多能干细胞诱导分化为肾脏类器官的研究进展与挑战

用于分化为多种类型细胞的多能干细胞(PSC)体外培养技术已被广泛应用于生物学领域中.由PSC分化而来的肾脏类器官可基本还原生物体内肾脏的组织结构和部分功能,在肾脏疾病模型研究和药物筛选中有重要作用,继续改善肾脏类器官的结构、功能和成熟度将会对肾脏再生治疗提供极大的帮助.研究肾脏类器官的重点在于体外准确模拟体内肾脏的发育...     

面向国家重大需求 开发建立新研究模型——胰岛类器官模型的研究进展与展望

糖尿病是威胁人类健康的一种重大代谢性疾病,给人们和社会带来了沉重的负担,对其发病机制的研究和治疗方法的开发是国家的重大需求。随着类器官技术的问世,胰岛类器官(islet organoid)应运而生且备受关注,被认为是极具价值的新型糖尿病研究模型。胰岛类器官是基于目前对胰岛发育机制的理解,通过体外添加诱导因子程序化地激活或抑制发育过程中的特定信号通路,将干细胞体外诱导分化成具有类似天然胰岛结构和功能的三维细胞培养物。由于胰岛类器官能够在一定程度上体外模拟胰岛的发育过程,体现其组织结构,行使分泌多种激素、调控血糖水平的生理功能,因此具有广泛的应用价值,已被用于糖尿病发病机制研究、药物筛选和评价以及临床移植治疗等,显示出良好的应用前景。本文主要总结和介绍胰岛类器官目前的研究进展、应用前景和亟待解决的问题,并且讨论和展望未来的发展方向。     

胰岛类器官研究进展

糖尿病被列为对人类健康威胁最大的三类疾病之一,是全球重点关注的公共卫生问题.目前的药物治疗无法从根源上恢复血糖的自主调节.异体胰岛移植能够有效控制糖尿病患者的血糖,但由于尸体胰岛的来源有限,如何在体外获得大量胰岛素分泌细胞是糖尿病移植治疗的关键.近年来,类器官(organoid)培养技术日益发展,给再生医学研究和疾病治疗带来了新思路.胰岛类器官不仅为探究胰岛发育、糖尿病发病机制和治疗策略提供了体外模型,也为糖尿病的细胞治疗提供了新的细胞来源.本文综述了胚胎干细胞、诱导性多能干细胞、转分化细胞和成体干细胞等不同来源的胰岛类器官的研究进展,并探讨如何优化胰岛类器官的培养条件以助力糖尿病的研究与治疗.     

类器官在发育与再生中的研究进展

类器官(organoid)作为体外模拟器官结构和功能的三维培养体系,已经广泛应用于发育研究、疾病建模和药物筛选.类器官在再生医学中具有重要的应用前景.胚胎干细胞、诱导多能性干细胞和多组织成体干/祖细胞来源的类器官再现了发育分化、稳态自我更新和组织损伤再生过程,为揭示发育和再生调控机制、明确生理病理进程提供了可能.近年来...     

类器官的研究进展及应用

随着人类生物学研究的不断深入,需建立新的模型系统为研究提供了有力的工具。虽然传统的研究模型已被广泛应用,但难以准确反映组织、器官在机体中的生理现象。类器官 (Organoid) 是来源于干细胞或器官祖细胞的三维细胞聚集体,可分化和自组织形成具有人体相应器官的部分特定功能和结构。由于类器官具有人源性,可模拟器官发育和形成,在体外长期扩增中具有基因组稳定性,并能够形成活体生物库进行高通量筛选等优势,成为近年来备受关注的体外模型。目前,利用类器官模型结合新兴的基因编辑、器官芯片、单细胞RNA测序技术等,能够突破传统模型的瓶颈,在器官水平上为疾病模型的建立、药物研发、精准医疗以及再生医学等提供有价值的信息。文中就类器官分类及特性、研究应用、与其他技术结合应用及展望这4个方面进行综述。     

