山羊、绵羊MT-Ⅳ分子特性研究

金属硫蛋白(MTs)是一类低分子量、金属和半胱氨酸含量高的细胞质蛋白,哺乳动物的MTS包括MT-Ⅰ、MT-Ⅱ、MT-Ⅲ和MT-Ⅳ4种亚型,其中MT-Ⅳ只在磷状复层扁平上皮细胞中表达,相关研究报道较少.本研究根据GenBank已公布的动物MT-Ⅳ基因序列,设计出扩增山羊和绵羊MT-Ⅳ基因的特异性PCR引物MT-ⅣSP1和MT-ⅣSP2,利用RT-PCR的方法,分别从山羊和绵羊的瘤胃组织mRNA中,克隆出山羊和绵羊的MT-Ⅳ基因编码区序列(均为189bp),序列登录GenBank,获得序列号EF470251和EF624067.通过序列分析,表明山羊和绵羊两个物种MT-Ⅳ基因编码区全编码均为189 bp、编码62个氨基酸,其中绵羊的MT-Ⅳ含有20个半胱氨酸,而山羊第61位保守的半胱氨酸被色氨酸所代替.两个物种的MT-Ⅳ均不含芳香族氨基酸,含有MTs特有的C-X-C、C-X-X、C-C-C-X-C-C结构,无明显的跨膜结构域,无信号肽,是一种细胞质蛋白.二级结构分析表明两个物种的MT-Ⅳ二级结构大多数为无规则卷曲结构,分别在第7～9和第49～51氨基酸残基性存在折叠结构,不存在螺旋结构.三级结构预测结果表明两个物种MT-Ⅳ的三级结构由α和β两个结构域组成,其中β结构域相同,α结构域山羊少一个半胱氨酸残基,其结构与绵间存在明显差异,这一差异可能对山羊MT-Ⅳ的生理功能产生一定影响,有必要深入研究.     

眼镜王蛇泛素融合蛋白基因和核糖体蛋白L30基因的克隆及分析

从广西产眼镜王蛇（Ophiophagus hannah）毒腺中抽提总RNA,经mRNA纯化后构建眼镜王蛇毒腺cDNA文库。从所构建的cDNA文库中,随机筛选200个克隆测序,得到两个在进化上高度保守的基因：泛素融合蛋白基因（GenBank登录号为AF297036）和核糖体蛋白L30基因（GenBank登录号是AF297033）。前者cDNA的开放阅读框为387bp,后者为348bp。前者编码128个氨基酸残基组成的泛素融合蛋白前体;后者编码115个氨基酸残基组成的核糖体蛋白L30前体。由cDNA序列推导出的氨基酸序列分析表明,泛素融合蛋白前体包括N-末端的泛素结构域（76个氨基酸残基）和C-末端的核糖体蛋白L40结构域（52个氨基酸残基）。该蛋白为一高碱性蛋白,C末端含有一个“锌指”模式结构。与16个物种比较的结果表明,眼镜王蛇与脊椎动物的泛素融合蛋白氨基酸序列相似度较高,具有高度的保守性。     

猪T细胞受体γ链基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

目的:克隆猪T细胞受体γ链(pTCR-γ)基因,用以研究猪T细胞受体分子结构与功能。方法与结果:以GenBank上登载的pTCR-γ基因为参考序列,用RT-PCR法从猪外周血淋巴细胞中克隆pTCR-γ基因。序列分析表明,pTCR-γ基因开放读框为1026bp,编码341个氨基酸残基,含有由23个氨基酸残基构成的信号肽序列;与参考序列相比,在核苷酸和推导氨基酸序列上的同源性分别为95.6%和88.8%;系统进化分析发现,该基因与绵羊、恒河猴、人、马、牛的同源性相对较高,与褐鼠、家犬、家鼠、家猫的同源性次之,而与禽类、鱼类的同源性最低;生物信息学结构预测表明猪T细胞受体γ链含2个结构域,其中1个为IG_LIKE1结构域(IGv结构域),由第14～114位共101个氨基酸残基组成;另一个为IG_LIKE2结构域(IGc结构域),由第143～238位共96个氨基酸残基组成。结论:克隆并应用生物信息学技术分析了猪T细胞受体γ链基因序列及编码蛋白的结构特征,为进一步研究γ链的结构与功能奠定了基础。     

