富硒双歧杆菌缓解5-FU导致的化疗性肠粘膜炎的药效学研究

通过腹腔注射5-FU建立小鼠肠黏膜炎模型,探讨富硒长双歧杆菌(Selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum,Se-B.longum)能否改善5-FU所致的小鼠肠黏膜炎。将健康BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、5-FU组和Se-B.longum/5-FU组,分别灌胃生理盐水、生理盐水和Se-B.longum(Se0.3 mg/kg BW,1×106bacteria/只)6 d,然后5-FU组和Se-B.longum/5-FU组小鼠均腹腔注射5-FU(250 mg/kg),观察小鼠腹泻及死亡情况,5 d后处死小鼠,计算体重变化、脏器指数及考察肠道组织变化;将健康BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、5-FU组和Se-B.longum/5-FU组,分别灌胃生理盐水、生理盐水和Se-B.longum(Se 0.3 mg/kg BW,1×106bacteria/只)6 d,然后5-FU组和Se-B.longum/5-FU组小鼠均腹腔注射5-FU(300 mg/kg),观察小鼠死亡情况,绘制生存曲线。Se-B.longum能缓解5-FU导致的正常小鼠的肠粘膜炎、降低小鼠死亡率。     

重组水蛭素的抗血栓形成作用及其机制

目的：研究重组水蛭素抗血栓形成的作用及机制。方法：将60只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、阿司匹林组和重组水蛭素低、中、高剂量组（n=10）。除对照组外,其余各组小鼠分别腹腔注射角叉菜胶2.5 mg/kg,诱发小鼠尾部血栓形成。注射角叉菜胶前24 h、0.5 h和注射后24 h,阿司匹林组小鼠分别腹腔注射阿司匹林25 mg/kg,重组水蛭素低、中、高剂量组小鼠分别腹腔注射0.05、0.1、0.2 mg/kg重组水蛭素,对照组和模型组小鼠分别腹腔注射等体积生理盐水。注射角叉菜胶后48 h,观察小鼠黑尾长度并计算黑尾发生率;检测血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t-PA）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子-1（PAI-1）、6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-keto-PGF1α）、血栓恶烷B2（TXB2）水平。结果：与对照组比较,模型组小鼠尾部形成血栓;血浆PT明显缩短（P<0.01）,PAI-1、TXB2水平明显升高（P<0.01）,t-PA、6-keto-PGF1α水平明显降低（P<0.01）。与模型组比较,重组水蛭素低、中、高剂量组和阿司匹林组小鼠尾部血栓长度明显缩短（P<0.05或P<0.01）,PT明显延长（P<0.01）,PAI-1、TXB2水平明显降低（P<0.01）,t-PA、6-keto-PGF1α水平明显升高（P<0.01）。与阿司匹林组比较,重组水蛭素低剂量组小鼠尾部血栓长度明显增加（P<0.05）,PT明显缩短（P<0.01）,PAI-1、TXB2水平明显升高（P<0.01）;重组水蛭素低、中剂量组6-keto-PGF1α水平明显降低（P<0.01,P<0.05）;重组水蛭素中剂量组PAI-1、TXB2水平明显升高（P<0.01,P<0.05）。结论：重组水蛭素有明显抗血栓形成作用,其机制可能与影响外源性凝血系统、促进纤溶功能有关。     

基于JNK通路研究老鹳草素对免疫性肝损伤小鼠的影响

为探讨老鹳草素对脂多糖(LPS)所致小鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用及可能机制,60只小鼠被随机分为正常组、模型组、水飞蓟素组(180 mg/kg)和老鹳草素低、中、高剂量组(50、100、200 mg/kg),小鼠腹腔注射10 mg/kg的LPS诱导免疫性肝损伤.采取HE染色观察小鼠肝细胞病理改变情况;生化法检测血清中谷丙...     

