金钱豹和猪獾冠状动脉的解剖

为了阐明金钱豹(Panthera pardus)和猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)心冠状动脉的分支分布特征及血供情况,为心脏生物学及动物学研究提供结构基础资料,利用血管铸型和组织透明方法观察研究了金钱豹与猪獾心左、右冠状动脉的分支分布.结果表明,金钱豹和猪獾的心均由左右冠状动脉营养.金钱豹左冠状动脉分为室间隔支、前降支和旋支.前降支又分出左室上支、左室中支和左室下支.右冠状动脉沿途分出右室前支、右室后下支和右室后上支.猪獾左冠状动脉分为前降支和旋支.前降支又分出室间隔支和左室前支,旋支又分出左缘支和左室后支.其右冠状动脉沿途分出右室前支、右缘支和右室后支.金钱豹和猪獾心的室间隔均由发自左冠状动脉的独立的室间隔支营养,二者左右冠状动脉在膈壁的分布属于均衡型.     

Systematisation of the arteries in the splenic hilus

156 abdominal preparations were explored by arteriography, corrosion and dissection. Within the meanders of the splenic artery a basic pattern can be traced. The division of the artery can easily be summarized by introducing the term of a truncus lienogastroepiploicus. The short gastric arteries are always present, and usually they are longer and more important than may appear from their name. In nearly half of the preparations (52%) an artery for the extremitas lienalis posterior is found; an artery for the extremitas lienalis anterior is very exceptional. A posterior gastric artery can be identified (36%) but it must be distinguished from several other vessels. The arteria colli pancreatis (for the neck of the pancreas) is a constant vessel that may have a superior (usually arteria lienalis) or an inferior origin (arteria mesenterica superior). It commonly supplies the transverse pancreatic artery and often the prepancreatic arcade. The arteria corporis pancreatis, too, is a constant artery. The pancreatic tail is thoroughly irrigated by usually more than one arteria caudae pancreatis. An important part of the greater curvature is not accompanied by the left gastroepiploic artery, but is supplied by the arteriae gastricae breves.     

Accessory arteries supplying the human transverse colon

An accessory colic artery which arose from the superior mesenteric artery more proximally than the first jejunal artery and met the marginal artery at the splenic flexure was observed in 32 of 65 subjects (49.2%). Considering its constant morphological features, this accessory colic artery was given the new nomenclature 'superior left colic artery (arteria colica sinistra superior; CSS)'. The unusual middle colic artery arising from the celiac trunk was supposed to be caused by the anastomosis between the dorsal pancreatic artery from the CSS and that from the celiac trunk. An additional epiploic branch derived from the pancreatic branch (posterior epiploic branch) also sent an accessory colic artery in 2 subjects. But judging from its origin and area of distribution which overlaps with that of the middle colic artery, this accessory colic artery is not equivalent to CSS.     

Anatomical variations of the cystic artery

Thorough knowledge about the origin of the cystic artery is surgically important, especially when intraoperative or post-operative bleeding occurs in the gallbladder fossa. The arterial supply of the gallbladder was studied in 81 livers. The gallbladder was supplied by one cystic artery in 86% and by two arteries in 14% of cases. When a single artery was present, it originated from the right hepatic artery in 53% of livers. Other origins included the anterior or the posterior sectional hepatic artery, the replacing right hepatic artery, and in 5% of cases, segmental arteries for segments 4, 5, 6 and 8. When two cystic arteries supplied the gallbladder, both most commonly originated from the right hepatic artery (7% incidence). In 1% of cases, a subsegmental branch for segment 6 and a subsegmental branch for segment 5 respectively, originated from the cystic artery.     

New buccinator myomucosal island flap: anatomic study and clinical application

The authors studied the vascular anatomy of the buccinator muscle by dissecting fresh cadavers. The anatomy of the buccal branches of the facial artery consistently confirmed the existence of a posterior buccal branch, a few inferior buccal branches, and anterior buccal branches to the posterior, inferior, and anterior portions of the buccinator. The buccal artery and posterior buccal branch anastomose to each other and ramify over the muscle. Several veins originate from the lateral aspect of the muscle, converge into the buccal venous plexus, and drain into the facial vein (from two to four tributaries) or into the pterygoid plexus and the internal maxillary vein (from the buccal vein). These vessels and nerves enter the posterior half of the buccinator posterolaterally. The facial artery and vein are located at variable distances from each other around the oral commissure and the nasal base. Two patterns of buccinator musculomucosal island flaps supplied by these buccal arterial branches are proposed in this article. The buccal musculomucosal neurovascular island flap (posteriorly based), supplied by the buccal artery, its posterior buccal branch, and the long buccal nerve, can be passed through a tunnel under the pterygomandibular ligament for closure of mucosal defects in the palate, pharyngeal sites, the alveolus, and the floor of the mouth. The buccal musculomucosal reversed-flow arterial island flap (superiorly based), supplied by the distal portion of the facial artery through the anterior buccal branches, can be used to close mucosal defects in the anterior hard palate, alveolus, maxillary antrum, nasal floor and septum, lip, and orbit. The authors have used the flaps in 12 patients. There has been no flap necrosis, and results have been satisfactory, both aesthetically and functionally.     