绵羊TFAM基因编码蛋白生物信息学分析

为进一步了解和研究绵羊线粒体转录因子A(TFAM)基因的结构和功能,采用生物信息学方法构建了不同物种的TFAM基因系统发育树,并对绵羊TFAM基因编码蛋白质理化性质、二级结构、亚细胞定位、蛋白磷酸化、三级结构及功能结构域等进行分析。结果表明:绵羊和山羊亲缘关系最为接近,其次是家牛,与原鸡、斑马鱼亲缘关系较远。绵羊TFAM基因共编码246个氨基酸,以赖氨酸含量最高;二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲占为主;综合分析,此蛋白为碱性、不稳定性亲水蛋白,不存在信号肽和跨膜结构域;其主要在细胞核、线粒体、细胞骨架内发挥其生物学作用。该蛋白的丝氨酸磷酸化位点比较多,而酪氨酸和苏氨酸的磷酸化位点相对较少;且含有2个HMG结构域,在两个HMG结构域之间存在一个由12个氨基酸残基组成的短连接区域。     

兰州大尾羊MAPK13基因cDNA克隆及生物信息学分析

克隆兰州大尾羊促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶MAPK13基因,并分析其序列及其编码蛋白的生物学特性,为研究绵羊MAPK13基因的功能和生产应用提供参考。根据绵羊MAPK13基因CDS序列设计特异引物,利用RACE和RT-PCR技术克隆获得兰州大尾羊MAPK13基因全长序列,并结合生物信息学方法分析其生物学特性。克隆获得兰州大尾羊MAPK13基因cDNA序列全长1 397 bp,其CDS区片段长1 102 bp,编码367个氨基酸。预测兰州大尾羊MAPK13蛋白分子量为42.29 kD,理论等电点为8.82,为非跨膜的疏水性蛋白,亚细胞定位主要在细胞质中,无信号肽,不属于分泌蛋白。预测其氨基酸序列有19个磷酸化位点,3个糖基化位点,3个磷酸化功能结构域,4个其他结构域,1个LCR片段,二级结构以α-螺旋为主。同源性分析显示兰州大尾羊MAPK13基因序列与已发布的绵羊MAPK13 mRNA序列(登录号:NM_001139455.1)相比,其第852位发生碱基转换(CA),导致编码蛋白第265位氨基酸发生碱基转换(ST),同时,第951位发生碱基转换(TG),但其所编码氨基酸不变。构建的基因进化树分析结果显示兰州大尾羊与牛亲缘关系最近。兰州大尾羊与其他物种MAPK13基因在结构上相似性较高,说明该基因具有高度的保守性,其序列包含的S_TKc结构域可将ATP的γ磷酰基转移到蛋白质丝氨酸/苏氨酸残基上,导致一系列肥胖相关基因的功能失调和表达变化,为进一步研究MAPK13基因与成脂分化过程的相关性提供了参考。     

绵羊BTG1基因的半定量RT-PCR及生物信息学分析

B细胞易位基因1(BTG1基因)是BTG/TOB基因家族的成员之一,在动物细胞的增殖和分化中起重要的作用．利用牛BTG1基因的mRNA序列与绵羊的EST数据库进行Blast检索,并通过序列拼接和逆转录RT-PCR方法首次获得绵羊BTG1基因的部分cDNA序列（GenBank登录号FJ444829）,其片段长度为1 358 bp,包括完整的开放阅读框516 bp,编码171个氨基酸．半定量PCR研究结果表明：BTG1基因在小尾寒羊和陶赛特羊的10种组织中均表达,并具有一致的表达趋势．同源分析结果表明,绵羊BTG1蛋白的氨基酸序列中存在BTG/TOB的保守结构域,并且该蛋白在不同物种间具有很高的保守性．通过生物信息学预测BTG1蛋白功能,发现绵羊BTG1蛋白存在1个跨膜结构域、8个磷酸化位点和1个特异性蛋白激酶磷酸化位点．蛋白质结构同源建模分析表明,绵羊BTG1蛋白具有BTG/TOB蛋白家族的典型空间结构．     