不同剂量雨蛙素诱导小鼠急性胰腺炎模型的对比研究

目的:探究相同频次、不同剂量雨蛙素腹腔注射诱导急性胰腺炎小鼠模型轻重程度的差异。方法:雨蛙素腹腔注射法诱导胰腺炎C57小鼠模型,共注射12次,每次间隔1 h,分别设置单次剂量为10μg/kg、50μg/kg、250μg/kg三个梯度。检测模型的血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰腺组织水含量,以及胰腺组织HE染色、病理学评分和肺组织HE染色。结果:①雨蛙素造模组小鼠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰腺组织水含量均较正常组明显升高(P0.05),50μg/kg剂量组各项数值达最大,250μg/kg剂量组无再明显升高(P0.05)。②造模组与对照组相比,胰腺组织和肺组织炎细胞浸润明显,低剂量(10μg/kg)注射胰腺组织呈水肿性改变,无出血坏死;常规剂量(50μg/kg)注射引起胰腺组织片状坏死出血;大剂量(250μg/kg)注射引起胰腺组织大范围坏死出血(P0.05)。结论:10μg/kg雨蛙素12次腹腔注射可诱发小鼠急性水肿性胰腺炎,50μg/kg雨蛙素12次腹腔注射能诱导出小鼠急性重症胰腺炎。     

阿里红多糖体内抗肿瘤作用及其机制研究

目的 研究阿里红多糖(Fomes Officinals polysaccharide,FOPS)抗肿瘤作用及其抑瘤机制.方法 通过腋部皮下接种S180小鼠腹水制备荷瘤小鼠模型.造模后随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、FOPS低中高剂量组,每组10只.空白组与模型组灌胃生理盐水,阳性对照组腹腔注射50 mg/kg环磷酰...     

地塞米松联合缬沙坦对慢性阻塞性肺疾病小鼠保护作用及机制探讨*

目的: 评估地塞米松联合缬沙坦对香烟所致慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)小鼠的保护作用。方法: 40只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为(n=8):对照组、COPD组、地塞米松组、缬沙坦组和地塞米松+缬沙坦联合处理组。COPD组小鼠持续8周进行香烟暴露;在香烟暴露基础上,地塞米松组小鼠在5~8周香烟暴露前腹腔注射地塞米松(2 mg/kg);缬沙坦组小鼠在1~8周香烟暴露前腹腔注射缬沙坦(30 mg/kg);地塞米松+缬沙坦联合处理组小鼠腹腔注射地塞米松(2 mg/kg)和缬沙坦(30 mg/kg)。8周后收集各组小鼠肺组织及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),评估肺组织病理学评分及BALF中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)活性,以及丙二醛(MDA)、细胞内黏附分子1(ICAM-1)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和一氧化氮(NO)含量。结果: 与对照组相比,COPD组小鼠存在肺气肿和肺泡充血,BALF中MDA、ICAM-1、MMP-9、CRP和淋巴细胞升高,SOD、巨噬细胞和NO降低(P均＜0.05)。与COPD组相比,地塞米松或缬沙坦组小鼠肺气肿和肺泡充血无明显改善,BALF中SOD 和NO升高,MDA、淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞降低(P均＜0.05)。与地塞米松或缬沙坦组相比较,地塞米松+缬沙坦联合处理组能更有效预防香烟引起的肺气肿和肺泡充血,降低BALF中MDA、ICAM-1、MMP-9、CRP和淋巴细胞,升高SOD、巨噬细胞和NO(P均＜ 0.05)。结论: 地塞米松联合缬沙坦通过抑制氧化应激和炎症,可以更有效在COPD小鼠中发挥保护作用。     