Arterial supply of the choriocapillaris of anuran amphibians (Rana temporaria,Rana esculenta)

Summary The pattern of the vascular supply to the choroid of the frog eye was studied in toto with the use of the injection-replication-SEM technique. The choroid of anuran amphibians is composed mainly of the choriocapillaris. In both species studied (Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta), an independent arterial supply to the choriocapillaris supplemented that from the ciliary arteries. This additional vascular route arises from the optic artery, a separate branch of the arteria infundibularis superficialis. The optic artery, accompanied by its vein within the vascular sheath of the optic nerve, joins the rich arterial capillary network of the choriocapillaris and supplies the posterior pole of the ocular bulb. The superficial capillary network displays a dense collar around the entrance of the optic nerve into the eye and is composed of a circular meshwork of small capillaries, several layers deep. More peripherally, however, it becomes single layered. This capillary network, as a whole, establishes numerous connections with the adjacent choriocapillaris at the posterior pole of the ocular bulb. In anuran amphibians the complex arrangement of both arterial systems supporting the choriocapillaris may be regarded as a more complete equivalent of the short posterior ciliary arteries of mammals.     

Neuropeptides as central integrators of autonomic nerve activity: effects of TRH, SRIF, VIP and bombesin on gastric and adrenal nerves

The nerve activity of the gastric ramus of the splanchnic (sympathetic) nerve, gastric ramus of the vagus, adrenal ramus of the splanchnic nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve (laryngeal ramus of vagus) were assessed before and after i.c.v. injection of neuropeptides in the rat. TRH stimulated the vagal branch but attenuated the sympathetic outflow to the stomach. In contrast, the sympathetic outflow to the adrenal was enhanced by TRH. SRIF suppressed the activity of all the nerves studied. VIP did not affect the sympathetic outflow to the stomach while suppressing the gastric branch of the vagus. The adrenal sympathetic branch as well as the superior laryngeal nerve was stimulated by VIP. Bombesin suppressed both vagal and sympathetic outflow to the stomach but markedly stimulated the laryngeal branch of the vagus. The adrenal sympathetic nerve was either stimulated or attenuated slightly by bombesin. These results indicate that centrally administered neuropeptides produce reactions specific for each nerve.     

Identifying the Source of a Humoral Factor of Remote (Pre)Conditioning Cardioprotection

Signalling pathways underlying the phenomenon of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RPc) cardioprotection are not completely understood. The existing evidence agrees that intact sensory innervation of the remote tissue/organ is required for the release into the systemic circulation of preconditioning factor(s) capable of protecting a transplanted or isolated heart. However, the source and molecular identities of these factors remain unknown. Since the efficacy of RPc cardioprotection is critically dependent upon vagal activity and muscarinic mechanisms, we hypothesized that the humoral RPc factor is produced by the internal organ(s), which receive rich parasympathetic innervation. In a rat model of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury we determined the efficacy of limb RPc in establishing cardioprotection after denervation of various visceral organs by sectioning celiac, hepatic, anterior and posterior gastric branches of the vagus nerve. Electrical stimulation was applied to individually sectioned branches to determine whether enhanced vagal input to a particular target area is sufficient to establish cardioprotection. It was found that RPc cardioprotection is abolished in conditions of either total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, gastric vagotomy or sectioning of the posterior gastric branch. The efficacy of RPc cardioprotection was preserved when hepatic, celiac or anterior gastric vagal branches were cut. In the absence of remote ischaemia/reperfusion, electrical stimulation of the posterior gastric branch reduced infarct size, mimicking the effect of RPc. These data suggest that the circulating factor (or factors) of RPc are produced and released into the systemic circulation by the visceral organ(s) innervated by the posterior gastric branch of the vagus nerve.     