用于2型糖尿病研究的3D多器官芯片

2型糖尿病是一种全身性代谢性疾病,通常涉及多个组织和器官之间因相互作用而导致胰岛素抵抗以及胰岛功能衰竭的最终状态.本文建立了脂肪3D器官芯片、胰岛3D器官芯片及其联合应用的模型,可对2型糖尿病的发病过程和药物治疗进行多重评价.设计了一种双通道复合式微流控芯片,将脂肪器官分泌的细胞因子以及脂多糖(LPS)共同引入胰岛器官的芯片培养室,芯片通道连续灌流以模拟体液交换.通过分析脂肪细胞和胰岛细胞的脂联素(ADP)、白介素6 (IL-6)和白介素1β(IL-1β)等炎症因子的分泌情况,以及胰岛细胞的胰岛素分泌能力与对照组细胞相比较所产生的变化,分析胰岛细胞的损伤情况以及系统内炎症反应情况.结果表明,LPS可以引起胰岛细胞的炎症反应以及功能性变化,且脂肪组织的存在能一定程度上加重这种反应,利拉鲁肽(liraglutide)通过减少脂肪和胰岛细胞的炎症反应,能够减轻LPS以及脂肪组织对胰岛细胞的刺激,以改善胰岛细胞的功能.基于微流控芯片的脂肪器官和胰岛器官联合应用的平台可应用于由不同组织之间的相互作用而产生的多器官疾病反应,有望成为2型糖尿病等全身代谢类疾病药物评价的有力工具.     

类器官及其应用的研究进展

类器官弥补了传统研究中细胞简单模型与动物复杂模型的不足,为生命体关键功能研究提供了重要实验基础,已成为当前研究热点,并在疾病机理研究、药物筛选、再生医学、生物材料评价等方面具有重大理论意义和应用前景.本文对近10年类器官研究进行了综述,阐述出类器官研究的发展历程和研究现状,重点综述了类器官的主要研究领域,并解析类器官研究中存在的关键科学问题,为类器官在生物医药、再生医学和疾病精准治疗领域的研究和应用提供新思路.     

类器官的应用研究进展

类器官是利用干细胞的自我更新和分化能力,在体外培养形成的一种微小组织器官类似物,在很大程度上具有体内相应器官的功能。迄今为止,在3D培养条件下,已经成功培养出多种类器官如肺、胃、肠、肝和肾等类器官。它们不仅可作为组织器官的替代品用于药物和临床研究,还可用于体内器官移植。本文综述了类器官在药物毒性检测、药效评价和新药筛选中的作用以及利用类器官建立疾病模型、研究组织器官发育和类器官在精准医疗、再生医学中的价值。     

肝脏类器官的研究进展及应用

生物医药研究主要依赖动物模型及人源细胞系,但是这些研究系统往往不能模拟人类个体发育过程、疾病发生机制和药物反应,因此在向临床转化方面遇到极大的困难.类器官是能模拟体内器官结构和功能特征的体外3D细胞簇.本文按照肝脏类器官从简单到复杂的顺序,讨论了成体干细胞来源和多能干细胞分化的多种肝脏类器官模型,同时概括了肝脏类器官在疾病建模、药物反应、毒性测试及再生医学等方面的应用.     

肝脏类器官的研究及应用进展

肝脏疾病易感性差异大且个体间的肝脏细胞存在明显的异质性,因此开发体外能够长期存活并具有代谢功能的人体类肝组织细胞模型,对治疗终末期肝病、开展肝脏致病机理研究及药物筛选具有重要意义。过去十年中,体外三维类器官模型发展迅猛,为疾病模拟、精准化治疗领域的研究提供了新的工具,显示出巨大潜力。肝脏类器官具有患者的基因表达与突变特征,在体外能够较长时间地保持肝脏细胞功能,已被应用于疾病模拟及药物有效性研究,并具有进行原位或异位移植发挥治疗作用的应用潜能。就干细胞、肝脏原代细胞等不同来源的肝脏类器官的发展及近年的研究进展作了综述,以期为肝脏类器官在疾病建模、药物发现和器官移植领域的研究和应用提供新的思路。     