乳清蛋白肽对衰老模型小鼠的抗氧化和学习记忆改善作用

目的：探讨乳清蛋白肽对衰老模型C57BL/6N小鼠的抗氧化和学习记忆改善作用。方法：采用SPF级雄性C57BL/6N小鼠72只,随机选取12只作为空白对照组,其余小鼠采用D-半乳糖100 mg/kg BW腹腔注射造模,连续造模6 w,期间空白对照组小鼠腹腔注射等量生理盐水。6 w后内眦取血,测定血清MDA水平,并按MDA水平随机分为模型对照组、乳清蛋白组1.5 g/kg BW和3个乳清蛋白肽干预组（0.3、1.5、3.0 g/kg BW）。每日经口灌胃给予受试样品水溶液,干预周期为30 d,期间继续维持模型对照组、乳清蛋白组及乳清蛋白肽组D-半乳糖及空白对照组生理盐水腹腔注射造模。干预结束后,按开阔场实验、水迷宫实验、新物体识别实验顺序进行行为学实验。行为学实验结束后,对小鼠血清、肝脏及脑组织氧化应激相关指标进行检测。结果：与空白对照组相比,D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠显示出了运动、探索及学习记忆能力障碍,模型组小鼠抗氧化酶水平低于空白组、脂质过氧化和羰基化蛋白水平高于空白组。与模型对照组相比,乳清蛋白肽可显著改善衰老小鼠空间探索、空间及非空间学习记忆能力,并提高血清及肝脏SOD、GSH-Px活力,改善血清及脑组织脂质过氧化物与羰基化蛋白累积水平。结论：乳清蛋白肽对衰老模型小鼠具有抗氧化和改善学习记忆作用。     

花生根茎水煮液对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响

观察花生根茎水煮液对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响。方法:采用腹腔注射0.1 mL/10 g四氧嘧啶溶液建立糖尿病小鼠模型。按相同体质量、雌雄各半原则选择一组正常小鼠为空白对照组(生理盐水)和4组糖尿病模型小鼠:模型对照组(生理盐水);花生根茎水煮液高、中、低剂量组(30 g/kg、20 g/kg、10 g/kg)。每天分别用生理盐水、花生根茎水煮液按每只0.2 m L灌胃,连续14 d。测定空腹血糖、2h糖耐量(2 h OGTT)。结果:花生根茎水煮液低剂量组与生理盐水组相比较差异不显著性(P0.05),花生根茎水煮液中、高剂量组测得的空腹血糖与生理盐水组相比较差异极显著(P0.01)且随剂量增加差异性显著性也逐步提高。结论:一定浓度的花生根茎水煮液可能对糖尿病小鼠的糖代谢有一定影响,能降低糖尿病小鼠血糖。     

红花水提取液对小鼠系统性硬皮病的防治作用及其机制*

目的:研究红花水提取液对系统性硬皮病(SSc)模型小鼠的防治作用及相关机制研究。方法:60只 BALB /C小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、强的松组、红花低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。对照组背部注射生理盐水,其余5组均背部皮下注射100 μl浓度为 200 μg /ml的注射用盐酸博来霉素,每天1次,连续注射28 d,制备SSc模型;造模同时对照组和模型组给予生理盐水10 ml/kg灌胃,强的松组给予强的松溶液4.5 mg/kg (10 ml/kg)灌胃,红花低、中、高剂量组分别给予红花1.5、3、6 g/kg (10 ml/kg)灌胃,各组均连续灌胃28 d。给药28 d后,取各组小鼠背部注射博来霉素区皮肤组织切片测量真皮厚度,采用水解法检测皮肤组织羟脯氨酸(HYP)含量;采用ELISA法检测皮肤组织结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)含量及血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)水平。结果:与对照组比较,模型组皮肤真皮厚度,皮肤组织CTGF、TGF-β、HYP含量及血清 IL-6、IL-17 水平明显升高(P＜0.05);与模型组比较,强的松组、红花低、中、高剂量组皮肤真皮厚度,皮肤组织 CTGF、TGF-β、HYP含量及血清 IL-6、IL-17水平明显降低(P＜0.05)。结论:红花水提取液可改善SSc小鼠皮肤状况(或真皮厚度),其作用机制可能与减轻免疫炎症反应有关。     