环颈雉胃的血供

用血管铸型法和大体解剖学方法对环颈雉胃动脉的起源、分布及胃静脉的回流情况进行了解剖学研究。结果表明,环颈雉的胃动脉均由腹腔动脉分出;腺胃由腺胃背侧动脉和腺胃腹侧动脉营养,腺胃背侧动脉直接起自腹腔动态的左侧,腺胃腹侧动脉起自腹腔动脉左支。腺胃血液的静脉有腺胃前静脉和腺胃后静脉,分别汇入后腔静脉和左肝门静脉。肌胃由肌胃左动脉、肌胃右动脉和肌胃背侧动脉营养,肌胃左动脉起自腹腔动脉的左支;肌胃右动脉起自腹腔动脉的右支;肌胃背侧动脉从腺胃背动脉分支而来。回流肌胃血液的静脉有胃右静脉、胃左静脉和胃腹侧静脉;胃右静脉汇入右肝门静脉,胃左静脉和胃腹侧静脉汇入左肝门静脉。另外腺胃和肌胃的表面缺乏主干动脉间的吻合。     

The bipedicled osteocutaneous scapula flap: a new subscapular system free flap

Thirty-six adult dissections (14 cadaver and 22 operative) demonstrate the constant presence of the angular branch of the thoracodorsal artery as a vascular pedicle to the inferior pole of the scapula. This vessel originated in all cases just proximal or distal to the serratus branch of the thoracodorsal artery and arborized to the periosteum 6 to 9 cm from the bony branch of the circumflex scapular artery. In eight patients, scapular osteocutaneous flaps were raised preserving the angular branch and the circumflex scapular artery and dissecting up to the subscapular vessels. In all cases, bone was independently perfused by the angular branch. In all six cases where the angular branch was the sole supply to bone, technetium-99m scans demonstrated perfusion. Addition of this vascular pedicle to scapula bone allows two separate bone flaps with one microanastomosis and provides a longer arc of rotation between skin supplied by the circumflex scapular artery and bone. Donor-site morbidity was no greater than with the standard scapula flap.     

Drosophila tudor is essential for polar granule assembly and pole cell specification, but not for posterior patterning

Pole cells and posterior segmentation in Drosophila are specified by maternally encoded genes whose products accumulate at the posterior pole of the oocyte. Among these genes is tudor (tud). Progeny of hypomorphic tud mothers lack pole cells and have variable posterior patterning defects. We have isolated a null allele to further investigate tud function. While no pole cells are ever observed in embryos from tud-null mothers, 15% of these embryos have normal posterior patterning. OSKAR (OSK) and VASA (VAS) proteins, and nanos (nos) RNA, all initially localize to the pole plasm of tud-null oocytes and embryos from tud-null mothers, while localization of germ cell-less (gcl) and polar granule component (pgc), is undetectable or severely reduced. In embryos from tud-null mothers, polar granules are greatly reduced in number, size, and electron density. Thus, tud is dispensable for somatic patterning, but essential for pole cell specification and polar granule formation.     

Distally based anterolateral thigh flap: an anatomic and clinical study

The distally based anterolateral thigh flap has been used for coverage of soft-tissue defects of the knee and upper third of the leg. This flap is based on the septocutaneous or musculocutaneous perforators derived from the lateral circumflex femoral system. The purpose of this study was to examine the results of anatomical variations of the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and the retrograde blood pressure of the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery so that the surgical technique for raising and transferring a distally based anterolateral thigh flap to the knee region could be improved. The authors have actually used this flap in three cases. In 11 thighs of six cadavers, the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery had a rather consistent connection with the lateral superior genicular artery or profunda femoral artery in the knee region. The pivot point, located at the distal portion of the vastus lateralis muscle, ranges from 3 to 10 cm above the knee. In their three cases, the maximal flap size was 7.0 x 16.0 cm and was harvested safely, without marginal necrosis. The mean pedicle length was 15.2 +/- 0.7 cm (range, 14.5 to 16 cm). The average proximal and distal retrograde blood pressure of the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery was also studied in another 11 patients, and the anterolateral thigh flap being used for reconstruction of head and neck defects showed 58.3 and 77.7 percent of proximal antegrade blood pressure, respectively. The advantages of this flap include a long pedicle length, a sufficient tissue supply, possible combination with fascia lata for tendon reconstruction, and favorable donor-site selection, without sacrifice of major vessels or muscles.     

