Carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase: purification and some properties.

1. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase from the white muscle tissue of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L. was purified. 2. The mol. wt of the enzyme was 145,000. Its subunit mol. wt was ca. 35,000. 3. The enzyme exhibited neutral pH optimum, activation by monovalent cations, and temperature-dependent allosteric AMP inhibition. 4. Carp muscle fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase was 10- to 30-fold more sensitive to AMP inhibition than the carp liver enzyme. 5. The carp muscle enzyme was less sensitive to AMP inhibition than the muscle enzyme from a homeothermic mammal. These results are interpreted as an example of temperature-adaptation of an enzyme regulatory property.     

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) as a powerful invader in Australian waterways

1. The invasion of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Australia illustrates how quickly an introduced fish species can spread and dominate fish communities. This species has become the most abundant large freshwater fish in south‐east Australia, now distributed over more than 1 million km². 2. Carp exhibit most of the traits predicted for a successful invasive fish species. In addition, degradation of aquatic environments in south‐east Australia has given them a relative advantage over native species. 3. Derivation of relative measures of 13 species‐specific attributes allowed a quantitative comparison between carp and abundant native fish species across five major Australian drainage divisions. In four of six geographical regions analysed, carp differed clearly from native species in their behaviour, resource use and population dynamics. 4. Climate matching was used to predict future range expansion of carp in Australia. All Australian surface waters appear to be climatically suitable for carp. 5. This assessment strongly reinforces the need for immediate management of carp in Australia to include targeted control of human‐assisted dispersal, such as use of carp as bait by anglers, distribution to new locations by anglers and the use of the ‘Koi’ strain in the aquarium industry. 6. Given their historical spread, dispersal mechanisms and ecological requirements, the expansion of carp across most of the remainder of Australia is to be expected.     

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) vitellogenin: purification and development of a simultaneous chemiluminescent immunoassay

Vitellogenin (Vg) was purified from the serum of vitellogenic female carp (Cyprinus carpio) by hydroxylapatite column chromatography and gel filtration. Vg had an apparent molecular mass of 490 kDa and appeared as two bands corresponding to 190 and 156 kDa after SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. These bands were immunoreacted in Western blotting using antiserum against carp lipovitellin (anti-Lv) which is an egg yolk protein derived from Vg. The amino acid composition of carp Vg was similar to previous reports of cyprinids. The chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) for carp Vg was developed to quantify serum Vg using purified carp Vg and anti-Lv. Its measurable range was from 1.95 to 1000 ng/ml. The dilution curve in the CLIA of vitellogenic female serum was parallel to the standard curve of purified Vg. The coefficient variations of intra- and inter-assay were less than 5%, respectively. Furthermore, the assay had cross-reactivity with the sera of other female cyprinids (crucian carp and Japanese dace). In fish diets-experiments, Vg was detected in all fish in the fish meal containing soybean (20%) group, but was not detected in almost all of the fish in the fish meal-group. This suggests that a soybean based-diet may induce Vg production in the serum of cultivated carp.     

Genetic control of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

In common carp, a freshwater fish species of tetraploid origin, GPI enzymes are present in two variants: GPI-A and GPI-B. GPI-A is coded by two loci segregating for two (GPI-A 1*) and six (GPI-A2*) alleles. Experimental crosses of the ornamental (Koi) variety of common carp revealed that GPI-B is coded by only one locus (GPI-B*). Another GPI-B* locus must have been silenced in the process of functional diploidization. It was also shown that the GPI-A2* locus segregated independently from the GPI-B* locus, demonstrating that the loci are located on different chromosomes.     

建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)微卫星DNA亲权鉴定

利用16个微卫星座位对建鲤10个全同胞家系647个子代进行亲权鉴定。Cervus3.0分析表明,16个微卫星位点的平均多态信息含量为0.7025,平均等位基因数为6.63,期望杂合度平均为0.7405。当双亲未知时,累积排除概率为0.999225,已知单亲时的累积排除概率为0.999996,置信度为95%。进一步模拟分析表明,要达到亲权鉴定的要求在双亲未知时通常需要8～12个微卫星位点,已知单亲时需要5～8个微卫星位点。在双亲均未知的情况下进行亲权鉴定,94.6%的后裔找到了其父母本,真实鉴定率低于模拟分析预测值,分析可能是与候选亲本间存在亲缘关系、无效等位基因的存在以及分型错误等因素有关。9个建鲤全同胞家系的鉴定,为今后的遗传图谱构建、QTL定位及分子标记辅助育种研究奠定了基础。     

Quantitative genetic estimates of growth-related traits in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): A review

