南海北部早—中中新世钙质超微化石群落与大洋碳储库关系初探

本文对南海北部大洋发现计划IODP 1501站早—中中新世(21-12 Ma)深海沉积物进行了钙质超微化石群落分析,初步探讨了钙质超微化石演化与大洋碳储库的关系.结果显示:在～16 Ma,钙质超微化石组合反映海水由高生产力环境向低生产力环境过渡,而与之对应的是大洋海水碳同位素由变重转为变轻;而在～14.2 Ma,钙质超...     

微古生物在高分辨层序地层学中的应用——以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷层序地层分析为例

以南海珠江口盆地惠州凹陷第三纪某井段的层序地层分析为例,说明微古生物（钙质超微化石和有孔虫）在层序地层分析中的作用。浮游有孔虫和钙质超微化石的ＬＯＤ能为层序地层提供精确可靠的年代地层格架,它们的丰度、分异度的峰值能指示沉积层序中不同的界面特征。通常浮游有孔虫和钙质超微化石的丰度、分异度的最大峰值与层序中最大海泛面凝缩段对应,而层序界面附近井段出现丰度、分异度峰值的低谷。     

甘肃玉门地区非海相第四系中的微体化石

本文对甘肃玉门花海地区中更新世内陆盐湖相沉积物中保存完好的广盐性介形类 Eucypris mareotia ( Fischer , 1855 )和广盐性有孔虫 Ammonia beccarii ( Linné , 1758 ),以及极少量保存很差的钙质超微化石为代表的微体化石群特征进行了简述;对化石群中各门类化石的保存和埋葬状况进行了分析;探讨了有孔虫和钙质超微化石的来源;对非海相沉积物中有孔虫的变异进行了分析和研究。研究结果进一步证实,广盐性有孔虫在远离海洋的内陆盐湖环境中,在适宜的盐度条件下,有生存和繁殖的可能性。     

珠江口盆地上第三系钙质超微化石

数量丰富,分布广泛,演化迅速的钙质超微化石,近年来随着我国海洋地质调查工作的发展,尤其随着我国陆架区油气勘探工作的扩大,已越来越为国内古生物学界所重视。本文首次较系统地研究了我国南海北部珠江口盆地北坡上第三系的钙质超微化石。通过对区内五口近海钻井钙质超微化石资料的研究和分析,从而为划分和对比本区上第三系提供了直接的化石依据,对进一步研究盆地地质发展史提供了有用信息(图1)。     

南海北部珠江口盆地PY30井早中新世-更新世钙质超微化石生物地层及沉积环境

本文对南海北部珠江口盆地PY30井早中新世―更新世地层中的钙质超微化石进行了系统研究,发现490-690m和1 040-1 170m井段化石丰度和分异度均较高,700-1 035m和1 179-1 809m化石丰度中等,井段下部1 818-3 478m化石稀少,种类单调。根据钙质超微化石标志种的存在,对该井的生物地层进行了划分。在490—3 478m地层中识别出12个钙质超微化石带或联合化石带,地层时代为早中新世―更新世,据此建立了该井的钙质超微化石生物地层框架,探讨了下中新统与中中新统、中中新统与上中新统、上中新统与上新统以及上新统与更新统界线划分的钙质超微化石标志。根据钙质超微化石总丰度、分异度及特征性环境指示种丰度的变化,划分了8个沉积环境演化阶段,从而讨论了早中新世至更新世沉积环境演化特征。     

南海北部琼东南盆地崖北凹陷Y-8-X井晚渐新世—更新世钙质超微化石

对南海北部琼东南盆地崖北凹陷Y-8-X井1 338.1～3 086.1 m井段内的110块样品进行了钙质超微化石分析,发现上部1 338.1～2 075.7 m地层含较丰富的钙质超微化石,而下部2 091.0～3 086.1 m井段化石丰度低或未见。根据钙质超微化石标志种的存在,识别出NN17带、NN15带、NN11带、NN6带、NN4带和NP25带等6个钙质超微化石末现面事件,由此对该井的生物地层进行了划分,认为研究井段的地层时代为晚渐新世—更新世,推测本井缺失了部分中新统沉积。依据钙质超微化石总丰度、分异度及特征性环境指示属或种的丰度变化,探讨了1 338.1～3086.1 m井段的沉积环境演化过程,可分为6个演化阶段。从晚渐新世至更新世,经历了海水由浅变深再变浅的过程,其中早中新世早期水深最浅,中中新世—早上新世水体温暖且水深最大。     

