可持续城市化发展对环境法庭建设的需求分析

中国的"快速城市化"诱发了一系列生态环境问题,与之相伴的环境资源纠纷数量亦呈现较快的增长趋势,其中因重大环境污染等引发的群体性事件已越来越成为影响社会稳定的突出问题。由于环境案件具有很强的技术性,因此催生了各地环境法庭的产生。可持续城市化全球战略的发布为当下中国环境法庭的建设和发展提出了新需求,围绕建设"公正、安全、健康、方便、可担当、有抵御能力和可持续"的城市目标,分别从消除贫困、包容社会和有抵御灾害能力三方面对环境法庭建设提出新诉求。在可持续城市化时域下,确立环境权、扩大管辖权和成立环境资源审判专家咨询委员会是环境法庭建设的助力方向。     

生态承载力与崇明岛生态建设

概述了崇明岛的生态建设目标及历史背景,分析了崇明岛生态经济现状和制约因素,阐明了崇明岛生态建设要解决的科学问题.据此提出,崇明生态岛建设科学研究应从生态承载力研究着手,紧密结合崇明岛的区域特点,研究借鉴国内外生态岛资源节约型可持续发展模式,从系统和动态的观点出发,综合研究崇明岛生态承载力现状和发展动态,提出操作性强的提升崇明岛生态承载力的对策,制定与区域生态承载力相适应的新型产业结构、人口规模调整和优化布局方案,构建崇明岛有效的生态安全预警调控系统,为崇明生态岛经济发展和环境资源可持续利用提供建议和战略决策依据.     

生态资产评估及管理研究进展

生态资产是生态系统的自然资源属性和生态系统服务属性的综合体现,为人类社会可持续发展提供着基础支撑。如何准确评估生态资产状况和正确计量生态资产变化,实现生态资产的科学管理和合理使用,是实现人类社会可持续发展目标所需要解决的关键问题之一。对生态资产评估与管理的国外研究进行了系统梳理,提出了今后一段时期的研究重点。在生态资产内涵方面,尽管前期国内外学者理解有所不同,随着认知水平的不断发展,国内对生态资产的理解逐渐趋同于国外。在研究内容方面,生态资产评估与度量、核算与账户管理、服务于人类福祉和可持续发展等方面是研究的核心内容及热点领域,取得积极进展但也存在一些不足,特别是包括自然资源类和生态系统服务类的生态资产综合评估模型方面。今后需要加强基于自然生态系统的双重属性强化生态资产内涵研究和重要性认知研究,全要素生态资产评估方法及全流程核算与权衡管理研究。在我国,需要加强生态资产核算的基础标准、规范账户管理及应用体系研究。     

Helias A. Udo De Haes: A Practical Scientist

Goal, Scope and Background The importance of the social dimension of sustainable development increased significantly during the last decade of the twentieth century. Industry has subsequently experienced a shift in stakeholder pressures from environmental to social-related concerns, where new developments in the form of projects and technologies are undertaken. However, the measurement of social impacts and the calculation of suitable indicators are less well developed compared to environmental indicators in order to assess the potential liabilities associated with undertaken projects and technologies. The aim of this paper is to propose a Social Impact Indicator (SII) calculation procedure based on a previously introduced Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) calculation procedure for environmental Resource Impact Indicators (RIIs), and to demonstrate the practicability of the SII procedure in the context of the process industry in South Africa. Methods A framework of social sustainability criteria has been introduced for the South African process industry. The social sub-criteria of the framework are further analyzed, based on project and technology management expertise in the South African process industry, to determine whether the criteria should be addressed at project or technology management level or whether they should rather form part of an overall corporate governance policy for new projects and technologies. Furthermore, the proposed indicators for criteria that are considered appropriate for project or technology evaluation purposes are constrained by the type of information that is available, i.e. the calculation methodology relies on the availability of regional or national social information where the project will be implemented, as well as the availability of project- or technology-specific social information during the various phases of the project or technology development life cycle. Case studies in the process industry and statistical information for South Africa are subsequently used to establish information availability for the SII calculation procedure, demonstrate the SII method together with the RII method, and determine the practical use of the SII method. Results and Conclusion The case studies establish that social footprint information as well as project- and technology social data are not readily available in the South African process industry. Consequently, the number of mid-point categories that can be evaluated are minimal, which results in an impaired social picture when compared to the environmental dimension. It is concluded that a quantitative social impact assessment method cannot be applied for project and technology life cycle management purposes in industry at present. Recommendation and Perspective Following the outcomes of the case studies in the South African process industry, it is recommended that checklists and guidelines be used during project and technology life cycle management practices. Similar to the environmental dimension, it is envisaged that such checklists and guidelines would improve the availability of quantitative data in time, and would therefore make the SII procedure more practical in the future.     