The common carp (Cyrpinus carpio L.) is the oldest cultured and the most domesticated fish species, as well as one of the most important freshwater fishes in the world. However, scientific studies on evaluating the growth-related quantitative traits in this fish are limited. Heritability, the most important parameter in selective breeding programs, was extensively studied for the growth-related traits. The values varied widely among the experiments and methods used because of the existence of common environmental, dominance and maternal effects. However, correlations in phenotypic and genetic levels first evaluated several years ago were limited. On the other hand, heterosis was widely reported and easily obtained for growth-related traits in the common carp. Meanwhile, genotype environment interaction and predic-tion of breeding values have been studied recently, and are very important in conducting selective breeding programs. The developmental quantitative genetics of growth-related traits was first analyzed in the common carp for reasonable selection during ontogeny. It is expected that genetic improvement will be achieved by carrying out direct selective breeding in the common carp.     

Study on a prolyl endopeptidase from the skeletal muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) was purified to homogeneity from the skeletal muscle of common carp using a procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography involving DEAE-Sephacel, Phenyl-Sepharose, DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow, and hydroxyapatite. The molecular weight of the PEP was 82 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. Using Suc-Gly-Pro-MCA as a substrate, the optimal pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were pH 6.0 and 35 °C, respectively, and the K_m and k_cat were 8.33 μM and 1.71 S^?1, respectively. The activity of the PEP was inhibited by SUAM-14746, a specific inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidases, and was partially inhibited by the serine proteinase inhibitors PMSF and Pefabloc SC. According to peptide mass fingerprinting, 12 peptide fragments with a total of 134 amino acid residues were obtained, which were highly identical to prolyl endopeptidases from zebrafish (Danio rerio) and sponge (Amphimedon queenslandica), confirming the purified enzyme was a prolyl endopeptidase. Our present study for the first time reported the existence of a prolyl endopeptidase in fish muscle.     

Quantitative trait loci for morphometric traits in multiple families of common carp(Cyprinus carpio)

Quantitative trait locus(QTL) mapping is frequently used to understand the genetic architecture of quantitative traits.Herein,we performed a genome scanfor QTL affecting the morphometric characters in eight full-sib families containing 522 individuals using different statistical methods(Sib-pair and half-sib model).A total of 194 QTLs were detected in 25 different regions on 10 linkage groups(LGs).Among them,37 QTLs on five LGs(eight,13,24,40 and 45) were significant(5%genome-wide level),while the remaining 40(1%chromosome-wide level) and 117(5%chromosome-wide level) indicated suggestive effect on those traits.Heritabilities for most morphometric traits were moderate to high,ranging from 0.21 to 0.66,with generally strong phenotypic and genetic correlations between the traits.A large number of QTLs for morphometric traits were co-located,consistent with their high correlations,and may reflect pleiotropic effect on the same genes.Biological pathways were mapped for possible candidate genes on QTL regions.One significantly enriched pathway was identified onLG45,which had a P-value of 0.04 and corresponded to the "regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway".The results are expected to be useful in marker-assisted selection(MAS) and provide valuable information for the study of gene pathway for morphometric and growth traits of the common carp.     

Structural changes of the myofibrillar proteins in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle exposed to a hydroxyl radical-generating system

Oxidation is a leading cause for quality deterioration during processing and storage of food. The objective of the present study was to examine the sensitivity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) myofibrillar protein (MP) to oxidising radicals produced by a hydroxyl radical-generating system. Both structural and functional changes of common carp MP were evaluated. With increasing H₂O₂ concentrations and oxidation time, the protein carbonyl content, surface hydrophobicity and turbidity of MP increased (P < 0.05), while total sulfhydryl groups decreased (P < 0.05). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed protein polymerisation in oxidised MP. The oxidative process destroyed (P < 0.05) the texture (springiness and hardness) of MP gels and decreased their water-binding capacity and whiteness. The thermal gelation profile analysis indicated that oxidation led to a great reduction in the elasticity of samples. Taken together, proteins are susceptible to free radical attack, and oxidative stress had a detrimental effect on protein structure and the general functionality of MP.     

Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on macrophytes and invertebrate communities in a shallow lake

1. We performed two field experiments using different cage sizes to determine the direct and indirect effects of carp on macrophytes and invertebrate community composition in a shallow lake. 2. The presence of carp produced a significant decrease in macrophyte abundance, changes in species composition and decreased abundance and diversity of invertebrates in small (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.0 m) cages. In large exclosures (15 × 5 m), only macrophyte stem length was significantly affected by carp. 3. There was considerable variation in the macrophyte and invertebrate responses to carp on different sides of the lake in the large exclosures, suggesting that wind and wave action are also important variables affecting macrophyte growth and persistence. 4. The data suggest that carp can significantly affect species abundance and diversity of macrophytes and some macroinvertebrates.     

