光学相干层析成像技术用于裸鼠皮肤霉菌感染研究

利用中心波长为850 nm的宽带光源SLD实现了纵向分辨率为8μm的光学相干层析成像系统。系统采用傅里叶域光学延迟线实现了深度扫描速度为160 mm/s,成像深度为3 mm。获得了裸鼠皮肤霉菌感染部位和健康皮肤的光学相干层析(optical coherence tom ography,OCT)图像,皮肤病变前后的内部结构信息清晰可见。     

光学相干层析成像技术在内窥镜中的应用

光学相干层析成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)技术是继X射线成像、核磁共振成像、超声成像等之后的一种新型的成像技术,其可光纤化的特点使得它易于医用电子内窥镜相结合。OCT内窥镜技术可实现对人体内部器官的高速率、高分辨率、无损伤、实时成像。主要介绍了OCT技术的种类、基本原理以及包括探测深度和纵向分辨率等的参数;简述了OCT内窥镜的发展历史以及最新成果,重点分析了光源对OCT内窥镜的影响。总结了OCT内窥镜的主要应用。     

光学相干层析用于牙齿病变的检测

阐述了适用于牙齿结构成像的光学相干层析成像(OCT)系统。系统光源中心波长为1 310 nm,成像分辨率10μm,在牙内成像深度2 mm,成像速度1幅/秒,系统信噪比100 dB。利用此OCT仪清晰检测到牙齿样品的牙釉质和牙本质,观察到牙釉质与牙本质的分界面以及正常牙齿牙釉质与龋齿牙齿牙釉质OCT图像的区别。进一步设计研制了适用于口腔内探测的小型OCT探头。     

视网膜单细胞成像技术研究

建立了一台基于37单元变形镜、Shack-hartman波前像差传感器和12位科研级CCD相机的自适应光学视网膜相机。采用一个中心波长为679nm的超辐射二极管(SLD)作为相机的光源,通过将超辐射二极管和多模光纤耦合,显著减小了SLD光源的空间相干性,从而消除了散斑噪声对成像的影响。多模光纤的输出提供了一种高亮度、均匀照明的光源,使人眼视网膜单细胞成像的速度达到4．8幅／秒。     

基于频域反卷积滤波器的光声成像

采用探测器的脉冲响应在频域反卷积滤波光声信号以进一步提高光声成像的分辨率.由仿真和实验结果表明,频域反卷积滤波重建相对于时域反投影重建和滤波反投影重建具有更好的成像效果,明显地提高重建图像的分辨率,经仿真结果的计算,其重建图像的分辨率由2.58 mm提高到了0.16 mm.实验所用的光源为YAG激光器,波长为1064 ...     

technologica CF Imager叶绿素英光成像系统

正高分辨率检测器纯黑机箱,方便暗适应Fluorlmager软件,具超强数据处理功能1600个LED光源116 cm~2均匀光照成像范围116 cm2均匀光照成像范围1600个LED光源仪器特点:〉1600个LED光源116 cm2均匀光照成像范围预先校准扫描检测器CCD 2/3"〉分辨率1392x1040〉Binning技术,灵敏度更高自动识别、分析96孔板上、培养皿或盆栽的个体或群落最多可对250个样品进行实时分析     

子宫内膜卵巢双癌组织中SOX2和OCT4的表达及意义

目的:探讨SOX2和OCT4蛋白在宫内膜样子宫和卵巢双发恶性肿瘤(double endometrioid endometrial and ovarian carcinomas,DEEOC)中的表达情况及意义。方法:收集青岛大学附属医院2007年-2016年30例DEEOC石蜡组织标本,采用免疫组化法检测SOX2和OCT4的表达,分析DEEOC两部位癌组织中及原发性、转移性DEEOC癌组织中SOX2和OCT4蛋白表达差异及相关性。结果:SOX2和OCT4在DEEOC两部位癌组织中的表达率明显高于相应的正常组织(P均0.001),SOX2在原发性DEEOC、转移性DEEOC两部位癌组织中表达均相当(P均0.05),OCT4在原发性DEEOC、转移性DEEOC中的表达也相当(P均0.05),且Pearson相关性分析显示双癌组织中的两种蛋白的表达均呈正相关性。转移性双癌两部位组织中的SOX2和OCT4的表达量都要明显高于原发性双癌(P均0.05)。结论:DEEOC癌组织中SOX2和OCT4均呈阳性表达,二者可能相互作用参与DEEOC肿瘤的发生、发展,在辅助区分原发性和转移性DEEOC也可能具有一定的指导意义。     

