杏仁体影响兔内膝体双耳神经元的声反应

实验在２３只三碘季胺酚麻痹的新西兰兔上进行。采用记录单个神经元放电的方法,观察了刺激杏仁体对内膝体（ｍｅｄｉａｌｇｅｎｉｃｕｌａｔｅｂｏｄｙ,ＭＧＢ）６５个双耳神经元声反应的影响。实验结果表明：杏仁刺激对其中２１个神经元的活动产生抑制性影响（占３２．３％）。刺激杏仁外侧核或基底核,既能抑制内膝体神经元对单侧耳声刺激的反应,也可抑制该神经元对双耳声刺激的反应。杏仁体所产生的这种抑制性影响的潜伏期最短为２ｍｓ,表明是经由杏仁－内膝体单突触联系。一般认为,接受双耳信息的神经元与声源定位有关,因此可以推测杏仁体的活动可以干预动物对声源的定位。     

GABA参与兔杏仁体抑制内膝体神经元电活动

本文采用多管微电极胞外记录技术观察了短纯音引起兔内膝神经元的声反应及刺激杏仁体对声反应的影响,并在此基础上观察电泳ＧＡＢＡ及其拮抗剂Ｂｉｃｕｃｕｌｌｉｎｅ的效应。实验结果表明：ＧＡＢＡ可以抑制ＭＧＢ神经元的声反应及自发放电活动,而ＧＡＢＡＡ拮抗剂Ｂｉｃｕｃｕｌｌｉｎｅ的作用则相反;电泳ＧＡＢＡ对ＭＧＢ神经元产生同刺激杏仁体一样的抑制产应,并且这种影响可被Ｂｉｃｕｃｕｌｌｉｎｅ翻转;嗅鼻沟后缘听区农     

刺激大鼠杏仁外侧核对皮层AⅠ区ON-OFF神经元反应及调谐曲线的影响

在30只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的SD大鼠上记录神经元单位放电,观察短纯音诱发的皮层AI区神经元ON－OFF反应的特性及电刺激杏仁外侧核（lateral amygdaloid nucleus,LA)对ON－OFF反应以及调谐曲线的影响。实验证实,AI区神经元ON－OFF反应的模式与纯音刺激的强度、频率及作用时程有关;刺激LA可以抑制ON－OFF反应的放电频数,使反应的阈值升高,或使反应放电构型发生变化;此外,刺激LA能使ON－OFF神经元的调谐曲线变窄,Q10数值增大。研究结果不仅表明ON－OFF神经元能对纯音刺激的时程、强度和频率等多种信息进行编码,而且还证明杏仁外侧核可以在皮层水平参与听觉信息的调制,削弱或衰减某些听觉信息,导致整个调谐曲线上移变窄,从而提高AI区ON－OFF神经元的频率选择性能,有利于检测外界嘈杂环境中特定的听觉信息。     

刺激大鼠杏仁外侧核对皮层A Ⅰ区ON-OFF神经元反应及调谐曲线的影响

在30只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的SD大鼠上记录神经元单位放电,观察短纯音诱发的皮层A Ⅰ区神经元ON-OFF反应的特性及电刺激杏仁外侧核(lateral amygdaloid nucleus,LA)对ON-OFF反应以及调谐曲线的影响.实验证实,A Ⅰ区神经元ON-OFF反应的模式与纯音刺激的强度、频率及作用时程有关;刺激LA可以抑制ON-OFF反应的放电频数,使反应的阈值升高,或使反应放电构型发生变化;此外,刺激LA能使ON-OFF神经元的调谐曲线变窄,Q10数值增大.研究结果不仅表明ON-OFF神经元能对纯音刺激的时程、强度和频率等多种信息进行编码,而且还证明杏仁外侧核可以在皮层水平参与听觉信息的调制,削弱或衰减某些听觉信息,导致整个调谐曲线上移变窄,从而提高A Ⅰ区ON-OFF神经元的频率选择性能,有利于检测外界嘈杂环境中特定的听觉信息.     