Phenotypic changes in germ cells during gonadal development of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A procedure is described in which large early spermatogonia were isolated from carp testes and purified from an initial 4–5% recovery up to 60–70% using equilibrium density centrifugation on a continuous Percoll gradient. Mice were immunized with the spermatogonia via the intrasplenic route. Six hybridoma cultures, producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacting selectively with germ cells, were selected and further analysed. Reactivity with five of these MAbs was observed on primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the developing indifferent gonads at the onset of proliferation, i.e. the age of 7 weeks. One MAb, encoded WCG 6, appeared to define a new surface marker on PGCs being gradually expressed on the surface membrane between the age of 2 and 4 weeks, concomitantly with an increase in size of these mitotically silent cells. The reactivity of germ cells with five of the MAbs disappeared completely (WCG 7, 12, 15, 21) or nearly completely (WCG 6) during spermatogenesis, providing a striking difference from patterns obtained with MAbs raised previously against carp spermatozoa. Differences between male and female germ cells were not observed with the WCG-MAbs during gonad development, indicating that a common set of surface antigens is shared between germ cells of both sexes up to and including spermatogonia and oogonia.Abbreviation WCG Wageningen carp spermatogonia antibody     

鲤脑组织低温差异表达候选基因的筛选

采用双标准曲线相对实时荧光定量PCR法,分别以23℃常温对照组和6℃低温待测组的黑龙江鲤脑组织cDNA为模板,以18S rRNA为内参基因,检测26个候选基因的相对表达量。实验数据经显著性分析发现,有5个候选基因在低温条件下表达量显著上升(P<0.01),与对照组相比它们的表达量分别上升了2.11倍、13.9倍、2.52倍、7.38倍和1.83倍,基因功能比对结果表明其编码蛋白产物分别是脂肪酸链延伸蛋白、酰基辅酶A脱氢酶、转录起始因子IIB、肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶、血脑屏障HT7抗原;有7个候选基因在低温下表达量分别下降了21.8%、25.9%、16.6%、23.7%、15.8%、16.3%、42.5%,但对照组和待测组差异不显著(P>0.05),基因功能比对发现它们主要参与抑制糖酵解,促进细胞凋亡和干扰神经系统的重塑活动。上述低温下表达量显著上升的5个冷诱导候选基因的获得为今后进行不耐低温鱼类的基因工程育种提供了基因元件。     

Characterization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the ovary of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) binding sites have been characterized in the fully mature common carp ovary, using an analog of salmon GnRH ([D-Arg6,Trp7,Leu8,Pro9-NEt]-GnRH; sGnRH-A) as a labeled ligand. Binding of sGnRH-A to carp follicular membrane preparation was found to be time-, temperature-, and pH-dependent. Optimal binding was achieved after 40 min of incubation at 4 degrees C at pH 7.6; binding was found to be unstable at room temperature. Binding of radioligand was a function of tissue concentration, with a linear correlation over the range of 8.0-40.0 micrograms membrane protein per tube. Incubation of membrane preparations with increasing levels of [125I]sGnRH-A revealed saturable binding at radioligand concentrations greater than 400 nM. The binding of [125I]sGnRH-A to the carp ovary was also found to be reversible; addition of unlabeled sGnRH-A (10(-6) M) after reaching equilibrium resulted in complete dissociation of [125I]sGnRH-A within 30 min, and the log dissociation plot indicated the existence of a single class of binding sites. Addition of unlabeled sGnRH-A displaced the bound [125I]sGnRH-A in a dose-related manner. Hill plot as well as Scatchard analysis suggested the presence of one class of high affinity GnRH binding sites. Bound [125I]sGnRH-A was also found to be displaceable by other GnRH peptides, including sGnRH ([Trp7,Leu8]-GnRH), cGnRH-II ([His5,Trp7,Tyr8]-GnRH) and a GnRH antagonist ([D-pGlu1,D-Phe2,D-PTrp3,6]-GnRH; GnRH-ANT) in a parallel fashion, indicating that these peptides bind to the same class of binding sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Histopathological indicators: a useful fish health monitoring tool in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) culture

In order to evaluate the relationship between water quality in ponds and indices of histopathological changes occurring in the vital organs of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758), two six-month field experiments were carried out using two different water supplies: from the nearby stream and a tube well. The fish were fed supplemental feed: raw cereals, pelleted and extruded compound feed. Histopathological analysis, alteration frequencies, and semi-quantitative scoring of the changes were used to assess the health status of the fish. Ponds supplied by stream water were characterized by higher water hardness, dissolved oxygen and pH values, while those supplied by the tube well had higher electroconductivity, total ammonium and orthophosphates content. Fish survival rate and habitat suitability index were lower in ponds supplied by stream water, while the weight gain did not differ between the two water supplies. The use of stream water resulted in a higher level of histopathological changes in gills and liver. Among the water quality parameters, pH level had the strongest influence on fish. Differences in water supply produced greater influence on the level of histopathological changes than the type of feed applied. Gills were the most sensitive organ, while the kidney was the least responsive.     

