Gibberellin Structure-Dependent Interaction between Gibberellins and Deoxygibberellin C in the Growth of Dwarf Maize Seedlings

The effects of 3-deoxygibberellin C (DGC) on the growth-promoting actions of gibberellins A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄, A₅, A₇, A₈, A₉, A₁₃, A₁₈, A₁₉, A₂₀, and A₂₃ (GAn) as well as 13-deoxygibberellin A₅ (deoxy-GA₅) were tested with seedlings of gibberellin-deficient dwarf mutants (d₂ and d₅) of maize (Zea mays L.). It was found that DGC promoted the actions of gibberellins having both C-1 double bond and C-3 axial hydroxyl group, and it inhibited the action of gibberellins having the saturated ring A and lacking the C-3 axial hydroxyl group, whereas it did not affect that of the ones having the hydroxyl group. The presence of C-2 double bond, as in GA₅ and deoxy-GA₅, diminished the inhibitory action of DGC. The DGC inhibition was alleviated by raising the doses of the relevant GAs, suggesting that it is a competitive inhibition. These results and the finding that the growth of normal maize and rice seedlings are inhibited by DGC indicate that GA₉, GA₁₉, GA₂₀ or other gibberellins having ring A of the same structure are involved in the growth of these plants as active form(s) or as intermediate(s) leading to the active form(s).     

Extractable and Diffusible Gibberellins From Light- and Dark-grown Pea Seedlings

Gibberellins were obtained from light- and dark-grown peas by solvent extraction and agar diffusion. Both A₅- and A₁-like gibberellins were obtained by extraction; however, by diffusion only the A₁-like gibberellin was found. There was no significant quantitative difference in the levels of diffusible or extractable gibberellin obtained from light- and dark-grown tall and dwarf peas. Several possible explanations for the discrepancy between diffusible and extractable gibberellin were investigated. Of these, only I was supported by experimental evidence, namely, that GA₅ can be converted to GA₁.     

玉米杂种优势分子基础研究进展

当今作物改良中杂种优势的广泛应用得益于杂交玉米的首先培育成功,对其分子基础的探讨已历经近一个世纪却尚未达成共识。关于杂种优势的经典解释曾聚焦于显性和超显性假说,现在看来似乎是借喻遗传学分子概念而无实际分子基础的实用性概念,籍此导致了一些研究结果的不一致是可以理解的。随着基因组时代的到来和相关分子技术的出现,文章回顾了过去的研究结果,分析了杂种优势分子机制研究的现状和问题,针对两亲本及其后代杂交后基因组构架和基因表达变化的研究趋势及方向进行了评价,并提出了由此资讯引发的SNPs单倍型用于玉米杂种优势分子基础研究的新策略。     

The Occurrence and Development of Amylase Enzymes in Incubated, De-embryonated Maize Kernels

The development of amylase activity in extracts from de-embryonated and GA₃-treated de-embryonated maize kernels (Zea mays L.) was determined during a 10-day incubation period. The increase in activity was compared with activity extracted from endosperms dissected from germinating whole kernels. Chromatographic analysis of reaction products as well as physicochemical characterization demonstrated that the activities from GA₃-treated and nontreated tissue were comparable and that part of the activity was attributable to α-amylase.     

蛋白质组学技术在玉米杂种优势研究上的应用进展

杂种优势是生物界普遍存在的一种现象,在玉米中已经广泛应用,但其形成的分子机理仍不清楚。蛋白质组学技术是一种高通量筛选重要功能蛋白的研究手段,在玉米杂种优势的形成上进行蛋白质组学研究有利于深入解析杂种优势形成的分子机制。简单介绍了玉米杂种优势的表现,并对玉米种子胚、苗期根系、叶片和雌穗等性状上有关杂种优势形成的分子机理的蛋白质组学研究进行了综述。     

Metabolism and Translocation of Gibberellins in the Seedlings of Pharbitis nil (II). Photoperiodic Effects on Metabolism and Translocation of Gibberellins Applied to Cotyledons