从微体化石群看我国沿海早第三纪含油盆地的差异

对我国沿海3个含油盆地－珠江口、北部湾和渤海湾盆地下第三系湖相生油岩中的微体化石群进行比较分析。3个盆地中以渤海湾盆地下第三系湖相化石群最为丰富,数量多,分异度高,而且化石群以地方性属种比例高、咸水类型多,存在“海源陆生生物化石”为特征;北部湾盆地,在涠洲组和流沙港组发现较多的介形类化石及个别腹足类和轮藻化石;而珠江口下经三系湖相地层中,微体化石罕见,只在个别层位发现贝壳碎片。据化石群特征,推测渤海湾盆地早第三纪是封闭型的咸水湖泊,而且部分沉积时期,可能是以Cl^-和Na^ 为主的咸水湖泊;珠江口盆地早第三纪是湖水矿化度低、硬度、pH值也低的淡水湖泊;而北部湾盆地早第三纪可能仍属淡水湖泊,但有一定的矿化度。     

南海西沙群岛西科1井早中新世—第四纪生物礁地层中钙质超微化石的发现及其意义

西科1井0.10—1267.80m岩芯中钙质超微化石丰度低,属种比较单调。分析831个样品,仅在48个样品中发现钙质超微化石,共鉴定10属17种及1个未定种,主要化石种为Calcidiscus leptoporus,C.macintyrei,Coccolithus pelagicus,Cyclicargolithus floridanus,Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica,G.oceanica,Helicosphaera carteri,H.euphratis,Pontosphaera multipora,Pseudoemiliania lacunosa,Reticulofenestra minuta,R.minutula,Sphenolithus abies,S.moriformis和S.neoabies等。根据钙质超微化石生物事件及组合特征,结合有孔虫和大型底栖钙藻等研究结果,对西科1井0.10—1267.80m地层进行了划分,大致可划分为5段:1)0.10—212.20m地层属于第四系NN21—NN19带;2)214.29—328.69m归属于更新统NN18带至上新统;3)330.97—598.12m属于上新统NN15带至上中新统;4)599.53—1231.62m归属于中中新统至下中新统;5)1233.62—1267.80m为下中新统。由于化石丰度和分异度均较低,未建立完整的钙质超微化石带序列。根据钙质超微化石标志种及组合特征,确定研究井段的地层时代为早中新世至第四纪。西科1井生物礁地层中钙质超微化石的发现,对该井生物地层的划分起到了十分关键的作用。     

崛起的门类——钙质超微化石

什么是“超微化石”? 古生物化石大小十分悬殊。一般说,像介形虫、轮藻这种小个体需用显微镜来观察的属于微体化石;“超微化石”是比微体化石还要细小,其直径仅为头髪丝的十分之一,通常借助于扫描电子显微镜进行研究。“超微化石”有钙质的和硅质的两类。硅质超微化石通常指的是硅鞭毛藻,种类不多。而平常所说的“超微化石”主要指的是钙质超微化石(即钙质超微浮游生物化石)。它们种类繁多、数量极大,在地层中广泛分布。钙质超微化石首先指的是颗石类。据研究,颗石是颗石藻身上的骨骼(图一)。颗石藻是一类具有鞭毛的单细胞生物,几乎全是海生浮游的。其大小只有3—35微米,相当于粘土与粉砂的界线。颗石的大小一般在     

苏北盆地阜宁组钙质超微化石由来初探

对苏北盆地4个钻孔300余块心样品进行了分析,在阜宁组的8块样品中发现了钙质超微化石,计3属1种及3个比较种,化石属种单调,保存较 ,受到严重的溶蚀或增生,结合这些种类的分布时代和产出层位,很难排除苏北盆地阜宁组钙质超微化石再沉积的属性。     