IPAT及其扩展模型的应用研究进展

IPAT及其扩展模型能够定量描述人文驱动力与环境压力之间的关系,有助于理解人类和自然系统的动态耦合,是诊断因社会经济发展而产生的环境问题的有效工具.本文简要介绍了IPAT模型由来及其扩展模型的发展状况,系统总结了模型国内外应用研究进展,并对研究中的热点问题进行探讨,提出IPAT及其扩展模型的发展趋势,旨在进一步深化IPAT相关模型在环境可持续发展中的应用,为社会管理决策提供依据.     

Social and economic policy issues relevant to marine aquaculture

This paper presents a critical review of current social, economic and policy issues relevant to marine aquaculture (mariculture) in Europe. Tools for identifying the full range of social, economic and environmental issues that influence the sustainable development of mariculture are examined. Under present sectoral approaches to policy, investment, development planning and natural resources management, these issues continue to be treated in isolation. The four main challenges presented in this paper are: (i) how to create a more objective information base with which to assess the social, economic and environmental factors that condition the sustainability of mariculture; (ii) how to provide information from different disciplines in an easy to obtain and compatible format; (iii) how to better integrate knowledge and skills from different disciplines to create a holistic and robust framework for assessing options for mariculture development that integrates social, economic and environmental parameters; and (iv) the effective integration of these assessments into the formulation of policy, investment strategies, spatial plans and natural resources management for coastal areas. Specific issues that need to be addressed within the framework for the integrated evaluation of the economic, social and environmental parameters governing the sustainable development of mariculture include: ? development of more accurate information on the economic, social and environmental benefits and costs of well‐planned and managed mariculture; ? clearer definition of gaps in existing knowledge on factors critical to the sustainable and equitable development of mariculture; ? development of pro‐active consideration of the coastal land and water resource requirements of mariculture as part of strategic economic planning, spatial planning and natural resources management; ? the need for more equitable treatment of mariculture regarding rights of access to sites for development and use of resources; ? development of awareness among decision‐makers, planners, and managers from different sectoral agencies of the contribution that mariculture may make in promoting the sustainable use of coastal ecosystems; ? promotion of a shift in emphasis away from controlling the end use of resources and toward a more balanced approach to coastal development where emphasis is also given to maintaining the health and productivity of coastal ecosystems and the resources they generate that sustain different forms of activity, including mariculture.     

人工生态系统稳定性概念及其指标

稳定性是生态系统结构及功能中的一个决定系统兴亡的重要特性 ,在生态学研究中一直是被关注的焦点。虽然稳定性在系统中有如此重要意义 ,但稳定性在概念上的混乱 ,造成了对研究系统稳定性的困难。Ｐｉｍｍ[10 ] 总结出了生态系统稳定性的 4 5种不同的含义。不同的研究者对稳定性给了各种不同的含义 ,如“系统保持振荡的可能性”(可靠性ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉ ｔｙ) [7] ;“在一段时间内 ,考察的振荡指标的变化幅度”(易变性ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ) [10 ] ;“系统能够耐受的干扰强度”(吸收范围ｄｏｍａｉｎｏｆａｔｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ) [6 ] ;“…     

平顶山市区域性环境资源可持续发展能力研究

依据平顶山市l2年环境质量检测及评价的相关资料,提出了环境资源可持续发展能力综合评价的指标体系,并应用这一指标体系,运用主成分分析的方法．提取累计贡献率达94．75％的前4个主成分进行变量回测,定义并计算可持续发展度,建立了可持续发展度的时间数列模型,为环境资源可持续发展能力的量化研究提供了可行的方法．     

基于“无废理念”的纺织服装工业区绿色化改造模式研究

通过对中国工业区,特别是纺织服装工业区"产废"情况的梳理,明确针对污染严重,经济效益不高的工业区进行改造的必要性。为实现对纺织服装工业区绿色化改造,从"无废理念"出发,重点研究纺织服装工业区绿色化改造的可实施路径。在研究方法上将纺织服装工业区作为研究整体,基于可持续发展思想,构建纺织服装工业区经济、社会、环境复合生态系统,运用层次分析法,选取对于该类工业园区具有代表性的经济、社会、环境指标进行评价,通过评价后总的分值,结合生命周期规律,将需要改造的纺织服装工业区进行初步筛选。同时,利用经济、社会、环境各子系统的分值,对具体改造模式加以判别。文章通过对纺织服装工业区不可持续性的内涵挖掘,将工业区绿色化改造模式与改造内容建立关联,可以通过产业绿色化改造和建成空间绿色化改造,来实现工业园区的升级与转型,进而实现可持续发展。最后,根据模式判别结果,针对不同模式在产业与建成空间的不同特征,提出相应的绿色化改造方法和政策建议。在结论中总结基于"无废理念"纺织服装工业区绿色化改造与可持续发展的辩证关系。此方法适用于其他类型的工业区改造模式判别,以促进工业区的可持续发展。     