脂多糖联合MPTP诱导的小鼠慢性帕金森病模型的评价

目的建立脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)联合1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP)诱导的慢性小鼠帕金森病模型,探讨其行为学和黒质多巴胺能神经元细胞的变化情况。方法将20只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为模型组和对照组,模型组每日腹腔注射LPS(0.25 mg/kg)一次,连续3 d,最后一次注射LPS 4 h后,每日腹腔注射MPTP(25 mg/kg)一次,连续2 d,对照组腹腔注射相同量的生理盐水。8周后用步态分析和转棒实验评价小鼠的行为学能力,免疫组化法观察黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞变化情况。结果模型组小鼠行为学变化较对照组差异有显著性(P0.05),模型组小鼠中脑黒质区显示出严重的神经元细胞损伤。结论 LPS联合MPTP腹腔注射可成功诱导出慢性小鼠帕金森病模型,提示该模型可用于帕金森病的发病机制及药物治疗效果等相关研究。     

MCC950对脑出血大鼠神经损伤的作用*

目的: 研究NLRP3炎性小体抑制剂MCC950对脑出血(ICH)大鼠神经损伤的作用。方法: 72只SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=24):sham组、ICH组和MCC950组。ICH组和MCC950组采用自体非抗凝血注射方法建立大鼠脑出血模型后,给予MCC950组大鼠腹腔注射MCC950 10 mg/kg(2 mg/ml),连续给药3 d。模型建立72 h后,进行前肢放置实验、转角实验和mNSS评分,观察ICH大鼠神经功能情况;新鲜脑组织切片,观察血肿体积变化情况;HE染色,观察脑组织病理学改变情况;干湿比重法,观察脑组织水肿变化情况;FJC染色,观察神经元退化的情况;TUNEL染色,观察神经元凋亡情况;Western blot,观察NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18、GSDMD蛋白表达及激活水平的情况。结果: 与sham组比较,ICH组大鼠左前肢放置成功百分比和左侧转身百分比显著下降(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),mNSS评分显著升高(P＜0.01),右侧脑内血肿体积显著增大,血肿周围脑组织中小胶质细胞数量增加,神经元数量减少,神经细胞肿胀,排布不均,部分细胞固缩性坏死,染色加深,右侧基底部含水量显著增多(P＜0.05),血肿周围脑组织中FJC阳性和TUNEL阳性细胞数量显著增加(P＜0.05),NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、pro-caspase-1、caspase-1/pro-caspase-1比值、GSDMD-N、GSDMD、GSDMD-N/GSDMD比值、IL-1β和IL-18水平显著升高(P＜0.01,P＜0.05)。与ICH组比较,MCC950组大鼠左前肢放置成功百分比和左侧转身百分比显著升高(P＜0.05),mNSS评分显著降低(P＜0.01),右侧脑内血肿体积显著减小,血肿周围脑组织中神经细胞肿胀显著减轻,固缩坏死细胞数量减少,右侧基底含水量显著减少(P＜0.05),血肿周围脑组织中FJC阳性和TUNEL阳性细胞数量显著减少(P＜ 0.05),NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、pro-caspase-1、caspase-1/pro-caspase-1比值、GSDMD-N、GSDMD、GSDMD-N/GSDMD比值、IL-1β和IL-18水平显著降低(P＜0.05)。结论: MCC950可以通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体介导的炎症反应和细胞焦亡改善ICH后的神经损伤。     

Saikosaponin-D induces the pyroptosis of lung cancer by increasing ROS and activating the NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway

Saikosaponin-D (SSD), an active ingredient in Bupleurum chinense, exerts anticancer effects in various cancers by inhibiting cancer proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, whether SSD can induce other forms of cell death is unknown. The current study aims to demonstrate that SSD can induce pyroptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. In this study, HCC827 and A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of SSD for 1.5 h. HE and TUNEL staining were used to verify cell damage caused by SSD. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were performed to verify the effect of SSD on the NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD) pathway. Changes in inflammatory factors were detected by ELISAs. Finally, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was introduced to verify that SSD induces pyroptosis through the ROS/NF-κB pathway. The results of the HE and TUNEL staining showed that SSD resulted in balloon-like swelling of NSCLC cells accompanied by increased DNA damage. Immunofluorescence and western blot assays confirmed that SSD treatment activated the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway, stimulated an increase in ROS levels and activated NF-κB in lung cancer cells. The ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine significantly attenuated SSD-induced NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway activation and inhibited the release of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In conclusion, SSD induced lung cancer cell pyroptosis by inducing ROS accumulation and activating the NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway. These experiments lay the foundation for the application of SSD in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer and regulation of the lung cancer immune microenvironment.     

黄芩汤对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1细胞焦亡通路的影响*

目的:研究黄芩汤对糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)大鼠肾组织核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)/胱天蛋白酶-1(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1,Caspase-1)细胞焦亡通路的影响。方法: 将SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、厄贝沙坦组(27 mg/kg)和黄芩汤低、高剂量组(5 g/kg和20 g/kg),高脂饲料喂养6周联合一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(35 mg/kg)诱导DN大鼠模型,每组9只。灌胃给药6周后检测大鼠血清空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triacylglycerol,TG)、尿蛋白(urine protein,UP)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、白介素-1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)和IL-18水平;HE染色和Masson染色观察大鼠肾脏病理变化;Western blot和免疫组化检测肾脏NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1细胞焦亡通路相关蛋白及阳性细胞表达。结果: 与空白组比较,模型组大鼠FBG、TC、TG、UP、BUN、Scr、IL-1β和IL-18水平明显升高(P<0.01);肾脏出现肾小球体积增大及基底膜增厚,肾小管管腔扩张,炎性浸润及纤维化明显等病理变化;肾脏组织NF-κB的磷酸化水平,以及NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC)、Caspase-1、IL-1β和消皮素D(gasdermin D,GSDMD)的蛋白质表达明显升高(P<0.01);肾脏组织NLRP3和GSDMD阳性细胞表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,黄芩汤组大鼠上述血糖、血脂、肾功能及炎性因子水平均得到明显改善(P<0.05,P<0.01);肾脏肾小球及肾小管结构趋于正常,炎性浸润及纤维化程度得到改善;肾脏组织NF-κB的磷酸化水平,以及NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β和GSDMD的蛋白质表达水平明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);肾脏组织NLRP3和GSDMD阳性细胞表达明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论: 黄芩汤对DN大鼠具有确切的疗效,机制可能与抑制NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1细胞焦亡通路有关。     