Various forms of the celiac trunk and its anastomoses with the superior mesenteric artery]

Three rare varieties of upper abdominal arteries were compared with similar cases in the anatomical literature. An attempt was made to obtain a classification of the supernumerary branches of the celiac trunk and of the anastomoses between the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. One or more supernumerary branches of the celiac artery can be observed: (1) the superior mesenteric artery; (2) an accessory hepatic artery; (3) a posterior pancreatic artery; (4) a colic artery; (5) an accessory splenic artery; (6) a connecting branch to the superior mesenteric artery, and (7) an inferior phrenic artery. The following types of anastomoses between the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery can be distinguished: (1) direct connection; (2) anastomoses within the hepatic artery; (3) anatomoses following pre- or postnatal stenosis, and (4) the pancreatic arcades. For the first type the theory of TANDLER (longitudinal anastomosis) is abandoned. The development of the second type is as yet unresolved. In the case of the last two types a postembryonal formation is possible.     

Light microscopic study of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) spleen with special reference to vascular architecture

The spleen of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) was studied histologically. The alligator spleen is a bean-shaped organ covered by a thick capsule. The concave side of the spleen faces the pancreas. Many venous vessels are present in the capsule. The stem segment of a large intestinal artery, the lieno-intestinal artery, enters the organ from its upper pole, runs within the organ at the axial center (axial artery) and leaves it from the lower pole. Many peripheral branches originate from the axial artery towards the capsule, but the artery has no associated collateral veins. The capsule/trabecula and white and red pulp may be distinguished. The capsular veins appear to be continuous with venous vessels that sheathe the axial artery and its peripheral branches. Surrounding the axial artery are trabeculae containing leiomyocytes and nerves. The white pulp consists of lymphoid tissue and occurs around terminal arterioles and sheathed capillaries. The materials examined do not show germinal centers. The large red pulp is composed of venous vessels and splenic cords rich in reticular fibers. Two venous routes, hilar and capsular, are present. The structural characteristics of the alligator spleen are similar to spleens of other reptiles; however, its vascular architecture is primitive, suggesting that the alligator spleen may be a portal spleen. J Morphol 233:43–52, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The blood supply of the reverse temporalis muscle flap: anatomic study and clinical implications

Although the reverse temporalis muscle flap has been used clinically, the exact vascular connection between the superficial and deep temporal vessels has not been clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vascular territory of the reverse temporalis muscle supplied by the superficial temporal vessels. Six cadaver heads were studied using a colored lead oxide injection through the superficial temporal artery. The specimens were examined macroscopically and radiographically. The reverse temporalis muscle flap was then applied to a clinical case presenting with traumatic anterior skull base defect communicating with the nasal cavity. The cadaver specimens demonstrated that the superficial temporal artery formed an average 1.3 +/- 0.2 cm in width of dense vascular zone, which was located within 1.8 cm below the superior temporal line. The dense vascular network further perfused the anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries and the muscular branch of the middle temporal artery to supply the temporalis muscle. The mean perfused area of the temporalis muscle was 83 percent, ranging from 79 to 89 percent, in five cadaver heads. One cadaver revealed only 55 percent of perfused area in the absence of the muscular branch of the middle temporal artery. The consistent area without perfusion was located in the distal third of the posterior portion of the reverse temporalis muscle. In clinical cases, the reverse temporalis muscle flap was used successfully to obliterate the anterior skull base defect without evidence of muscle flap necrosis. The exact blood supply to the distal third of the posterior portion of the reverse temporalis muscle flap needs to be investigated further in vivo. Particular attention was paid to the inclusion of the muscular branch of the middle temporal artery in this flap to augment the blood supply to the temporalis muscle.     

Cadaveric study of the arterial anatomy of the upper lip

Arterial distribution of the upper lip was investigated in this study. The location, course, length, and diameter of the superior labial artery and its alar and septal branches were determined on 14 preserved cadaver heads. Another cadaver head was used to show the arterial tree by the colored silicone injection technique. The superior labial artery was the main artery of the upper lip and always originated from the facial artery. The superior labial artery was 45.4 mm in length, with a range from 29 to 85 mm. The mean distance of the origin of the superior labial artery from the labial commissura was 12.1 mm. The superior labial artery was 1.3 mm in external diameter at its origin. The mean distance of origin of the superior labial artery from the lower border of the mandible was 46.4 mm. The alar division of the superior labial artery was mostly found as a single branch (82 percent). Its mean length was 14.8 mm and the mean diameter at the origin was 0.5 mm. The distance between the origins of the superior labial artery and the septal branch was 33.3 mm. The septal branch was single in most of the cases (90 percent). The mean length of the septal branch was 18.0 mm and the diameter at its origin was 0.9 mm. After all dissections, it was concluded that the arterial distribution of the upper lip was not constant. The superior labial artery can occur in different locations unilaterally and bilaterally, with the branches showing variability.     