同步辐射在显微CT中的应用

计算机X射线断层成像技术（CT）是利用X射线的穿透能力对物体进行扫描,所得信号经过反投影的算法而得到物体二维分布的一种成像方法,已经在医学诊断、工业探伤等领域广泛应用。但是由于实验室光源的低通量,光源点大小及其单色性等限制了其向高分辨发展,通常其分辨率在0．5mm左右。利用微焦点X射线源作为光源的显微CT分辨率可以达到微米量级,但是由于其光通量低且为非单色光,对不同样品有不同程度的束线硬化,影响了其真实分辨率。同步辐射作为一种新兴的光源有高亮度、高光子通量、高准直性、高极化性、高相干性及宽的频谱范围的特点,配合高分辨的X射线探测器,可以发展同步辐射显微CT,其分辨率可达10μm以下。利用同步辐射的高空间相干性开展位相衬度显微CT的研究,对低吸收物质也可以清晰三维成像。新建的上海光源的X射线成像及生物医学应用线站开展了三维显微CT方面的研究,经过初步试验,得到了较好的结果。     

几种超分辨率荧光显微技术的原理和近期进展

在生命科学领域,人们常常需要在细胞内精确定位特定的蛋白质以研究其位置与功能的关系．多年来,宽场/共聚焦荧光显微镜的分辨率受限于光的阿贝/瑞利极限,不能分辨出200 nm以下的结构．近年来,随着新的荧光探针和成像理论的出现,研究者开发了多种实现超出普通共聚焦显微镜分辨率的三维超分辨率成像方法．主要介绍这些方法的原理、近期进展和发展趋势．介绍了光源的点扩散函数(point spread function, PSF)的概念和传统分辨率的定义,阐述了提高xy平面分辨率的方法．通过介绍单分子荧光成像技术,引入了单分子成像定位精度的概念,介绍了基于单分子成像的超分辨率显微成像方法,包括光激活定位显微技术(photoactivated localization microscopy, PALM)和随机光学重构显微技术(stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, STORM)．介绍了两大类通过改造光源的点扩散函数来提高成像分辨率的方法,分别是受激发射损耗显微技术(stimulated emission depletion, STED)和饱和结构照明显微技术(saturated structure illumination microscopy, SSIM)．比较了不同的z轴提取信息的方法,并阐述了这些方法与xy平面上的超分辨率显微成像技术相结合所得到的各种三维超分辨率显微成像技术的优劣．探讨了目前超分辨率显微成像的发展极限和方向．     

全光学光声/OCT双模态成像系统及其应用

本文提出了一种新型的全光学光声/OCT双模态成像系统。该系统利用同一个低相干迈克尔逊干涉仪即可实现非接触式光声成像和OCT于一体,系统装置结构简单,可同时获取生物组织的吸收与散射结构信息。通过模拟实验证明了该双模态成像系统的可行性及成像能力,并对活体小鼠耳朵同时进行光声/OCT成像测试,实验结果表明非接触式光声/OCT双模态成像系统可以实现生物组织内的微血管及散射结构的高分辨率成像。进一步地,我们将光声/OCT双模态成像系统应用于基底细胞癌的检测中,获得了初步的研究结果,表明了该系统在皮肤肿瘤诊断中的具有潜在的应用价值。     