刺激杏仁基底外侧核对外侧缰核神经元单位放电的影响

用玻璃微电极细胞外记录大鼠外侧缰核(LHN)神经元的单位放电。共记录了110个神经元。其中痛兴奋神经元(LHPE)75个;痛抑制神经元(LHPI)11个;广动力型神经元2个;无反应神经元17个;此外还有5个对躯体与内脏伤害性刺激反应不同的神经元。电刺激杏仁基底外侧核(以下简称杏仁核,AMG)对LHPE和LHPI的自发放电主要产生抑制作用,分别占总数的81.1％和72.7％,并抑制其对伤害性刺激的反应;对无反应神经元和广动力型神经元无明显影响。AMG内微量注射吗啡能抑制LHPE的伤害性刺激反应,但对其自发放电无明显影响。微量注射纳洛酮则可增加LHPE的自发放电频率,并加强其对伤害性刺激的反应。注射纳洛酮还可以取消电针对LHPE的伤害性刺激反应的抑制作用。     

GABA介导杏仁外侧核对皮层A Ⅰ区神经元声反应的抑制:在体微电泳研究

在SD大鼠上应用多顺利完成微电极方法,观察微电泳CABA及其受体的拮抗剂或激动剂对杏仁外侧核（LA）抑制皮层AⅠ神经元声反应效应的影响。结果显示,电泳GABA能抑制皮层AⅠ区神经元的电活动,电泳GABAA受体拮抗剂bicuculline（BIC）则能易化其反应;电刺激LA能抑制皮层AⅠ区听神经元声反应,电泳GABA产生类拟于刺激LA的抑制效应;LA对皮层AⅠ区神经的抑制效应能被BIC所翻转,而不能被什氨酸受体拮抗剂strychnine所翻转,电泳GABAB型受体例激动剂baclofen对神经元声反应无影响。上术结果表明,GABA可能是介民LA抑制皮层AⅠ区神经元声反应的最终递质,并且是通过GABAA受体作用的。     

睡眠过程中内膝体神经元的听反应后抑制

内侧膝状体神经元接受来自离皮层系统的兴奋和抑制两种神经调节．听觉刺激诱发的内膝体神经元起始反应后会伴随着一段长时抑制．在可自由活动的大鼠上研究了内膝体神经元的听反应后抑制现象．利用植入电极阵列技术,记录了大鼠在睡眠过程中的脑电、肌电以及内膝体神经元胞外放电活动,发现在睡眠的快速眼动时期和非快速眼动时期内膝体神经元存在着听反应后抑制现象,并发现这种抑制更多地出现在非快速眼动睡眠期．在睡眠过程中,丘脑网状核听觉分区的失活会导致内膝体神经元的听反应后抑制消失或减弱．因此,我们推测丘脑网状核神经元参与了内膝体神经元在睡眠中的听反应后抑制,它在非快速眼动睡眠中对内膝体施加了更强的抑制作用．     

刺激兔下丘脑室旁核诱发的心律失常与增压反应

在60只局麻与肌松剂制动的家兔,观察到用0.1—0.4mA,50Hz,1ms 的方波电刺激下丘脑室旁核(PV)能诱发频发性心律失常(包括室性与室上性期前收缩)及显著的动脉血压升高。与同侧的下丘脑外侧区(LHA)及腹内侧核(VMH)相比,刺激PV诱发期前收缩的次数更为频繁,增压反应幅度较大,且所需阈值亦较低。较低强度刺激LHA 在部分兔能引起血压下降与心率减慢,而PV 则一致地诱发增压反应。电刺激腓深神经能抑制刺激PV诱发的期前收缩,但在中脑中央灰质微量注射吗啡或电解毁损只能完全阻断刺激VMH诱发的期前收缩,而不能完全阻断PV诱发的期前收缩。这些结果提示,PV是下丘脑中诱发心律失常与血压增高的高反应区之一,并且可能具有不同于LHA或VMH的神经机制或下行神经通路。     

刺激兔面神经核背内侧区对孤束核腹外侧亚核呼吸相关神经元的影响

本工作在氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉、断双侧颈迷走神经、肌松、人工呼吸的家兔上,观察了长短串电脉冲刺激面神经核背内侧区(DMNF)对孤束核腹外侧亚核(VLNTS)呼吸相关神经元(RRU)的影响。实验结果:当电刺激 DMNF 时,吸气性神经元(64.4%)放电频率增加,放电时程延长,并以递增性吸气神经元被兴奋的数量最多。呼气性神经元(35%)表现为放电停止和放电频率减少,以递减性呼气神经元被抑制的数量最多。左右两侧 VLNTS 呼吸相关神经元对电刺激 DMNF 的反应无显著性差异,P>0.05。结果提示:DMNF 兴奋可以易化 VLNTS 吸气性神经元,抑制呼气性神经元。两者之间的功能及结构联系是一个值得注意的问题。     