长江三角洲DY03孔颗石藻及沉积环境浅析

本文研究了上海奉贤DY03孔的颗石藻化石。钻孔60.8-2m深度产颗石藻化石,涵盖上更新统的川沙组、南汇组,全新统的娄塘组、上海组和青浦组。颗石藻化石赋存于灰色泥、泥质粉砂或粉细砂中,但化石种类贫乏。群落面貌以Gephyrocapsa oceanica占绝对数量,Braarudosphaera bigelowii,Helicosphaera hyalina和Heli-cosphaera wallichii等偶现,属典型的单种类组合。研究依据颗石藻定量统计,划分出两个海相层:第一海相层,孔深61-40m,属上更新统川沙组和南汇组,颗石藻丰度低,属种单一,代表了海侵过程中的潮上带环境;第二海相层,孔深24.8-2.0m,属全新统娄塘组、上海组和青浦组,颗石藻化石丰度较高,并有数个属种共生,反映当时的滨岸潮上带-河口滨海-浅海近岸海湾的环境演化过程。综合前人的研究成果,认为长江三角洲全新世海侵之强度和范围都超过晚更新世发生的海侵。此外,本文仔细讨论了Gephyrocapsa oceanica的生态特征,显示其为一个盐度适应能力较强、分布广泛的暖水种。     

Remaniement des nannofossiles calcaires maastrichtiens dans les sédiments du Danien basal de Bidart (France) : arguments isotopiques (carbone et oxygène)

The sediments at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary record a major crisis of pelagic carbonate producers (calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera). Nevertheless, Maastrichtian-like nannofossils are found in lowermost Danian sediments. Their origin (reworked vs. survivors) is still under debate. A recently developed protocol leading to separation of the various calcareous components included in the lowermost Danian sediments allows evaluation of the nannofossil isotopic signatures across the Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary. Maastrichtian-like nannofossils found in Danian sediments record isotopic ratios (carbon and oxygen) similar to the Cretaceous ones. These results provide evidence that Maastrichtian-like nannofossils are mostly reworked at Bidart.     

Middle to late Miocene fluctuations in the incipient Benguela Upwelling System revealed by calcareous nannofossil assemblages (ODP Site 1085A)

Middle to late Miocene calcareous nannofossil data of ODP Site 1085 from the eastern South Atlantic off Namibia were analysed to document spatial and temporal changes in surface-ocean circulation, upwelling initiation, and associated productivity.

Our data show that calcareous nannofossils constitute a significant part of the carbonate fraction throughout the investigated interval from 12.5 to 7.7 million years (Ma). Highest numbers of calcareous nannofossils (up to 38,000 × 10⁶ nannofossils g^− 1 sediment) were observed during the intervals 9.9 to 9.7 and 8.7 to 8.0 Ma. These elevated numbers of calcareous nannofossils may generally be linked to the initiation of upwelling at about 10 Ma in the studied region. In contrast, diminished numbers of calcareous nannoplankton, as in the interval 9.6 to 9.0 Ma, probably characterise time intervals of weaker productivity resulting in a decrease of nannofossil carbonate contents in the sediments of Site 1085. This decrease in nannofossil production could be one possible explanation for the major CaCO₃ depression in between 9.6 and 9.0 Ma. Coccoliths of the genus Reticulofenestra are the most abundant taxa. Their occurrences are characterised by changes in the investigated time interval. In addition, Coccolithus pelagicus, Calcidiscus leptoporus and Umbilicosphaera spp. contribute a common part of the assemblage. Calcareous nannofossils account for more than half of the carbonate, with peak contribution up to 80% at 8.8 Ma.     