Full-field OCT

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging technique for imaging of biological media with micrometer-scale resolution, whose most significant impact concerns ophthalmology. Since its introduction in the early 1990's, OCT has known a lot of improvements and sophistications. Full-field OCT is our original approach of OCT, based on white-light interference microscopy. Tomographic images are obtained by combination of interferometric images recorded in parallel by a detector array such as a CCD camera. Whereas conventional OCT produces B-mode (axially-oriented) images like ultrasound imaging, full-field OCT acquires tomographic images in the en face (transverse) orientation. Full-field OCT is an alternative method to conventional OCT to provide ultrahigh resolution images (approximately 1 microm), using a simple halogen lamp instead of a complex laser-based source. Various studies have been carried, demonstrating the performances of this technology for three-dimensional imaging of ex vivo specimens. Full-field OCT can be used for non-invasive histological studies without sample preparation. In vivo imaging is still difficult because of the object motions. A lot of efforts are currently devoted to overcome this limitation. Ultra-fast full-field OCT was recently demonstrated with unprecedented image acquisition speed, but the detection sensitivity has still to be improved. Other research directions include the increase of the imaging penetration depth in highly scattering biological tissues such as skin, and the exploitation of new contrasts such as optical birefringence to provide additional information on the tissue morphology and composition.     

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging technique with high spatial-temporal resolution. With its minimally invasive approach OCT has been used extensively in ophthalmology, dermatology, and gastroenterology^1-3. Using a thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW), we employ spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) modality as a tool to image the cortex in vivo. Commonly, an opened-skull has been used for neuro-imaging as it provides more versatility, however, a TSCW approach is less invasive and is an effective mean for long term imaging in neuropathology studies. Here, we present a method of creating a TSCW in a mouse model for in vivo OCT imaging of the cerebral cortex.     

Comparison of high frequency ultrasound and optical coherence tomography as modalities for high resolution and non invasive skin imaging.

High frequency ultrasound (HFUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are techniques for high resolution imaging of tissues. The penetration depth of these modalities is limited, but it is sufficiently large enough for non invasive skin imaging. HFUS and OCT are based on the same concept. Waves (ultrasonic waves, respectively light waves) propagate along a narrow beam, are backscattered at tissue inhomogeneities and analyzed over time of flight to obtain spatially resolved morphological information. The objective of this paper is to compare HFUS and OCT in terms of resolution, dynamic range and contrast and to assess their value as tools for high resolution skin imaging. Measurements on phantoms and in vivo have been performed with a 100 MHz ultrasound system and an OCT-scanner working in the near infrared spectrum at 1300 nm wave-length. From the measurements, it can be concluded that OCT delivers an almost isotropic resolution (axial resolution about 5.8 microns, lateral resolution about 4.1 microns), whereas the resolution of the investigated HFUS system is more anisotropic (axial resolution about 9.3 microns, lateral resolution about 60 microns). HFUS and OCT show different penetration depths and a different contrast. Both techniques can, therefore, be combined advantageously in a multimodality approach to account for their individual characteristics.     

Spatial resolution of neuromagnetic records: theoretical calculations in a spherical model

Spatial resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) was studied by computer simulations using a spherical conductor model for the head. The accuracy obtainable in the absolute location of a dipole was found by calculating the confidence limits for source location in 3 dimensions. The accuracy in determining the relative locations of two sources was estimated by calculating the smallest shift in source location that could be detected with statistical significance. The results were used to illustrate the dependence of spatial resolution on several factors including noise, source depth, source strength, flux transformer configuration and the choice of the measurement locations. Under optimal conditions, separations of a couple of millimeters in superficial non-simultaneous sources can be detected, whereas for deeper sources the resolution is worse.     

Optical coherence tomography to detect acute esophageal radiation‐induced damage in mice: A validation study

Radiation therapy for patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer is hampered by acute radiation‐induced toxicity in the esophagus. This study aims to validate that optical coherence tomography (OCT), a minimally invasive imaging technique with high resolution (~10 μm), is able to visualize and monitor acute radiation‐induced esophageal damage (ARIED) in mice. We compare our findings with histopathology as the gold standard. Irradiated mice receive a single dose of 40 Gy at proximal and distal spots of the esophagus of 10.0 mm in diameter. We scan mice using OCT at two, three, and seven days post‐irradiation. In OCT analysis, we define ARIED as a presence of distorted esophageal layering, change in backscattering signal properties, or change in the esophageal wall thickness. The average esophageal wall thickness is 0.53 mm larger on OCT when ARIED is present based on histopathology. The overall sensitivity and specificity of OCT to detect ARIED compared to histopathology are 94% and 47%, respectively. However, the overall sensitivity of OCT to assess ARIED is 100% seven days post‐irradiation. We validate the capability of OCT to detect ARIED induced by high doses in mice. Nevertheless, clinical studies are required to assess the potential role of OCT to visualize ARIED in humans.      