The science and engineering of stem cell-derived organoids-examples from hepatic,biliary, and pancreatic tissues

The field of organoid engineering promises to revolutionize medicine with wide-ranging applications of scientific, engineering, and clinical interest, including precision and personalized medicine, gene editing, drug development, disease modelling, cellular therapy, and human development. Organoids are a three-dimensional (3D) miniature representation of a target organ, are initiated with stem/progenitor cells, and are extremely promising tools with which to model organ function. The biological basis for organoids is that they foster stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and self-organization, recapitulating 3D tissue structure or function better than two-dimensional (2D) systems. In this review, we first discuss the importance of epithelial organs and the general properties of epithelial cells to provide a context and rationale for organoids of the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. Next, we develop a general framework to understand self-organization, tissue hierarchy, and organoid cultivation. For each of these areas, we provide a historical context, and review a wide range of both biological and mathematical perspectives that enhance understanding of organoids. Next, we review existing techniques and progress in hepatobiliary and pancreatic organoid engineering. To do this, we review organoids from primary tissues, cell lines, and stem cells, and introduce engineering studies when applicable. We discuss non-invasive assessment of organoids, which can reveal the underlying biological mechanisms and enable improved assays for growth, metabolism, and function. Applications of organoids in cell therapy are also discussed. Taken together, we establish a broad scientific foundation for organoids and provide an in-depth review of hepatic, biliary and pancreatic organoids.     

Current status and prospects of organoid-based regenerative medicine

Organoids derived from stem cells or organ-specific progenitors are self-organizable, self-renewable, and multicellular three-dimensional (3D) structures that can mimic the function and structure of the derived tissue. Due to such characteristics, organoids are attracting attention as an excellent ex vivo model for drug screening at the stage of drug development. In addition, since the applicability of organoids as therapeutics for tissue regeneration has been embossed, the development of various organoids-based regenerative medicine has been rapidly progressing, reaching the clinical trial stage. In this review, we give a general overview of organoids and describe current status and prospects of organoid-based regenerative medicine, focusing on organoid-based regenerative therapeutics currently under development including clinical trials.     

Generation of functional human pancreatic organoids by transplants of embryonic stem cell derivatives in a 3D-printed tissue trapper

Organoids can be regarded as a beneficial tool for discovery of new therapeutics for diabetes and/or maturation of pancreatic progenitors (PP) towards β cells. Here, we devised a strategy to enhance maturation of PP by assembly of three-dimensional (3D) pancreatic organoids (PO) containing human embryonic stem (ES) cell derivatives including ES-derived pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) ⁺ early PP, mesenchymal stem cells, and endothelial cells at an optimized cell ratio, on Matrigel. The PO was placed in a 3D-printed tissue trapper and heterotopically implanted into the peritoneal cavity of immunodeficient mice where it remained for 90 days. Our results indicated that, in contrast to corresponding early PP transplants, 3D PO developed more vascularization as indicated by greater area and number of vessels, a higher number of insulin-positive cells and improvement of human C-peptide secretions. Based on our findings, PO-derived β cells could be considered a novel strategy to study human β-cell development, novel therapeutics, and regenerative medicine for diabetes.     

Organogenesis in vitro

Organoids are three-dimensional structures that self-organize from human pluripotent stem cells or primary tissue, potentially serving as a traceable and manipulatable platform to facilitate our understanding of organogenesis. Despite the ongoing advancement in generating organoids of diverse systems, biological applications of in vitro generated organoids remain as a major challenge in part due to a substantial lack of intricate complexity. The studies of development and regeneration enumerate the essential roles of highly diversified nonepithelial populations such as mesenchyme and endothelium in directing fate specification, morphogenesis, and maturation. Furthermore, organoids with physiological and homeostatic functions require direct and indirect inter-organ crosstalk recapitulating what is seen in organogenesis. We herein review the evolving organoid technology at the cell, tissue, organ, and system level with a main emphasis on endoderm derivatives.     

