毕赤酵母发酵产S-腺苷蛋氨酸的甘油-甲醇混合流加策略

在毕赤酵母发酵生产S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM)的诱导阶段,以不同甘油-甲醇比例的甘油-甲醇混合培养基进行诱导培养,结果表明以10%(w/v)甘油含量的甘油-甲醇混合培养基进行诱导培养时最有利于SAM的表达,SAM产量达6.09 g/L,比0%甘油含量条件下的SAM产量提高了20.4%。对诱导方式进行优化,先以100%甲醇诱导24 h,然后再连续流加10%(w/v)甘油含量的甘油-甲醇混合培养基,SAM产量可达7.94 g/L,在此基础上,进一步改进诱导方式,SAM产量得到进一步的提高,达到9.80 g/L。     

利用Pichia pastoris生产S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的发酵工艺

在摇瓶中考察了重组Pichia pastoris发酵的诱导剂量,L-甲硫氨酸,以及pH对腺苷甲硫氨酸产量的影响.放大到3.7 L发酵罐和30 L发酵罐后,研究了重组细胞的发酵过程变化,对S-腺苷甲硫氨酸初步纯化.摇瓶中优化后的发酵条件是:每天添加1%甲醇诱导,L-甲硫氨酸为50mmol/L,培养基pH 5.0.培养144 h后SAM产量达到2.32 g/L.3.7 L发酵罐中发酵251 h后细胞浓度为120 g/L,SAM总量为15.18 g.放大到30 L发酵罐中,发酵225.5 h后细胞浓度约为120 g/L,SAM总量为145.05 g.纯化后SAM的纯度为93.5%,回收率为84.5%.     

微生物转化生产S-腺苷甲硫氨酸

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methionine,SAM)是具有广阔市场前景的活性氨基酸,微生物转化法是近年来报道较多的SAM生产方法.综合近年来SAM生产菌株的基因改造和发酵优化方面的进展,从提高SAM合成酶表达和酶活、优化甲醇和甘油的流加方式、改善ATP的生成和L-甲硫氨酸的补料、阻断下游代谢路径等方面,综述了促进SAM合成及其积累的多重策略及机制.最后结合笔者多年研究实践,讨论了微生物转化生产SAM的未来研究方向.     

利用重组Pichia pastoris生产腺苷甲硫氨酸

为改造甲醇利用型酵母Pichia pastoris来生产腺苷甲硫氨酸（SAM,S－adenosyl-L-methionine),我们将一个带有SAM合成酶基因的胞内表达质粒转化入Pichia pastoris菌株GS115,经过G418抗性筛选得到一株有两个基因拷贝的转化子。该菌在含有甲醇和甲硫氨酸的培养基中生长5d后,其细胞内的SAM的产量比原始菌株提高了30余倍。对该菌生产SAM的培养基中的碳源与氮源进行了优化,结果显示碳源的控制对该菌SAM产量的影响很大。在试管水平,该菌在含有0．75％的L-methionine并且碳源和有机氮源经过一定程度优化的培养基中,生长6d后SAM产量达到1．58g/L。     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶反应条件的优化

优化了重组毕赤酵母表达的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶催化L-甲硫氨酸(Met)和ATP合成 S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的条件,确定了该酶的最适酶活力检测条件为20mmol/L的L -Met,26mmol/ L的ATP,52mmol/L的MgCl2,300mmol/L的KCl,8mmol/L的还原型谷胱甘肽,100mmol/ L的Tris,反应液pH 8.5,35°C反应 1h,比活力达到23.84U/mg.该酶还可以催化以DL-Met代替L-Met为底物的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成反应,以降低生产成本.     