The dorsal arterial network of the wrist with reference to the blood supply of the carpal bones.

The gross examination of 50 minium injected specimens showed us the various patterns of the posterior arterial network of the wrist. This is chiefly provided by the radial artery which gives off a constant dorsal carpal branch over the posterior aspect of the trapezium. This vessel crosses the carpus transversely to the inner border of the hand and is joined in half of the cases by the interosseous artery; contribution of the posterior carpal branch of the ulnar artery was more rarely found than usually described (25%). From the arch thus formed are given off short branches which run upwards along the intercarpal joints and enter the posterior aspects of the proximal carpal bones whose lower halves seem to be the most favorably supplied. On the contrary, the distal carpal bones receive several short twigs which penetrate their posterior surfaces. Although the arrangement of the pedicles may undergo many a variation, attention must be drawn to the fact that the dorsal arteries are smaller but denser than the volar, except for the hamate. Therefore 2 different patterns of arterial supply can be described at the carpus: the blood supply of the outer and axial bones--scaphoid, trapezium, lunate, capitate--derives from the radial and the interosseous arteries and is probably shared equally by volar and dorsal branches; the inner bones--triquetrum, hamate--are primarily supplied by volar or medial branches coming almost exclusively from the ulnar artery.     

On the vagal cardiac nerves,with special reference to the early evolution of the head–trunk interface

The vagus nerve, or the tenth cranial nerve, innervates the heart in addition to other visceral organs, including the posterior visceral arches. In amniotes, the anterior and posterior cardiac branches arise from the branchial and intestinal portions of the vagus nerve to innervate the arterial and venous poles of the heart, respectively. The evolution of this innervation pattern has yet to be elucidated, due mainly to the lack of morphological data on the vagus in basal vertebrates. To investigate this topic, we observed the vagus nerves of the lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum), elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), and mouse (Mus musculus), focusing on the embryonic patterns of the vagal branches in the venous pole. In the lamprey, no vagus branch was found in the venous pole throughout development, whereas the arterial pole was innervated by a branch from the branchial portion. In contrast, the vagus innervated the arterial and venous poles in the mouse and elephant shark. Based on the morphological patterns of these branches, the venous vagal branches of the mouse and elephant shark appear to belong to the intestinal part of the vagus, implying that the cardiac nerve pattern is conserved among crown gnathostomes. Furthermore, we found a topographical shift of the structures adjacent to the venous pole (i.e., the hypoglossal nerve and pronephros) between the extant gnathostomes and lamprey. Phylogenetically, the lamprey morphology is likely to be the ancestral condition for vertebrates, suggesting that the evolution of the venous branch occurred early in the gnathostome lineage, in parallel with the remodeling of the head–trunk interfacial domain during the acquisition of the neck. J. Morphol. 277:1146–1158, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Neurovascular territories of the external and internal oblique muscles

The purpose of this study was to document the extent of the arteries supplying the external and internal oblique muscles and the connections among the vascular territories. Ten adult human cadavers underwent whole-body arterial perfusion (200 ml/kg) with a mixture of lead oxide, gelatin, and water, through the carotid artery. The external and internal oblique muscles were dissected and subjected to radiography. The vasculature of each muscle was analyzed by using the paper template technique. The areas of the vascular territories of the individual intercostal arteries within the external oblique muscle varied from 9 to 22 percent. The area of the vascular territory of the muscular branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery was 5 to 18 percent. The ascending branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery supplied a mean of 35.7 percent of the vascular territory of the internal oblique muscle. The lower six posterior intercostal arteries supplied a mean of 48.5 percent. The lateral branches of the deep inferior epigastric artery supplied a mean of 15.8 percent. This information provides the basis for the design of external and internal oblique muscle flaps for functional muscle transfer.     

鹧鸪胃的动脉分布

为了研究鹧鸪腺胃和肌胃的动脉分布状况,本实验用血管铸型法对10只鹧鸪胃的动脉分支和分布情况进行了详细的解剖观察。结果表明,鹧鸪的腺胃由腺胃背侧动脉和腺胃腹侧动脉供应营养,肌胃由胃左动脉和胃右动脉供应,肌胃背侧动脉是胃右动脉的一末端分支,肌胃腹侧动脉由胃左动脉分出。