miR-135b-5p抑制脓毒症引起的小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的作用及机制*

目的: 探究miR-135b-5p在小鼠脓毒症(sepsis)引起的急性肺损伤(ALI)模型中的表达水平及其对小鼠肺部炎症反应和细胞焦亡的影响。方法: 将C57BL/6小鼠随机分为6组,每组8只,通过盲肠结扎穿刺法(CLP)手术构建CLP诱导的脓毒症小鼠模型:腹腔注射0.1 mg/kg的巴比妥麻醉,腹部纵向切开暴露盲肠,结扎盲肠并用注射器针头进行穿孔,挤出部分肠道内容物后缝合伤口。假手术组(Sham组)开腹后不做任何处理缝合伤口,无CLP手术处理。治疗组分为CLP+NC mimic组,CLP+miR-135b-5p mimic组,CLP+NC mimic+empty vector组,CLP+消皮素D (GSDMD)组,CLP+miR-135b-5p mimic+GSDMD组。治疗组小鼠在CLP手术前一周皮下注射200 μl溶解于生理盐水的NC mimic(200 nmol/L),miR-135b-5p mimic(200 nmol/L),empty vector(100 nmol/L),GSDMD vector(100 nmol/L),每天注射1次,连续一周。术后24 h采用二氧化碳窒息法实施安乐死。采用qRT-PCR检测小鼠肺组织样本中miR-135b-5p和GSDMD mRNA的表达水平;苏木精-伊红(HE)染色检测小鼠肺组织形态和损伤状态;采用5 ml生理盐水冲洗小鼠右肺3次,每次持续约3~5 min,收集肺泡灌洗液(BALF),酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测小鼠肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中GSDMD、白介素1β(IL-1β)和白介素18(IL-18)的表达水平;蛋白免疫印迹法检测小鼠肺组织内含NLR家族PYRIN域蛋白3(NLRP3),半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1(caspase 1)以及切割后的N-端GSDMD端蛋白结构域(cleaved-GSDMD-N)的表达水平。双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统验证miR-135b-5p与GSDMD的靶向结合关系。结果: 与对照组相比,CLP组小鼠肺组织中有大量的炎症细胞浸润,肺泡损伤,细胞间质水肿及肺泡塌陷等病理特征,小鼠肺组织内细胞焦亡相关蛋白(NLRP3,caspase-1和GSDMD)的表达水平明显增加(P<0.01),但miR-135b-5p的表达水平明显下调(P<0.01);与CLP组相比,超表达miR-135b-5p能够明显抑制CLP诱导的小鼠肺组织内细胞焦亡(P<0.01),靶向抑制GSDMD的表达水平(P<0.01);超表达GSDMD能够逆转超表达miR-135b-5p对肺组织细胞焦亡的抑制作用(P<0.01),超表达miR-135b-5p能够通过靶向GSDMD抑制小鼠BALF中IL-1β及IL-18的表达水平(P<0.01)。结论: miR-135b-5p靶向下调GSDMD抑制细胞焦亡,改善脓毒症引起的ALI,为脓毒症诱导的ALI治疗提供了潜在的治疗靶点和理论依据。     

The NLRP3 inflammasome: activation and regulation

The NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cytoplasmic supramolecular complex that is activated in response to cellular perturbations triggered by infection and sterile injury. Assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome leads to activation of caspase-1, which induces the maturation and release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, as well as cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD), which promotes a lytic form of cell death. Production of IL-1β via NLRP3 can contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease, whereas aberrant IL-1β secretion through inherited NLRP3 mutations causes autoinflammatory disorders. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the structure of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the cellular processes and signaling events controlling its assembly and activation.     

氨溴索与肝素联合应用对急性肺损伤兔TNF-α和IL-1β的影响

目的：探讨联合应用氨溴索与小剂量肝素对急性肺损伤（ALI）时氧化应激,TNF-α和IL-1β变化的干预及其机制。方法：健康日本大耳白兔24只,随机分成3组（n=8）：①生理盐水对照组（NC）,②油酸损伤组（OA）,③氨溴索＋小剂量肝素治疗组（AH）。各组分别在给药前和给药后6 h采血及测定动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）的含量,实验结束后肉眼观察肺病理改变,测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）以及肺组织匀浆中TNF-α、IL-1β、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、黄嘌呤氧化酶（XO）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的含量,检测肺组织原位凋亡细胞变化、肺组织湿干比（W/D）,光镜观察肺组织病理改变,电镜观察肺组织超微结构变化。结果：①光镜,电镜观察结果以及W/D提示氨溴索＋小剂量联合治疗减轻了ALI造成的肺组织形态学改变。②OA组中显著降低的PaO2均在AH组明显升高（P〈0.01）。③抗氧化指标GSH-Px和SOD活力检测,发现AH组比OA组有不同程度升高（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,而氧化性指标XO活力和MDA含量则较OA组显著降低（P〈0.01）。④除给药前IL-1β外,在OA组中IL-1β、TNF-α含量均显著高于NC组（P均〈0.01）,但在AH组中有显著的降低（P〈0.01）。⑤AH组凋亡指数（AI）比OA组显著降低（P〈0.01）。结论：在OA致ALI时,TNF-α和IL-1β明显升高,参与了ALI的发生与发展。联合应用氨溴索与小剂量肝素可减轻氧化应激反应,抑制促炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β释放,发挥对ALI的治疗作用。     

Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis and functions of inflammasomes in diseases

Pyroptosis is a form of necrotic and inflammatory programmed cell death, which could be characterized by cell swelling, pore formation on plasma membranes, and release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18). The process of pyroptosis presents as dual effects: protecting multicellular organisms from microbial infection and endogenous dangers; leading to pathological inflammation if overactivated. Two pathways have been found to trigger pyroptosis: caspase-1 mediated inflammasome pathway with the involvement of NLRP1-, NLRP3-, NLRC4-, AIM2-, pyrin-inflammasome (canonical inflammasome pathway) and caspase-4/5/11-mediated inflammasome pathway (noncanonical inflammasome pathway). Gasdermin D (GSDMD) has been proved to be a substrate of inflammatory caspases (caspase-1/4/5/11), and the cleaved N-terminal domain of GSDMD oligomerizes to form cytotoxic pores on the plasma membrane. Here, we mainly reviewed the up to date mechanisms of pyroptosis, and began with the inflammasomes as the activator of caspase-1/caspase-11, 4, and 5. We further discussed these inflammasomes functions in diseases, including infectious diseases, sepsis, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, and neuroinflammatory diseases.     

NLRP3/caspase-1-independent IL-1beta production mediates diesel exhaust particle-induced pulmonary inflammation

Inhalation of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) induces an inflammatory reaction in the lung; however, the mechanisms are largely unclear. IL-1β/IL-1RI signaling is crucial in several lung inflammatory responses. Typically, caspase-1 is activated within the NLRP3 inflammasome that recognizes several damage-associated molecular patterns, which results in cleavage of pro-IL-1β into mature IL-1β. In this study, we hypothesized that the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β pathway is critical in DEP-induced lung inflammation. Upon DEP exposure, IL-1RI knockout mice had reduced pulmonary inflammation compared with wild-type mice. Similarly, treatment with rIL-1R antagonist (anakinra) and IL-1β neutralization impaired the DEP-induced lung inflammatory response. Upon DEP exposure, NLRP3 and caspase-1 knockout mice, however, showed similar IL-1β levels and comparable pulmonary inflammation compared with wild-type mice. In conclusion, these data show that the DEP-induced pulmonary inflammation acts through the IL-1β/IL-1RI axis. In addition, DEP initiates inflammation independent of the classical NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway, suggesting that other proteases might be involved.     

miR-27a-3p通过靶向Sema7A调控病毒性心肌炎心肌细胞损伤的机制研究

目的 探讨微小RNA-27a-3p(miR-27a-3p)过表达对病毒性心肌炎(VMC)细胞损伤的影响及其可能的作用机制.方法 原代培养大鼠心肌细胞,柯萨奇B3病毒(CVB3)感染心肌细胞建立VMC模型(CVB3组).正常心肌细胞作为对照组,分别将miR-NC、miR-27a-3pmimics、si-NC、si-Sem...     

Pyroptosis by NLRP3/caspase-1/gasdermin-D pathway in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis patients

We investigated the potential involvement of pyroptosis, a proinflammatory form of regulated cell death, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Synovial fluid, synovial tissues and/or serum were compared among 32 patients with RA, 46 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 30 healthy controls. Samples were assayed for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 and lactate hydrogenase (LDH). Synovial expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD) was assayed using immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunohistochemistry. Patients with RA showed significantly higher levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in synovial fluid than patients with OA, and significantly higher levels of both cytokines in serum than healthy controls. RA was associated with higher levels of LDH in synovial fluid than OA. Among patients with RA, levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and LDH were significantly higher in synovial fluid than in serum, and the levels in synovial fluid positively correlated with disease activity and inflammation. Synovial cells, particularly macrophages, showed upregulation of NLRP3, caspase-1 and cleaved GSDMD in RA compared to OA. Our results implicate pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of RA, perhaps as a driver of local inflammation in joints.