繁缕核糖体失活蛋白基因克隆及序列分析

采用同源克隆结合RACE法,克隆了繁缕核糖体失活蛋白的全长cDNA,命名为q3(GenBank accession GQ870262)。序列分析结果表明,q3的开放阅读框(ORF)长780 bp,编码259个氨基酸。序列G+C含量为41.5%,与大部分Ⅰ型RIP基因相近。q3编码的蛋白质命名为Q3,理论分子量为28.16 kD,pI为9.44,均与Ⅰ型核糖体失活蛋白相近;包含由23个氨基酸组成的信号肽。功能结构域分析发现,该蛋白含有3个蛋白激酶磷酸化位点、4个络氨酸蛋白激酶磷酸化位点和7个N-肉豆蔻酰化位点。三级结构预测发现,有35.52%的氨基酸残基参与了α螺旋,24.32%的氨基酸残基组成延伸链,40.15%的氨基酸残基随机缠绕其中。基于繁缕及其近缘种核糖体失活蛋白的氨基酸序列构建的系统发育树显示,其结构与经典分类结果基本一致。     

甘薯茎线虫乙酰胆碱酯酶基因Dd-ace-2全长cDNA的克隆和序列分析

利用RT-PCR、RACE技术克隆了甘薯茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)乙酰胆碱酯酶基因(Dd-ace-2) cDNA (GenBank 登录号EF583058), 用DNAMAN5.0、MEGA3.0进行了序列分析。克隆的Dd-ace-2 基因cDNA全长2425 bp, 包含一个2205 bp的开放阅读框, 编码734个氨基酸。Dd-ace-2基因推导的氨基酸序列与南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)、秀丽小杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)和动物寄生线虫胎生网尾线虫(Dictyocaulus viviparous)ace-2的氨基酸序列同源性分别达48.0%、42.7%和42.1%。在推导的734个氨基酸残基的前体蛋白中, 前面的701个氨基酸残基是成熟的乙酰胆碱酯酶序列, 其预测的分子量为79240.38 D。在一级结构中, 形成催化活性中心的3个氨基酸残基(Ser291, Glu442和His574)、胆碱结合位点Trp(177), 以及在亚基内形成二硫键的6个半胱氨酸完全保守; 在电鳐乙酰胆碱酯酶分子的催化功能域中存在14个保守的芳香族氨基酸残基, 其中10个在甘薯茎线虫乙酰胆碱酯酶中完全保守。与其它线虫和物种乙酰胆碱酯酶的聚类分析显示, 甘薯茎线虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶与其它线虫乙酰胆碱酯酶ACE-2同属一个支系。     

两个枣树扩展蛋白基因cDNA全序列的克隆及分析

用定向克隆法构建了枣树(Ziziphus jujubaMill.)快速生长初期结果枝的cDNA文库,经过重组质粒的筛选,克隆获得两个扩展蛋白基因cDNA全序列,分别命名为ZjEXP1(GenBank登录号:FJ449891)和ZjEXP2(GenBank登录号:FJ449892)。ZjEXP1全长1 037 bp,包含编码254个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框;ZjEXP2全长905 bp,包含编码251个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框。两个序列有共同的结构特征,即在N-末端有8个保守的半胱氨酸残基的丰富域,C-末端有4个保守的色氨酸残基的丰富域,中间有一个组氨酸(His-Phe-Asp,HFD)功能域。两者之间的氨基酸同源性为74.0%。从已知的扩展蛋白基因家族的进化分析表明,ZjEXP1和ZjEXP2由一个祖先进化而来,又分别属于两个不同的分支。     

