister species. The correlation analysis for genetic distance and niche overlap was not significant (P > 0.05). In clades with taxonomic conflicts, we only identified Profundulus oaxacae as a geographically and ecologically distinct group from P. punctatus. All the evidence considered leads us to propose that Profundulidae do not show evidence of niche conservatism and that there are reasons to consider P. oaxacae as a valid species. Our study suggests that niche divergence is a driving evolutionary force that caused the diversification and speciation processes of the Profundulidae, along with the geological and climatic events that promoted the expansion or contraction of suitable environments.     

Stable isotopes are quantitative indicators of trophic niche

Hette‐Tronquart (2019, Ecol. Lett.) raises three concerns about our interpretation of stable isotope data in Sheppard et al. (2018, Ecol. Lett., 21, 665). We feel that these concerns are based on comparisons that are unreasonable or ignore the ecological context from which the data were collected. Stable isotope ratios provide a quantitative indication of, rather than being exactly equivalent to, trophic niche.     

南海北部近海头足类优势种及其生态位特征

为了解南海北部近海头足类优势种的种间关系,根据2014—2015年该海域4个季节底拖网渔业资源调查,应用相对重要性指数、生态位宽度和重叠指数从时空维度分析头足类优势种的生态位特征。结果表明: 该海域4个季节的头足类优势种共5种,分别为剑尖枪乌贼、中国枪乌贼、火枪乌贼、金乌贼和杜氏枪乌贼,前两种是4个季节的共同优势种。与历史数据相比,头足类优势种的种类组成已发生改变。头足类资源时空分布格局明显,海南岛南部至粤东海域资源密度高于北部湾,季节变化呈夏季高而冬季低特征。时空生态位分析表明,优势种的时间和空间生态位宽度没有一致位序,剑尖枪乌贼和中国枪乌贼分别占据最大的时间(1.32)和空间生态位宽度(3.90),而时间和空间生态位宽度最小的物种分别是金乌贼(0.98)和杜氏枪乌贼(2.04)。虽然时间生态位重叠在数值上显著高于空间生态位重叠,但二者均是在中国枪乌贼、剑尖枪乌贼、火枪乌贼等种对间有较高重叠,而杜氏枪乌贼与其余4个优势种的重叠较低。相关分析表明,在时空尺度上生态位宽度与丰度的变化均呈极显著负相关。生态位可反映物种资源量时空变化信息,丰富了传统渔业群落研究方法。     

Microhabitat selection and niche partitioning in two syntopic geckos

Syntopic species often exhibit evolutionary mechanisms that reduce competition. A common mechanism facilitating coexistence is niche separation, which may manifest through spatial, temporal or trophic dimensions. Species that are morphologically similar, such as congeners, are likely to compete directly and thus separate their niche spatially. The microhabitat selection and partitioning of two endemic geckos of the Soutpansberg Mountains, Lygodactylus incognitus (Jacobsen, 1992; Squamata: Gekkonidae) and L. soutpansbergensis (Jacobsen, 1994; Squamata: Gekkonidae), was investigated by recording fine‐ and broad‐scale habitat variables. Results reveal that L. incognitus is restricted to high elevations above 1100 m a.s.l. and is associated with moist microclimates. Although primarily saxicolous, they also utilise tree trunks, branches and stems. Lygodactylus soutpansbergensis occurs above 800 m a.s.l and is restricted to rocky outcrops, open woodlands and rocky grasslands, often found on loose rocks. Perch height for L. soutpansbergensis is close to ground level, and they are limited to drier microclimates. Microhabitat partitioning does not appear to be due to interspecific exclusion as the smaller L. soutpansbergensis occupies the same niche dimensions in areas where L. incognitus is not present. Sites where L. incognitus occurs in the absence of L. soutpansbergensis are forested with high canopy cover, likely preventing the colonisation of L. soutpansbergensis. This suggests that morphological and physiological constraints define microhabitat limits, although this still requires testing. Anthropogenic activities are likely to threaten the persistence of L. incognitus and L. soutpansbergensis on the Soutpansberg in the future. The results from this study may aid the interpretation and understanding on the syntopy of morphologically similar species that inhabit the same macrohabitats in other areas.