We investigated the metabolism and translocation of two gibberellins(GAs), [³H]GA₂₀ and [³H]GA₁, which were applied at low concentrationto the cotyledons of Pharbitis nil (cv. Violet). Seedlings weregrown under three different photoperiodic conditions: continuouslight (CL-CL), continous light followed by short day conditions(CL-DT) and long day conditions followed by short day conditions(DT-DT). Translocation of the applied [³H]GAs from cotyledonsto hypocotyls was promoted by DT for all GAs examined. Whilethe conversion of the translocated [³H]GA₁ to [³H]GA₈ and itsconjugates was rapid in hypocotyl, the conversion of translocated[³H]GA₂₀ to [³H]GA₂₉ was slow. Radioactivity in epicotyls wasdetected much more rapidly on application of [³H]GA₂₀ than of[³H]GA₁, [³H]GA₈ and [³H]GA₂₉ and their conjugates. The conversionof [³H]GA₂₀ to [³H]GA₁ in the epicotyl was more rapid underCL-CL conditions. This result in consistent with the higherlevel of endogenous GA₁ existing in epicotyls under CL-DT thanDT-DT conditions. However, when [³H]GA₁ was applied to the cotyledon,only small amounts of [³H]GA₈ and its conjugates were detectedin the epicotyl regardless of the photoperiodic conditions.This result may suggest that the translocation and metabolismof [³H]GA₂₀ from cotyledons to epicotyl was faster under CL-CLthan DT-DT conditions and may correlate with the increased epicotylelongation of GA₂₀ treated plants under CL-DT than DT-DT conditions. (Received June 28, 1995; Accepted November 2, 1995)     

水稻和玉米幼苗的超弱生物光子发射比较研究

利用自制的超高灵敏度超弱生物光子发射（ultraweak biphoton emissions,UBE)二维图象系统观测比较了水稻（Orza sativaL.)和玉米（Zea maysL.)不同品种种子萌发过程中超弱生物光子发射的变化。发现普通饲料玉米（阳单82）和高杆水稻品种（金科占）的种苗及＋1叶的UBE分别比超甜玉米品种（穗甜1号、3号）和矮杆水稻品种（矮珍占）低,而前者的UBE衰减比后者要快,进一步证实超弱生物光子发射是十分灵敏的,且其差别的出现远远早于其它生物学指标,这种特性可能具有普遍性。     

AFLP标记与玉米杂种产量,产量杂种优势的预测

以１７个玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）自交系及其按双列杂效配制的１３６个单交种为材料,研究ＡＦＬＰ分子标记与玉米杂效种产量、产量杂种优势的关系。结果表明,基于ＡＦＬＰ数据计算的遗传距离与１９９７年杂种产量、产量中优势的相关系数（ｒ）分别为０．４５０３、０．３７１４,与１９９８年杂种产量、产量杂种优势的相关系数分别为０．４３５２、０．３２５３,均达到显水平,但决定系数（ｒ＾２）都很小。当亲本材料改     

SO_2对玉米幼苗POD、Pro和MDA的影响

本文采用室内水培及密闭箱静态熏气方法,研究了4个不同浓度(0mg/m3,10mg/m3,30mg/m3和90mg/m3)SO2对晋单51和农大108两个品种玉米幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)、脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响。研究结果表明,随着SO2浓度的升高,两种玉米幼苗的POD活性呈下降的趋势,且当SO2浓度为10mg/m3、30mg/m3和90mg/m3时POD活性分别降至对照的22.6%、18.9%和12.1%;而结果发现Pro含量随SO2浓度升高逐渐升高,且当SO2浓度与POD处理相同时脯氨酸含量分别上升至对照的195.0%、235.4%和496.5%,SO2浓度为90mg/m3时Pro含量最高,且不同浓度处理时农大108Pro含量均比晋单51高;然而,MDA含量随SO2浓度的升高呈先降低后逐渐升高的趋势,在90mg/m3处升至最高值为对照的310.6%,仍然是农大108MDA含量比晋单51高。因此研究显示低浓度SO2能使玉米幼苗适应胁迫,但高浓度SO2暴露会影响植物生长发育。     

赤霉素对水平放置水曲柳幼苗的负向重性和木材形成的影响

对水平放置2年生水曲柳(Franxinus mandshurica)幼苗应用赤霉素(GAs)及其合成抑制剂烯効唑(Uni．-P)对幼苗的负向重性及木材形成中的生理作用进行了探讨。每种生长调节物质100μg溶于50％的丙酮中,每周1次处理于幼苗顶端,连续处理5周,并在第1次处理后24h,将幼苗水平放置。在实验期间,对照及GAs处理幼苗茎负向重性受到了促进,而Uni．-P处理则受到了抑制。GAs增加了茎上侧具有增厚细胞壁的胶质纤维细胞的数量。Uni．-P抑制了茎上侧的木材形成,但没有影响胶质纤维的分化。对照区木质部中纤维素与木质素的比值上侧大于下侧。该比值在上侧GA4处理区大于GA3处理区及对照区。该结果说明,胶质纤维的分化和木质部的增加对负向重性都是重要的;在该种中,赤霉素对于木质部细胞形成可能比对胶质纤维分化的影响更大。     