单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌野毒株InlB的分子特征及其表达和纯化研究

采用PCR技术扩增单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌TA野毒株内化素B(InlB)基因,进行编码分子的序列和结构分析,并克隆入大肠杆菌表达载体pET28a中诱导表达。该基因全长1893bp,编码630个氨基酸,其中前35个氨基酸残基构成信号肽序列。在推导的InlB蛋白氨基酸序列中,从N端到C端分别包括1个α-螺旋的Cap结构域、6个富含亮氨酸的重复基序(LRR)、1个免疫球蛋白样结构域(IR)、1段B重复序列和3个串联的GW结构域,同时还存在5个潜在的N-联糖基化位点,Leu占所有氨基酸残基的10.2%。与GenBank已经报道的18个不同流行株InlB基因相比,核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列的同源性分别在91.1%~99.6%和92.3%~99.8%之间。重组菌菌体裂解物经SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析证实该基因已经正确表达。用Ni2 亲和层析柱纯化了InlB重组蛋白。     

盐胁迫下朝鲜碱茅的甜菜碱醛脱氢酶活性变化及其基因保守区的克隆

文章探讨了朝鲜碱茅甜菜碱醛脱氢酶活性在盐胁迫下的变化,用简并引物扩增了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因保守区序列的结果表明,该保守区段长438 bp,推测编码145个氨基酸,包括醛脱氢酶高度保守序列V[T/S]LELGGKSP和其后29位与酶功能有关的Cys。此序列Genbank登录号为EF095710。     

藏绵羊GHR基因5′侧翼区序列特征分析

对欧拉型藏绵羊生长激素受体(GHR)基因5′侧翼区(包括P1启动子和外显子1A)进行了T-A克隆和序列测定(GenBank accession No. EF116490), 在分析其序列结构特征的基础上与GenBank中摩弗伦羊、山羊、普通牛、欧洲野牛进行了比较基因组学和系统进化研究, 结果表明: (1)欧拉型藏绵羊GHR基因启动子P1区存在C/EBP、C/EBPb、SP1、Cap、USF、HFH-2、HNF-3b、Oct-1等多个潜在的转录因子结合位点, 可能与GHR基因的转录调控和起始以及特异表达有关。在该非编码序列中, 重复序列所占比率为2.55%, 不存在SINEs、LINEs、LTR类反转录元件和DNA转座子元件, 而发现存在一(TG)11微卫星位点; (2)在启动子P1区, 藏绵羊与摩弗伦羊、山羊、普通牛、欧洲野牛各物种间同源性大小分别为99.7%、94.2%、85.9%、86.5%; 而在外显子1A区段, 藏绵羊与摩弗伦羊、山羊、普通牛、欧洲野牛各物种间同源性大小分别为 99.0%、97.0%、92.7%、94.6%。物种间欧拉型藏绵羊与摩弗伦羊同源性最高, 而欧拉型藏绵羊与普通牛最低。(3)邻接法(即NJ法)构建的分子系统进化树聚类结果表明, 欧拉型藏绵羊与摩弗伦羊先聚为一类, 再与山羊聚类形成一个大分支, 而普通牛和欧洲野牛先聚类形成另一大分支, 两大分支最后再聚为一起, 其聚类结果与线粒体DNA和动物学分类的研究结果一致。     

褐飞虱乙酰胆碱酯酶基因全长cDNA的克隆及序列分析

利用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT_PCR)结合快速扩增cDNA末端(RACE)技术克隆了褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens 乙酰胆碱酯酶基因cDNA。该cDNA全长2 467 bp,包含一个1 938 bp的开放阅读框(GenBank登录号AJ852420); 在推导出的646个氨基酸残基的前体蛋白中, N端的前30个氨基酸残基为信号肽,随后的616个氨基酸残基是成熟的乙酰胆碱酯酶序列,其预测的分子量为69 418 D。在一级结构中,形成催化活性中心的3个氨基酸残基(Ser242,Glu371和His485),以及在亚基内形成二硫键的6个半胱氨酸完全保守; 位于催化功能域的14个芳香族氨基酸中有10 个完全保守。该酶的氨基酸序列与黑尾叶蝉的同源性最高,达83%。对来自23种昆虫（包括褐飞虱）的30个乙酰胆碱酯酶的聚类分析显示,褐飞虱的乙酰胆碱酯酶与其中6个Ⅱ型乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE2）同属一个支系; 此外,只存在于昆虫AChE2中的超变区及特异的氨基酸残基,也存在于褐飞虱的乙酰胆碱酯酶中。以上结果表明,所克隆的褐飞虱的乙酰胆碱酯酶基因是一个与黑腹果蝇的orthologous型基因同源的AChE2基因。     