The synaptic organization in the medial geniculate body of afferent fibres ascending from the inferior colliculus

Summary The ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body has been examined electron microscopically 2–5 days after destruction of the inferior colliculus. In both the ipsi- and contralateral ventral nuclei, degenerating collicular afferents are of medium diameter (1–5 ) and their degenerating terminals are distributed mainly to synaptic aggregations (glomeruli) in which they end axo-axonically and axo-dendritically. Their distribution and mode of termination indicates that these terminals belong to a class which in normal material is large, contains round synaptic vesicles and ends by means of asymmetrical synaptic complexes upon dendrites and upon the second (pale) type of glomerular terminal. It also ends by means of adhesion plaques on the same dendrites.As the terminals of corticothalamic afferents to the nucleus are already known, only the origin of two types remains to be determined: the pale terminals, which arise from structures resembling dendrites and which end only axo-dendritically, and a small, less common terminal which ends axo-axonically, axo-dendritically and axo-somatically. Both types contain flattened synaptic vesicles and end by means of symmetrical synaptic complexes.Correlative Nauta and Golgi studies suggest that the collicular afferents have a very specific spatial distribution within the cellular laminae composing the ventral nucleus.The terminal degeneration commences as a neurofilamentous hyperplasia and quickly passes to one of increased electron density. There is evidence for early removal of degenerating terminals from the postsynaptic membrane.This work was supported by a grant from the Bank of New Zealand Medical Research Fund.We are indebted to Professor J. A. R. Miles for use of the electron microscope.     

大鼠出生后内侧膝状体腹侧部神经元电生理和形态学特性的发育变化

本实验采用脑片膜片钳全细胞记录和生物胞素(biocytin)组化染色相结合的技术,研究出生后(postnatalday,P)3~30日龄大鼠(P3~30)内侧膝状体腹侧部(ventralpartitionofmedialgeniculatebody,MGBv)神经元的电生理和形态学特性的发育变化。结果显示:(1)在P3~30的发育过程中,MGBv神经元的静息膜电位自?40mV降至?67mV(P<0.01);输入阻抗由1832M?降至806M?(P<0.01);时间常数由2.55ms降至0.96ms(P<0.01)。同时,动作电位的幅度、阈值和时程也表现出显著差异(P<0.01);(2)K+通道阻断剂4-AP使P6的MGBv神经元诱发动作电位数目减少,幅度降低,时程变宽,并使P16的动作电位幅度逐渐降低至去极化脉冲终末达到平台电位,而Ca2+通道阻断剂CdCl2仅引起P16的MGBv神经元动作电位的幅度降低,时程延长;(3)在用biocytin标记的MGBv神经元观察到,幼稚MGBv蓬丛样神经元(tuftedneuron)胞体呈圆形或椭圆形,而随着出生后日龄的增长,胞体逐渐变成梭形。轴突出现较早,树突的发育相对较晚,但其发育变化更为显著和复杂。以上结果提示,大鼠出生后MGBv神经元电生理和形态学特性仍有显著的发育变化,且两者明显相关。     

Flexible inhibitory control of visually evoked defensive behavior by the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus

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噪声和二硫化碳对大鼠外膝体神经元光反应的影响及其联合效应

目的：观察噪声或二硫化碳（CS2）暴露对大鼠外侧膝状体（LGB）神经元光反应的影响及二者的联合效应。方法：脉冲噪声刺激和光栅刺激由计算机控制输出,CS2通过皮下注射,运用电生理学方法记录LGB神经元电活动。结果：噪声暴露后有21％的神经元光反应被抑制,当噪声持续时,抑制程度有增强的趋势,呈现出剂量效应关系。不同剂量的CS2暴露,神经元受到不同程度的抑制,亦呈剂量一效应关系。噪声和CS2同时作用时,呈一定的协同作用。结论：噪声或者CS2的单独作用可明显抑制外膝体神经元的光反应,在共同作用时存在联合效应,主要表现为协同效应。     