“满意度”与可持续发展评价研究进展

可持续发展是全人类共同追求并且不断探索完善的一种社会经济发展模式。各国研究机构和学者针对如何评价城市与区域可持续发展水平,提出了大量的分析方法、评价指标和研究框架。分析了"满意度"在城市与区域可持续发展评价中应用的发展历程、存在问题和研究展望。研究认为,在生态文明建设背景下,城市与区域可持续发展评价需从可持续发展的核心内涵出发,结合主观与客观的方法对指标体系进行判定,在充分利用客观信息提高城市可持续发展能力的同时,考虑居民对于城市可持续发展的要求与"满意度",提出建立与之相适应的指标动态监测体系,构建适应生态文明体制的可持续发展模式。     

生态文明——人类未来的文明：关于人与自然持续发展的思考

生态文明人类未来的文明关于人与自然持续发展的思考李建国（中国林业科学研究院林业研究所,北京１０００９１）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｉｖｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅＨｕｍａｎＦｕｔｕｒｅＣｉｖｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎＣｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｂｏｕｔＨｕｍａｎｂｅ...     

Comparative development of knowledge-based bioeconomy in the European Union and Turkey

Abstract

Biotechnology, defined as the technological application that uses biological systems and living organisms, or their derivatives, to create or modify diverse products or processes, is widely used for healthcare, agricultural and environmental applications. The continuity in industrial applications of biotechnology enables the rise and development of the bioeconomy concept. Bioeconomy, including all applications of biotechnology, is defined as translation of knowledge received from life sciences into new, sustainable, environment friendly and competitive products. With the advanced research and eco-efficient processes in the scope of bioeconomy, more healthy and sustainable life is promised. Knowledge-based bioeconomy with its economic, social and environmental potential has already been brought to the research agendas of European Union (EU) countries. The aim of this study is to summarize the development of knowledge-based bioeconomy in EU countries and to evaluate Turkey’s current situation compared to them. EU-funded biotechnology research projects under FP6 and FP7 and nationally-funded biotechnology projects under The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Academic Research Funding Program Directorate (ARDEB) and Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate (TEYDEB) were examined. In the context of this study, the main research areas and subfields which have been funded, the budget spent and the number of projects funded since 2003 both nationally and EU-wide and the gaps and overlapping topics were analyzed. In consideration of the results, detailed suggestions for Turkey have been proposed. The research results are expected to be used as a roadmap for coordinating the stakeholders of bioeconomy and integrating Turkish Research Areas into European Research Areas.     

区域生态环境预警的理论及其应用

本文讨论了区域生态环境预警的原理,提出了以区域持续发展的能力作为区域生态环境预警的综合指标,进一步用承载力、稳定性、缓冲力、生产力和调控力作为衡量区域持续发展的能力。选取自然资源、生态破坏、环境污染和社会经济指标建立区域生态环境评价和预警的指标体系,对我国各省区的生态环境质量进行评价、排序和预警。     

Meta-performance evaluation of sustainability indicators

There are many different kinds of frameworks for evaluating environmental and sustainability performance at the organizational level (profit or not-for-profit, private or public), sectoral level (e.g. industry, transport, agriculture and tourism), and local, regional or country levels. Despite the diversity of methods and tools to measure sustainable development, indicators are one of the approaches most used. However, these tools do not usually include evaluation of the performance measurement instrument itself. The main objective of this research is to develop a conceptual framework to design and assess the effectiveness of the sustainability indicators themselves. To put the proposed tool into practice, a set of key good-practice factors and meta-performance evaluation indicators is proposed for adoption in a national case study—the national sustainable development indicators system, SIDS Portugal, and the usefulness of this methodology is demonstrated. This approach aims to evaluate how appropriate a set of sustainability indicators is and allow an evaluation of overall performance-monitoring activities and results. Stakeholder involvement is an essential component of the proposed framework. The tool developed could support continuous improvement in the performance of ongoing sustainability indicator initiatives, allowing greater guidance, objectivity and transparency in sustainability assessment processes.     