Characterization and SNP Identification of Part of the Goat Melanophilin Gene

The melanophilin (MLPH) gene has been characterized as the candidate gene for dilute coat color in some species, but little is known about it in the goat. In this study, part of the genomic DNA sequence (19,289 bp) containing the whole coding region of the MLPH gene from goat, as well as from sheep, was determined. We found 16 exons and 15 introns; the coding region was 1767 bp distributed in 15 exons (2–16). In sheep, the length of part of the genomic DNA sequence was 16,988 bp, with 16 exons and 15 introns, and the coding region was 1833 bp, distributed in 15 exons (2–16). Dozens of SNPs as well as some noticeable motifs in the goat MLPH gene were found during the process of sequencing and polymorphism screening. Based on the SSR Tool, three simple sequence repeat motifs were detected in the goat and sheep DNA sequences. Compared with cattle, we found insertions of 4 amino acids in goats and 26 amino acids in sheep.     

Analysis of a Lysozyme Gene from Sweet Potato Hornworm, Agrius convolvuli

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Lysozyme, the bacteriolytic enzyme, is one of the factors of the innate immunity in insects. A cDNA sequence encoding a lysozyme was isolated from the fat bodies of sweet potato hornworm, Agrius convolvuli immunized with E. coli K12 D21. The coding region of this lysozyme consists of a 19 residues signal peptide and a 120 residues mature protein, which is very similar to that of other lepidopteran. Thirteen negatively (Asp and Glu) and twenty two positively (Arg, Lys and His) charged amino acids were found in this sequence. Eight Cys residues were conserved in the same positions of other insect lysozymes.     

甘薯贮藏蛋白(sporam in)A基因编码区克隆及序列同源性分析

采用 PCR技术 ,从我国广泛栽培甘薯品种南薯 88基因组中扩增和克隆到甘薯贮藏蛋白 A基因编码区段 ,并测定了其全部核苷酸序列 .该编码区长 65 7bp,编码一个长 2 1 9个氨基酸残基的蛋白质 ,其中信号肽长 37个氨基酸残基 ,成熟蛋白质长 1 82个氨基酸残基 ,其分子量为 2 0 k D.将该片段的核苷酸序列与已登录在 Gen Bank中的另外 6个甘薯贮藏蛋白 A基因编码区序列进行比较 ,发现其同源性高达 90 % ,说明甘薯贮藏蛋白 A基因编码区序列具有高度保守性 .虽然 7个基因编码区的核苷酸总变异为 1 0 % ,但在每两个基因之间的比较则表明其核苷酸的变异范围小于 7% .     

Chicken mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit II: comparative analysis among the vertebrates

The chicken cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) was cloned and sequenced. A comparison of the deduced chicken COII sequence with 4 other vertebrate counterparts revealed 64-66% amino acid sequence homology and 68-70% nucleotide sequence homology. Four peptide segments each of nine amino acids long are highly conserved across the 5 species. A redox-center was formed by three of these highly conserved domains, which include two invariant Cys and two invariant His residues for copper ion coordination, three strictly conserved Glu or Asp residues for cytochrome c binding, and highly conserved aromatic acid residues for electron transfer.     