Planktic foraminifera from the mid-Cretaceous (Barremian–Early Albian) of the North Sea Basin: Palaeoecological and palaeoceanographic implications

A marine Cretaceous succession (Barremian–Albian) of a cored borehole (BGS 81/40), located in the Central North Sea Basin, has been examined with respect to its planktic and benthic foraminiferal content, as well as for calcareous nannofossils. The distribution patterns of foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils allow for a two fold division of the investigated interval. (1) The Barremian–earliest Aptian interval, which reflects a marine, temporary restricted setting. This is indicated by sporadic occurrences of planktic foraminifera with very rare planispiral forms suggesting short-term connections of the Boreal and Tethyan Realms. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicate aerobic, sometimes dysaerobic bottom-water conditions. High abundances of nannoconids in the Barremian suggest enhanced stratification and/or warm, oligotrophic surface water. (2) The late Aptian–early Albian interval, which was characterised by an open-oceanic environment with cool and aerobic surface water conditions. Planktic foraminifera are more abundant and diverse than in the lower interval. Trochospiral hedbergellids dominate the foraminiferal assemblages. The episodic occurrences of planispiral, clavate and trochospiral-flattened planktic morphotypes indicate the existence of a seaway between the Boreal and the Tethyan Realms. Aerobic to dysaerobic bottom-water conditions are suggested by the composition of the benthic foraminiferal assemblages. High abundances of cool-water taxa within the calcareous nannofossil assemblages indicate a cooling trend across the latest Aptian and earliest Albian.     

Stable isotopic study of Oligocene-Miocene sediments from DSDP Site 354, Equatorial Atlantic

The oxygen- and carbon-isotope compositions of planktic and benthic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils from Middle Oligocene-Early Miocene Equatorial Atlantic sediments (DSDP Site 354) indicate two important paleoceanographic changes, in the Late Oligocene (foraminiferal Zone P.21) and in the Early Miocene (foraminiferal Zone N.5). The first change, reflected by a δ¹⁸O increase of 1.45‰ inGlobigerina venezuelana, affected only intermediate pelagic and not surface, deep or bottom waters. The second change affected surface and intermediate waters, whereas deep and bottom waters showed only minor fluctuations. In the case of the former the isotope effect of the moderate ice accumulation on the Antarctic continent is amplified in the Equatorial Atlantic by changes in the circulation pattern. The latter paleoceanographic change, reflected by a significant increase in¹⁸O in both planktic and benthic forms (about 1.0‰ and 0.5‰, respectively), may have been caused by ice volume increase and temperature decrease. Both oxygen- and carbon-isotope compositions indicate a marked depth-habitat stratification for planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils. Three different dwelling groups are recognized: shallowGlobigerinoides, Globoquadrina dehiscens, Globorotalia mayeri and nannofossils; intermediateGlobigerina venezuelana; and deepCatapsydrax dissimilis. The comparison of foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils suggests that the isotopic compositions of nannofossils are generally controlled by the same parameters which control the isotopic composition of shallow-dwelling foraminifera, but the former are more enriched in¹⁸O.     

Contribution of calcareous nannoplankton to carbonate deposition: a new approach applied to the Lower Jurassic of central Italy

The Upper Pliensbachian–Lower Toarcian Somma section (Central Italy), which displays alternation of limestone–marl lithotypes, was investigated for its calcareous nannofossil and CaCO₃ contents. In order to evaluate the contribution of calcareous phytoplankton to the carbonate fraction of rocks a new method was applied combining a recently developed technique for nannofossil absolute quantification and measurements of nannofossil size. Our study suggests that nannofossils did not produce the bulk of carbonate mud in the studied section, although they contribute to different extents to the pelagic carbonate fraction. The contribution of both coccoliths and (mainly) the Incertae sedis Schizosphaerella to the carbonate fraction was important only in periods of reduced accumulation rates and/or during clay deposition. The highest estimated carbonate production by nannofossils in the studied section is around 83% of the total carbonate content, but in a sample containing only 12.8 wt% CaCO₃. The observed limestone–marl alternations therefore result from cyclical export of carbonate mud from the shallow Latium–Abruzzi carbonate platform to the Umbria–Marche Basin and, only subordinately, from changes in nannoplankton productivity.     