利用重组Pichia pastoris生产腺苷甲硫氨酸

为改造甲醇利用型酵母Pichia pastoris来生产腺苷甲硫氨酸（SAM,S-adenosylL-methionine）,我们将一个带有SAM合成酶基因的胞内表达质粒转化入Pichia pastoris菌株GS115,经过G418抗性筛选得到一株有两个基因拷贝的转化子。该菌在含有甲醇和甲硫氨酸的培养基中生长5d后,其细胞内的SAM的产量比原始菌株提高了30余倍。对该菌生产SAM的培养基中的碳源与氮源进行了优化,结果显示碳源的控制对该菌SAM产量的影响很大。在试管水平,该菌在含有0.75％的L-methionine并且碳源和有机氮源经过一定程度优化的培养基中,生长6d后SAM产量达到1.58g/L。     

强化表达SAM合成酶促进SAM在毕赤酵母中累积

S 腺苷甲硫氨酸 (S adenosyl L methionine ,SAM)是生物体硫代谢的重要中间代谢物质 ,在体内起着转甲基、转硫基、转氨丙基的作用 ,具有重要的药用和保健价值。将酿酒酵母来源的SAM合成酶 2基因置于GAP启动子调控下 ,构建胞内组成型表达质粒 ,并电转化至毕赤酵母菌株GS115。经Zeocin抗性和培养筛选到一株高产SAM的重组菌。对重组菌表达工艺的研究表明 ,碳源、氮源、pH和溶解氧对SAM的累积有较大影响。在优化条件下 ,重组细胞培养 3天 ,SAM累积量可达 2 .49g/L。     

同时利用AOX1和GAP启动子表达SAM合成酶促进重组毕赤酵母中S-腺苷甲硫氨酸积累

利用重组毕赤酵母(Richia pastoris)强化表达S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenvylmethionine,SAM)合成酶(SAM synthetase,SAMS),发酵生产SAM时,胞内SAMS活性和ATP水平是影响SAM合成的重要因素.为了同时保持较高的SAMS活性和ATP供应,我们构建了一株既含有AOX1诱导型表达单元,又含有GAP组成型表达单元的双SAMS表达单元P.pastoris重组菌株Gd.它既能受甲醇调控表达SAMS,又能以甘油为碳源表达SAMS.在培养过程中,先是以甲醇诱导SAMS表达,得到较高的酶活,然后在发酵中后期再将碳源换为甘油.这样不但可以维持较高的酶活,而且可以提高胞内ATP含量.实验结果显示,对于同时利用AOX1和GAP启动子表达SAMS的重组菌,可采取甲醇和甘油两阶段补料,该重组菌的SAMS比产率高于组成型重组茵Xg,Gd进入甘油补料期后胞内ATP含量高于诱导型重组菌Ga.双表达单元菌株Gd的SAM产量达到1.41 g/L,比诱导型表达SAMS的重组菌株提高了76.3%,比组成型表达SAMS的重组菌株提高了60.2%,.     

以糙米为原料流加L-蛋氨酸的S-腺苷蛋氨酸发酵优化

研究了S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)高产菌啤酒酵母S-W55的廉价培养基及分批补料发酵过程优化.对啤酒酵母S-W55生长和SAM产量影响最为重要的糙米水解糖和酵母粉进行了响应面优化,得到了最优化的配方为糙米水解糖51.4g/L、酵母粉4.74g/L,此条件下啤酒酵母S-W55的SAM产量达2.61 g/L.不同分批补料发酵...     

阻断消耗途径提高毕赤酵母工程菌S-腺苷甲硫氨酸产量

【背景】S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methionine, SAM)作为所有生物体内的重要中间代谢物,不仅可作为膳食补充剂,还具有良好的临床应用价值。【目的】将毕赤酵母重组菌GS115/DS16的SAM消耗途径阻断,进一步提高SAM的产量。【方法】分别敲除毕赤酵母重组菌GS115/DS16的S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶基因sah1、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因spe2和L-甲硫氨酰tRNA合酶基因msm1,构建工程菌G/Dsah、G/Dspe和G/Dmsm。检测3个工程菌的生长和SAM产量,以及L-Met添加量对SAM积累的影响。【结果】与出发菌GS115/DS16相比,工程菌G/Dsah、G/Dspe和G/Dmsm的单位菌体SAM产量分别提高了29.3%、55.6%和24.8%,其生长无显著差异。L-Met添加量优化后(0.06%),G/Dsah和G/Dmsm单位菌体的SAM产量分别提高了26.4%和28.9%。【结论】构建的毕赤酵母工程菌可用于SAM的工业化生产,该代谢工程策略可用于改进其他化学品的生产。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.