Localization and Characterization of Peroxidases in the Mitochondria of Chilling-Acclimated Maize Seedlings

We present evidence of two peroxidases in maize (Zea mays L.) mitochondria. One of these uses guaiacol and the other uses cytochrome c as the electron donor. Treatments of fresh mitochondria with protease(s) indicate that ascorbate and glutathione peroxidases are likely bound to the mitochondria as cytosolic contaminants, whereas guaiacol and cytochrome peroxidases are localized within the mitochondria. These two mitochondrial peroxidases are distinct from contaminant peroxidases and mitochondrial electron transport enzymes. Cytochrome peroxidase is present within the mitochondrial membranes, whereas guaiacol peroxidase is loosely bound to the mitochondrial envelope. Unlike other cellular guaiacol peroxidases, mitochondrial guaiacol peroxidase is not glycosylated. Digestion of lysed mitochondria with trypsin activated mitochondrial guaiacol peroxidase but inhibited cytochrome peroxidase. Isoelectric focusing gel analysis indicated guaiacol peroxidase as a major isozyme (isoelectric point 6.8) that is also activated by trypsin. No change in the mobility of guaiacol peroxidase due to trypsin treatment on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was observed. Although both peroxidases are induced by chilling acclimation treatments (14[deg]C), only cytochrome peroxidase is also induced by chilling (4[deg]C). Because chilling induces oxidative stress in the maize seedlings and the mitochondria are a target for oxidative stress injury, we suggest that mitochondrial peroxidases play a role similar to catalase in protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage.     

对生玉米籽粒品质性状的杂种优势和配合力分析

本文利用对生基因转育获得的对生与互生自交系及其杂交组合,研究了对生性状对玉米主要品质性状的杂种优势和配合力的遗传效应的影响。结果表明:对生自交系籽粒品质性状的配合力效应一般高于互生玉米,在蛋白质含量上,对生F1杂种优势与普通互生F1无明显差异,而在油份和淀粉含量上对生F1较互生表现出明显的优势。不同组配方式对F1对生群体籽粒品质性状的杂种优势存在差异,在对生组合利用中通过互×互组配较对×对组配能使F1获得更高的蛋白质含量;选育含油量较高的对生系,利用对×对组合有助于选育高油杂交种;选育淀粉含量较高的含有不同对生基因的互生自交系作亲本,利用互×互组配有助于选育高淀粉对生杂交组合。     

Metabolism and Translocation of Gibberellins in Seedlings of Pharbitis nil. (I) Effect of Photoperiod on Stem Elongation and Endogenous Gibberellins in Cotyledons and Their Phloem Exudates

Gibberellin A₁, (GA₁), GA₁₉, and GA₂₀ in phloem exudates andcotyledons of seedlings of Pharbitis nil cv. Violet, grown underdifferent photoperiodic conditions, were qualitatively and semi-quantitativelyanalyzed by a combination of high performance-liquid chromatography(HPLC) and radioimmunoassays (RIA). The levels of GA₁₉ and GA₂₀were higher in cotyledons from plants grown under dark treatment(DT) conditons of 16 h-light/8 h-dark for 6 days followed by8 h-light/16 h-dark for 3 days than in those grown under continuouslight (CL) for 9 days. This relationship was also observed forthe GAs in phloem exudates, although the levels were much lowerthan in the cotyledons. When GAs were applied to the cotyledons,elongation of the epicotyl was promoted more by GA₂₀ than byGA₁ or GA₁₉, especially under the CL treatment. The relativeeffect of GA₁ and GA₂₀ on the epicotyl elongation was reversedwhen these GAs were applied to epicotyls pre-treated with prohexadione,an inhibitor of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. ³Present address: Frontier Research Program, The Institute ofPhysical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wakoshi,Saitama, 351-01 Japan⁴Present address: Laboratory of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-01 Japan