类器官的构建与应用进展

类器官是在体外经由干细胞驱动的, 形成具有来源器官显微解剖特征的多细胞三维结构且能自我更新的微组织。类器官能分化产生器官特异性的多种细胞类型,能重现对应器官的部分功能和空间架构,它的诞生为生命医学研究和临床应用注入了新动能,在癌症基础与临床研究、再生医学等领域表现出广阔的应用前景。对近些年国内外类器官研究进展进行综述,介绍其构建过程与培养体系,并详细阐述其作为体外研究模型的优缺点,为基于类器官的科学研究与应用提供了参考。     

Focus: Personalized Medicine: Value of Organoids from Comparative Epithelia Models

Organoids have tremendous therapeutic potential. They were recently defined as a collection of organ-specific cell types, which self-organize through cell-sorting, develop from stem cells, and perform an organ specific function. The ability to study organoid development and growth in culture and manipulate their genetic makeup makes them particularly suitable for studying development, disease, and drug efficacy. Organoids show great promise in personalized medicine. From a single patient biopsy, investigators can make hundreds of organoids with the genetic landscape of the patient of origin. This genetic similarity makes organoids an ideal system in which to test drug efficacy. While many investigators assume human organoids are the ultimate model system, we believe that the generation of epithelial organoids of comparative model organisms has great potential. Many key transport discoveries were made using marine organisms. In this paper, we describe how deriving organoids from the spiny dogfish shark, zebrafish, and killifish can contribute to the fields of comparative biology and disease modeling with future prospects for personalized medicine.     

Stem/progenitor cells derived from adult tissues: potential for the treatment of diabetes mellitus

In view of the recent success in pancreatic islet transplantation, interest in treating diabetes by the delivery of insulin-producing beta-cells has been renewed. Because differentiated pancreatic beta-cells cannot be expanded significantly in vitro, beta-cell stem or progenitor cells are seen as a potential source for the preparation of transplantable insulin-producing tissue. In addition to embryonic stem (ES) cells, several potential adult islet/beta-cell progenitors, derived from pancreas, liver, and bone marrow, are being studied. To date, none of the candidate cells has been fully characterized or is clinically applicable, but pancreatic physiology makes the existence of one or more types of adult islet stem cells very likely. It also seems possible that pluripotential stem cells, derived from the bone marrow, contribute to adult islet neogenesis. In future studies, more stringent criteria should be met to clonally define adult islet/beta-cell progenitor cells. If this can be achieved, the utilization of these cells for the generation of insulin-producing beta-cells in vitro seems to be feasible in the near future.     

Organoid model: A new hope for pancreatic cancer treatment?

Pancreatic cancer is a rapidly progressing disease with a poor prognosis. We still have many questions about the pathogenesis, early diagnosis and precise treatment of this disease. Organoids, a rapidly emerging technology, can simulate the characteristics of pancreatic tumors. Using the organoid model of pancreatic cancer, we can study and explore the characteristics of pancreatic cancer, thereby effectively guiding clinical practice and improving patient prognosis. This review introduces the development of organoids, comparisons of organoids with other preclinical models and the status of organoids in basic research and clinical applications for pancreatic cancer.     

消化系统类器官研究进展

类器官是一种近年来新发展的细胞三维培养系统。类器官与真实器官的三维结构相似,并具有自我更新和再现组织来源等特点,从而能够更好地模拟真实器官的功能。类器官为研究器官发生、再生、疾病发病机制以及药物筛选提供了一个崭新的研究和应用平台。消化系统在人体内发挥着重要功能,目前已成功建立多种消化器官的类器官模型。本文就近年来味蕾、食管、胃、肝和小肠类器官的研究进展及相关应用进行综述,并对这几种类器官的应用前景进行展望。