Quaternary paleoceanology of Benguela upwelling based on microfossils (borehole 362 DSDP)

The study of the upper part of the section of borehole 362 DSDP (southeastern Atlantic) allowed the recognition of five zonal units in the Quaternary based on nannofossils and refinement of the UpperLower Pleistocene boundary based on benthic foraminifers. The study of planktonic and benthic foraminifers in sediments display the history of the Benguela upwelling. The temperature of the surface water layer reconstructed based on Upper Pleistocene planktonic foraminifers reaches 17°–19°C and decreases downward in the section to 2°–3°C, suggesting that, in the Early Pleistocene, the upwelling was more extensive in area. The increasing proportion of benthic foraminifers and large nannofossils downward in the section is evidence of more active dissolution of carbonates in the Early Pleistocene and the high content of terrigenous matter suggests that the Benguela Current occupied a westerly position. The existence of the Benguela upwelling throughout the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene was accompanied by a decrease in its activity.     

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Maastrichtian) calcareous nannofossils from Goban Spur (DSDP Sites 549, 551): Implications for the palaeoceanography of the proto North Atlantic

The early late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–early Turonian) is thought to have been one of the warmest periods of the Phanerozoic. This period was characterised by tropical sea surface temperatures of up to 36 °C and a pole-to-equator-gradient of less than 10 °C. The subsequent Turonian–Maastrichtian was characterised by a continuous climatic cooling, peaking in the Maastrichtian. This climatic cooling and the resulting palaeoceanographic changes had an impact on planktic primary producer communities including calcareous nannofossils. In order to gain a better understanding of these Cenomanian–Maastrichtian palaeoceanographic changes, calcareous nannofossils have been studied from the proto North Atlantic (Goban Spur, DSDP Sites 549, 551). In order to see potential differences between open oceanic and shelf dwelling nannofossils, the data from Goban Spur have been compared to findings from the European shelf (northern Germany).A total of 77 samples from Goban Spur were studied for calcareous nannofossils revealing abundant (mean 6.2 billion specimens/g sediment) and highly diverse (mean 63 species/sample) nannofossil assemblages. The dominant taxa are Watznaueria spp. (mean 30.7%), Prediscosphaera spp. (mean 18.3%), Zeugrhabdotus spp. (mean 8.3%), Retecapsa spp. (mean 7.2%) and Biscutum spp. (mean 6.6%). The Cenomanian assemblages of both Goban Spur (open ocean) and Wunstorf (shelf) are characterised by elevated abundances of high fertility taxa like Biscutum spp., Zeugrhabdotus spp. and Tranolithus orionatus. Early Turonian to Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil assemblages of Goban Spur are, however, quite different to those described from European sections. Oceanic taxa like Watznaueria spp., Retecapsa spp. and Cribrosphearella ehrenbergii dominate in Goban Spur whereas the fertility indicators Biscutum spp. and T. orionatus are more abundant in the European shelf assemblages. This shift from a homogeneous distribution of calcareous nannofossils in the Cenomanian towards a heterogeneous one in the Turonian–Maastrichtian implies a change of the ocean circulation. The “eddy ocean” system of the Cenomanian was replaced by an oceanic circulation similar to the modern one in the Turonian–Maastrichtian, caused by the cooling. The increased pole-to-equator-gradients resulted in an oceanic circulation similar to the modern one.     

Bioturbational redistribution of Danian calcareous nannofossils in the uppermost Maastrichtian across the K-Pg boundary at Bidart, SW France

In this paper we present the effects of different tracemakers on the redistribution of calcareous nannofossils throughout the K-Pg boundary at the Bidart section (SW France), along with their consequences for our knowledge of the K-Pg boundary event. Danian calcareous nannofossil assemblages are present in Maastrichtian samples due to infiltration into dark trace fossil infillings proceeding from the earliest Paleogene. This is evidenced by the appearance of abundant paleogene calcareous nannofossils just below the K-Pg boundary, showing the relevance of the trace fossil infillings in the context of the K-Pg boundary event.