Molecular Characterization of the Full-Length Coding Sequence of the Caprine Laminin Receptor Gene (RPSA)

Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. Ribosomal protein SA (RPSA), also called 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor/67 kDa laminin receptor has been demonstrated to be a putative cell surface receptor for prion. To investigate the caprine RPSA, we cloned the full-length coding sequence of the gene of goat and submitted it to GenBank. The length of the open reading frame is 888 bp, encoding 295 amino acids. The putative amino acid sequence is highly similar to that of other mammals. The caprine amino acid sequence of RPSA is shown to be identical to the sequence of species susceptible to scrapie at positions 241, 272, and 291. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the genetic distance between sheep and goat is the smallest. Moreover, RT-PCR results of 11 tissues indicated that RPSA mRNA is expressed in all selected caprine tissues.     

Alpha 1,3 galactosyltransferase: new sequences and characterization of conserved cysteine residues

Nucleotide sequences were determined for alpha1,3 galactosyltransferases (alpha1,3 GalTs) from several species (bat, mink, dog, sheep, and dolphin) and compared with those previously determined for this enzyme and members of the alpha1,3 galactosyl/N-acetylgalactosyltransferase (alpha1,3 Gal(NAc)Ts) family of enzymes. Sequence comparison of the newly characterized alpha1,3 GalT nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences with those previously characterized for other alpha1,3GalT enzymes demonstrated a remarkable level of sequence identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level. The identity of each sequence as an alpha1,3 GalT was confirmed by expressing the encoded protein and characterizing the resulting enzyme. The alpha1,3 GalTs have a significant degree of sequence homology with A and B transferases, the alpha1,3 GalNAcT that catalyzes the synthesis of Forssman antigen, and the recently cloned iso-globotriaosylceramide synthase. Among the conserved residues, there are two Cys residues. To determine if these conserved residues are free or involved in the formation of a disulfide bond, bovine alpha1,3 GalT was characterized by chemical modification and mass spectrometry. Each peptide containing a Cys residue was chemically labeled with an alkylating reagent demonstrating that these enzymes do not contain disulfide bonds. Similar results have recently been reported for A and B transferases (Yen et al., 2000, J. Mass. Spectrom., 35, 990-1002). Thus, the highly conserved Cys residues found in these members of the alpha1,3 Gal(NAc)Ts family of enzymes are likely involved in other important aspects of enzyme structure/function within this enzyme family.     

Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of a novel metallothionein-like, cadmium-binding protein from Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans adapted for survival in high concentrations of Cd(II) express a heavy metal binding protein designated C. elegans metallothionein-like protein or MT-Ce. This protein was purified to homogeneity and characterized. MT-Ce binds 6 mol of Cd(II)/mol protein. The sequence of 39 amino-terminal residues in MT-Ce was determined. A radiolabeled 41-mer oligonucleotide, designed from the partial MT-Ce sequence, was used in conjunction with sucrose gradient centrifugation to obtain size-fractionated poly(A+) RNA enriched in MT-Ce sequences. Subsequently, cloned cDNAs, corresponding to MT-Ce mRNA sequences, were isolated from a lambda ZapII cDNA library prepared from the enriched template mRNA. cDNA and protein sequence analysis revealed that MT-Ce comprises 62 amino acid residues and has a predicted Mr of 6462. Seventeen of the 18 Cys residues in the nematode cadmium-binding protein are included in Cys-X-Cys and X-Cys-Cys-X motifs that are characteristic of mammalian metallothioneins (MTs). However, the resemblance of MT-Ce to mammalian MTs is superficial. The amino acid sequence of MT-Ce is unique, and neither its putative alpha and beta domains nor its Cys residues can be readily aligned with the corresponding regions of other eukaryotic MTs. This suggests that MT-Ce is an example of convergent evolution. The MT-Ce mRNA level in nematodes that were selected and grown with Cd(II) concentrations that are lethal for wild-type worms, was 55-fold higher than the level of MT-Ce mRNA in wild-type C. elegans. Comparison of the sequences of MT-Ce cDNAs revealed the occurrence of two types of MT-Ce mRNA. Each contains an identical coding region, but the cDNAs diverge markedly in their 5'-untranslated regions. This suggests the possibilities of regulation by alternative splicing and/or the presence of multiple MT-Ce genes encoding a single protein, but controlled by different regulatory elements.