Sustainable Development and Cleaner Technology in Brazilian Energy CDM Projects: Consideration of Risks

Given the international urgency of addressing climate change, this article evaluates the contribution of energy Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects for the generation of cleaner technologies and the promotion of sustainable development in Brazil. In order to do this, energy CDM projects representing the Brazilian context were selected and a multi-case study was conducted. The data collected were compared using a data triangulation technique and further analyzed in the light of an analysis model built on the following concepts: CDM project's cycle, technology transfer, environmental technologies, and sustainable development. The results demonstrate the prevalence of projects that: (a) use renewable energy sources and technologies that can be classified as cleaner, (b) have a triple bottom line profile with regard to sustainable development, and (c) show partially exogenous or predominantly endogenous technology transfer. General risk factors are presented and analyzed from a CDM project's life cycle's perspective. The results show that Brazilian energy CDM projects contribute to cleaner technology generation and to the promotion of triple bottom line (social, economic, and environmental) sustainable development.     

辽西油松纯林可持续经营途径探讨

可持续发展自提出以来一直是国际社会在环境与发展领域广泛关注的焦点,已被确立为人类未来新的发展模式,它是指特定区域的需要不危害和削弱其它区域满足其需求能力,同时当代人的需要不对后代人满足其需求能力构成危害的发展［２２］。实现可持续发展是全人类的共同心愿,林业可持续发展是整个社会可持续发展的重要组成部分,如何在可持续发展理论的指导下实现林业可持续发展,已成为当今国际社会在林业发展问题上研究的前沿课题和最新趋势。对于如何经营改造辽西大面积的低效益油松纯林,赵荣慧、刘琪王景、郑希伟、李久平、李德民、雷启…     

卧龙自然保护区综合功能评价

保护区是一种特殊的土地利用类型,以保护物种,生态系统或自然遗产为主要目的,但是保护的成败依赖于保护区管理的有效性和可持续性,这是保护区健康发展的根本保障,功能评价就是促进保护区持续有效管理的重要手段,本文以模糊逻辑和问卷调查为基础,对卧龙自然保护区功能进行了综合评价。评价中,将卧龙自然保护区的整体功能划分为五大方面,即自然保护、宣传教育,科学研究,社会发展和经济发展,其中每项功能再进一步划分为3到5个次级指标,从而形成了一个具有3个层次的评价指标体系,评价结果表明,自然保护功能的评价为“好”,其余4项功能均评价为“一般”,因此,作为5方面功能综合的整体功能状况也为“一般”。卧龙自然保护区五大功能的相对良好次序为：自然保护,科学研究,社会发展,宣传教育和经济发展,这就意味着,卧龙自然保护区的功能具有综合整体性,任何方面的功能失调都会影响到保护区整体功能的发挥和保护区自身的健康发展,改善保护区的整体功能,也必须注重各项功能的相互影响,和彼此协调,只有这样才能解决好影响保护区发展的各种矛盾。克服管理和决策中的各种片面性和低效性,促使保护区的管理不断完善,从而保证保护区的可持续发展,进一步分析卧龙自然保护区各项功能的次级指标,对从各方面寻求改善保护区的功能状况很有帮助。     

自豪 自信 自省——寄语中国生态学

生态学已经不仅是当今发展最快的科学领域 ,同时还逐步成为普通公民行为和政府决策的重要科学基础。我国自然环境复杂 ,几千年的文化 ,蕴涵着深邃的生态学思想。生态系统类型十分丰富为我国生态学者提供了独有的科研舞台。近年来生态学发展很快 ,有的领域正在走向世界生态学研究的前沿。我国政府对生态建设愈来愈重视 ,并提出全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观 ,它不仅为我国今后社会发展提出了方向 ,同时也必将为生态学的发展起到重大的指导和推动作用。我国生态学界应积极面向社会经济发展的需要 ,为社会经济的可持续发展作出重要贡献     

城市绿地土壤健康质量问题与对策

城市绿地土壤质量是保障绿化植物健康生长的基础,也是保障绿地为城市及其居民提供健康生态系统服务和城市可持续发展的重要基础.目前在提升城市绿地土壤质量方面,主要关注了肥力质量和环境质量方面的问题,对健康质量方面的问题还较少关注.本文综述了土壤健康质量的概念、内涵及其评价指标,总结了城市绿地土壤健康质量所面临的主要问题和挑战...     

广东省南澳岛的生态旅游资源及开发战略

南澳县是广东省唯一的海岛县,具有丰富的自然景观资源和人文景观资源。其自然旅游资源包括气候、地貌、植被、侯鸟、沙滩和海水旅游,人文景观资源包括历史文化遗迹、宗教与寺庙、渔业活动等。通过对南澳县旅游现状进行评价发现,旅游资源和客源开发不尽合理,应开展海岛生态旅游。此外,还提出开展南澳县生态旅游的战略方针、项目设置及布局。