First-principles determination of hybrid bilayer membrane structure by phase-sensitive neutron reflectometry

The application of a new, phase-sensitive neutron reflectometry method to reveal the compositional depth profiles of biomimetic membranes is reported. Determination of the complex reflection amplitude allows the related scattering length density (SLD) profile to be obtained by a first-principles inversion without the need for fitting or adjustable parameters. The SLD profile so obtained is unique for most membranes and can therefore be directly compared with the SLD profile corresponding to the chemical compositional profile of the film, as predicted, for example, by a molecular dynamics simulation. Knowledge of the real part of the reflection amplitude, in addition to enabling the inversion, makes it possible to assign a spatial resolution to the profile for a given range of wavevector transfer over which the reflectivity data are collected. Furthermore, the imaginary part of the reflection amplitude can be used as a sensitive diagnostic tool for recognizing the existence of certain in-plane inhomogeneities in the sample. Measurements demonstrating the practical realization of this phase-sensitive technique were performed on a hybrid bilayer membrane (self-assembled monolayer of thiahexa (ethylene oxide) alkane on gold and a phospholipid layer) in intimate contact with an aqueous reservoir. Analysis of the experimental results shows that accurate compositional depth profiles can now be obtained with a spatial resolution in the subnanometer range, primarily limited by the background originating from the reservoir and the roughness of the film's supporting substrate.     

High-resolution optical coherence tomographic imaging of osteoarthritic cartilage during open knee surgery

This study demonstrates the first real-time imaging in vivo of human cartilage in normal and osteoarthritic knee joints at a resolution of micrometers, using optical coherence tomography (OCT). This recently developed high-resolution imaging technology is analogous to B-mode ultrasound except that it uses infrared light rather than sound. Real-time imaging with 11-μm resolution at four frames per second was performed on six patients using a portable OCT system with a handheld imaging probe during open knee surgery. Tissue registration was achieved by marking sites before imaging, and then histologic processing was performed. Structural changes including cartilage thinning, fissures, and fibrillations were observed at a resolution substantially higher than is achieved with any current clinical imaging technology. The structural features detected with OCT were evident in the corresponding histology. In addition to changes in architectural morphology, changes in the birefringent or the polarization properties of the articular cartilage were observed with OCT, suggesting collagen disorganization, an early indicator of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, this study supports the hypothesis that polarization-sensitive OCT may allow osteoarthritis to be diagnosed before cartilage thinning. This study illustrates that OCT, which can eventually be developed for use in offices or through an arthroscope, has considerable potential for assessing early osteoarthritic cartilage and monitoring therapeutic effects for cartilage repair with resolution in real time on a scale of micrometers.     

Imaging the subcellular structure of human coronary atherosclerosis using micro-optical coherence tomography

Progress in understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been hindered by our inability to observe cells and extracellular components associated with human coronary atherosclerosis in situ. The current standards for microstructural investigation, histology and electron microscopy are destructive and prone to artifacts. The highest-resolution intracoronary imaging modality, optical coherence tomography (OCT), has a resolution of ~10 μm, which is too coarse for visualizing most cells. Here we report a new form of OCT, termed micro-optical coherence tomography (μOCT), whose resolution is improved by an order of magnitude. We show that μOCT images of cadaver coronary arteries provide clear pictures of cellular and subcellular features associated with atherogenesis, thrombosis and responses to interventional therapy. These results suggest that μOCT can complement existing diagnostic techniques for investigating atherosclerotic specimens, and that μOCT may eventually become a useful tool for cellular and subcellular characterization of the human coronary wall in vivo.