镜鲤体长性状的QTL定位分析

以镜鲤良种后代为祖父母本所培育的杂交F2群体的68个个体为材料,利用553个分子标记(217个SSR和336个SNP标记)对其进行基因型检测,运用JoinMap4.0软件包对遗传连锁图谱进行构建。利用MapQTL5.0区间作图法(Interval mapping)进行QTL检测,通过置换实验(1 000次重复)确定连锁群显著性水平阈值。在对体长的区间定位中共检测到12个与体长性状相关的QTLs区间,分布在BL-1-1(SNP0137-SNP1481)、BL-4-1(SNP0092-HLJ797)、BL-5-1(SNP1268-HLJ423)、BL-7-1(HLJ870-SNP0702)、BL-12-1(SNP0922-HLJ639)、BL-16-1(HLJE351-SNP0674)、BL-25-1(SNP0394-SNP0862)、BL-35-1(HLJ668-SNP0832)、BL-43-1(SNP0389-SNP1425)、BL-47-1(HLJ057-HLJ1113)、BL-47-2(HLJ1439-HLJ1418)等11个连锁群上,解释表型变异范围是13.8%~64.9%,其中贡献率大于20%的主效QTLs有8个,是体长性状的主效QTLs区间。     

1H-NMR study of the metabolome of a moderately hypoxia-tolerant fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

All 20.000 different fish species vary greatly in their ability to tolerate and survive fluctuating oxygen concentrations in the water. Especially fish of the genus Carassius, e.g. the crucian carp and the goldfish, exhibit a remarkable tolerance to limited/absent oxygen concentrations. The metabolic changes of anoxia-tolerant crucian carp were recently studied and published. Contrary to crucian carp, the hypoxia-tolerant common carp cannot survive a complete lack of oxygen (anoxia). Therefore, we studied the ¹H-NMR-based metabolomics of brain, heart, liver and white muscle extracts of common carp, subjected to anoxia (0 mg O₂ l^?1) and hypoxia (0.9 mg O₂ l^?1) at 5 °C. Specifically, fish were exposed to normoxia (i.e. 9 mg O₂ l^?1; controls 24 h, 1 week and 2 weeks), acute hypoxia (24 h), chronic hypoxia (1 week) and chronic hypoxia (1 week) with normoxic reoxygenation (1 week). Additionally, we also investigated the metabolic responses of fish to anoxia for 2 h. Both anoxia and hypoxia significantly changed the tissue levels of standard energy metabolites as lactate, glycogen, ATP/ADP and phosphocreatine. Remarkably, anoxia induced increased lactate levels in all tissues except for the heart whereas hypoxia resulted in decreased lactate concentrations in all tissues except for brains. Furthermore, hypoxia and anoxia influenced amino acids (alanine, valine/(iso)leucine) and neurotransmitters levels (GABA, glutamate). Lastly, we also detected ‘other’ i.e. previously not reported compounds to play a role in the present context. Scyllo-inositol levels changed significantly in heart, liver and muscle, providing novel insights into the anoxia/hypoxic responses of the common carp.     

The reserpine effects on the gonadotrophic cells of the male common carp Cyprinus carpio (Osteichtyes: Cyprinidae)

The secretion of gonadotropins (GtH) in goldfish and carp, is stimulated by GtH-releasing hormone (GnRH) and is inhibited by dopamine. Studies with antidopaminergics have demonstrated to be effective in order to stimulate the spermiation and the ovulation in different species of teleosts. The reserpine, a drug that deplets the dopamine, has shown to stimulate the spermiation in the common carp. We report here, the effects of reserpine on the number and volume of gonadotrophic cells of the common carp. Eight injections of reserpine alone, at doses of 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/ml/kg of body weight and at intervals of 48 hours, caused an increase in the number and volume of gonadotrophic cells. The dose 0.5 mg/ml/kg, presented an increase in the number and volume of gonadotrophic cells of 382% and 123%, respectively, above the control group. The dose 1.0 mg/ml/kg, showed an enhanced number and volume of gonadotrophic cells of 704% and 152%, respectively. With the dose 1.5 mg/ml/kg increase in number (171%) and volume (106%) of gonadotrophic cells was lower. The gonads of the experimental groups had an abundance of advanced states of spermatogenesis. Our results show that eight intraperitoneal injections of reserpine were responsible for an increase in gonadodrophic cell, number and volume.