Synaptic patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey

Summary Synaptic junctions are found in all parts of the nucleus, being almost as densely distributed between cell laminae as within these laminae.In addition to the six classical cell laminae, two thin intercalated laminae have been found which lie on each side of lamina 1. These laminae contain small neurons embedded in a zone of small neural processes and many axo-axonal synapses occur there.Three types of axon form synapses in all cell laminae and have been called RLP, RSD and F axons. RLP axons have large terminals which contain loosely packed round synaptic vesicles, RSD axons have small terminals which contain closely packed round vesicles and F axons have terminals intermediate in size containing many flattened vesicles.RLP axons are identified as retinogeniculate fibers. Their terminals are confined to the cell laminae, where they form filamentous contacts upon large dendrites and asymmetrical regular synaptic contacts (with a thin postsynaptic opacity) upon large dendrites and F axons. RSD axons terminate within the cellular laminae and also between them. They form asymmetrical regular synaptic contacts on small dendrites and on F axons. F axons, which also occur throughout the nucleus, form symmetrical regular contacts upon all portions of the geniculate neurons and with other F axons. At axo-axonal junctions the F axon is always postsynaptic.Supported by Grant R 01 NB 06662 from the USPHS and by funds of the Neurological Sciences Group of the Medical Research Council of Canada. Most of the observations were made while R. W. Guillery was a visiting professor in the Department of Physiology at the University of Montreal. We thank the Department of Physiology for their support and Mr. K. Watkins, Mrs. E. Langer and Mrs. B. Yelk for their skillful technical assistance.     

Responses of caudate neurons to direct electrical stimulation of the medial geniculate body in cats

Activity of 124 neurons of the caudate nucleus during stimulation of the medial geniculate by infrequent (0.5 Hz) square electrical stimuli 0.3 msec in duration and ranging in intensity from 50 µA to 1 mA was investigated extracellularly in chronic experiments on cats. Responses were recorded from 54 neurons (43%). The main types of neuronal responses were phasic activation in the form of a single spike or spike discharge, initial activation followed by inhibition, and primary inhibition of unit activity. Responses of excitatory character predominated (81% of all responses). Their latent period varied in different neurons from 2.7 to 64 msec. Latent periods of responses of the same neuron always showed great variability, so that all the responses recorded could be considered to be orthodromic. The mode of the histogram of latent periods of excitatory responses lay between 9 and 12 msec. The latent period of the inhibitory response varied from 12 to 130 msec, and in most neurons with this type of response it was 40–60 msec. An increase in the strength of stimulation was accompanied by an increase in the regularity of the responses, an increase in the number of spikes in them, and shortening of their latent period. The character and structure of the response of the same caudate neuron to stimulation of the medial geniculate body and to presentation of clicks were usually identical. The latent period of responses to clicks was longer. The particular features of the functional connection of the medial geniculate body with the caudate nucleus as a polymodal nonspecific structure of the forebrain are discussed.     

双眼和单眼视觉剥夺猫外膝体细胞的图形适应

为测定丘脑外膝体细胞的图形适应是否依赖于早期视觉经验,在细胞外记录了双眼和单眼缝合的猫外膝体中断细胞对手工时间运动光栅刺激的反应。在双眼剥夺猫,占６８％的记录到的细胞在３０ｓ内反应下降到稳定值,其平均反应值下降３３％,适应程度较正常猫显著。在单眼剥夺猫,记录到的剥夺眼驱动的和非剥夺眼驱动的细胞中,分别有占５３％和４４％的细胞显示图形适应,两者差别不大。研究表明,早期视剥夺能增强或保持图形适应,提示     

损毁大鼠杏仁中央核对不同味觉溶液摄入的影响

目的:研究大鼠杏仁中央核在味觉欣快感受中的作用,以探讨其在味觉指导下进行摄食行为调节的可能机制.方法:采用双瓶选择实验(味觉溶液vs水),观察电解损毁大鼠双侧CeA后对四种基本味觉溶液摄入的影响.结果:与对照组相比,CeA损毁明显降低了大鼠对0.03、0.1和0.3 mol/L氯化钠溶液,0.01、0.1和1.0 mmol/L柠檬酸溶液及10、20和50 μmol/L盐酸奎宁溶液的摄入,且其对相邻浓度的氯化钠、柠檬酸和盐酸奎宁的分辨能力也明显降低.但两组动物总的摄入量(味觉溶液和水)在各组实验中均无显著性差异.结论:CeA损毁可降低大鼠对味觉溶液的摄入,但对不同浓度溶液的影响不同.结果提示CeA可能通过影响中枢味觉评估机制,改变大鼠对不同味觉刺激的欣快阈值,从而参与摄食行为的调控.