遮光对小麦植株氮素转运及品质的影响

以耐弱光性不同的冬小麦品种扬麦158(耐弱光品种)和扬麦11(不耐弱光品种)为材料,研究了拔节至成熟期遮光对小麦籽粒产量、植株氮素代谢及籽粒和面团品质的影响.结果表明:拔节至成熟期遮光22%和33%时,扬麦158和扬麦11籽粒产量分别比对照下降4.1%～9.9%和15.3%～25.8%;而小麦籽粒蛋白质产量分别下降3.0%～8.3%和10.4%～14.1%,且随着遮光程度的加重,小麦籽粒氮素积累对花后氮素积累的依赖性增强.遮光条件下各营养器官中花前贮存氮素转运量均下降,但叶片氮素转运效率(RENP)上升,从而补偿了茎鞘、穗壳中RENP的下降,因此营养器官总RENP未受遮光条件的显著影响.拔节至成熟期遮光提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,这与弱光下籽粒蛋白质积累量下降幅度小于产量下降幅度所形成的"浓缩效应"有关.弱光对成熟期小麦籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量无显著影响,但显著提高了醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量,导致小麦湿面筋含量、面团形成时间和稳定时间提高,面团弱化度降低.     

花前渍水预处理对花后渍水逆境下扬麦9号籽粒产量和品质的影响

以扬麦9号为材料,研究花前渍水预处理对花后渍水逆境下小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与未进行渍水预处理相比,花前渍水预处理提高了小麦植株对花后渍害的抗性,生物产量、收获指数和千粒重显著提高,进而显著提高了籽粒产量;花前渍水预处理显著提高花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,降低了花前贮藏氮素运转量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,进而引起籽粒球蛋白含量提高,但显著降低了清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和全蛋白质含量、以及干湿面筋含量和沉降值;花前渍水预处理还提高了籽粒直链淀粉和总淀粉含量和降落值,降低了支/直链淀粉比,显著提高了面粉峰值粘度、低谷粘度、崩解值、最终粘度、回冷值和峰值时间,但对糊化温度无显著影响。     

氮、硫配施对弱筋小麦籽粒淀粉特性的影响

在大田条件下研究了不同氮、硫配施对弱筋小麦品种豫麦50籽粒淀粉特性的影响.结果表明:氮、硫及其互作对籽粒淀粉组分含量和直支比的影响均达到了极显著水平,氮肥对峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度和稀懈值的影响也达到了极显著水平,硫肥仅对稀懈值和糊化温度的影响达到了显著和极显著水平.每公顷施纯氮240 kg(N240)和纯硫20~60 kg(S20和S60)可提高总淀粉和支链淀粉含量,降低直链淀粉含量和直支比.每公顷施纯氮150 kg(N150)和纯硫20 kg(S20)可以提高峰值粘度、低谷粘度和最终粘度,改善淀粉品质.     

花后盐与渍水逆境对小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质和淀粉积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理对2个小麦品种（扬麦12和淮麦17）籽粒产量及蛋白质和淀粉积累与组分的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了小麦花前贮藏氮素（花前贮藏干物质）转运量和花后同化氮素（花后同化物）输入籽粒量,从而导致小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质和淀粉产量显著降低,其中盐胁迫和盐渍处理表现更为明显.与对照和渍水处理相比,盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了小麦籽粒蛋白质积累量及谷/醇蛋白比,显著提高了蛋白质组分含量;同时降低了小麦籽粒淀粉积累量、淀粉组分含量及直/支链淀粉比;盐胁迫处理对扬麦12的影响较盐渍处理明显,而盐渍处理对淮麦17的影响较盐胁迫处理明显.渍水条件下小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累量均下降,除淮麦17谷蛋白和清蛋白含量有所提高外,淮麦17其他蛋白组分含量和扬麦12各蛋白组分含量均下降.     

外源6-BA对不同时期遮光下江汉平原稻茬小麦产量的影响

针对江汉平原小麦生长季阴雨天气持续时间长、光照辐射少而形成的弱光环境,本试验以江汉平原大面积推广品种‘郑麦9023’和‘扬麦23’为材料,研究了孕穗期遮光处理(S₁)和开花期遮光处理(S₂)对两品种小麦产量的影响及其生理基础,并设置遮光前喷施6-BA处理(S₁+6-BA、S₂+6-BA),探究喷施6-BA对弱光胁迫的缓解作用.结果表明:孕穗期与开花期遮去自然光强的45%均显著降低了各处理籽粒产量,且开花期遮光处理籽粒产量下降幅度大于孕穗期遮光处理,遮光处理开花后14~21 d籽粒干物质积累量显著下降导致的粒重降低是造成籽粒产量下降的主要原因;两时期遮光均降低了成熟期干物质积累量,改变了营养器官干物质分配比例,使籽粒产量更多地依赖于开花前营养器官贮藏同化物,从而导致遮光处理籽粒产量下降.开花期遮光前喷施6-BA处理的籽粒产量显著大于开花期遮光处理,主要是由于喷施6-BA能够延缓遮光处理下旗叶的衰老进程,其灌浆速率和粒重亦显著大于遮光处理,同时提高了开花期遮光处理植株在成熟期的干物质积累量,且S₂+6-BA花后同化物的转运量及对籽粒的贡献量较S₂增大,最终提高了遮光处理的籽粒产量.总之,开花期遮光对小麦籽粒产量的影响大于孕穗期,开花期遮光前喷施外源6-BA对遮光造成的不利影响有一定的缓解效应,降低了开花期遮光造成的产量损失.     

河南省不同纬度生态环境对三种筋型小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响

选用 6个有代表性的强、中、弱筋冬小麦品种在河南省 5个纬度点 (32～ 36 0°N )种植 ,研究了 3种筋型小麦品种淀粉糊化特性在不同纬度生态环境条件下的变化。结果表明 :基因型和环境对糊化特性均有显著或极显著影响 ,其中生态环境的影响较大 ,而且峰值粘度、低谷粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度值均表现为随纬度升高而增加的趋势 ,而糊化时间的变化规律不明显。淀粉糊化特性指标的变异系数为低谷粘度 >峰值粘度 >最终粘度 >稀懈值 >糊化时间。 6个供试品种中 ,弱筋型小麦豫麦 5 0的淀粉糊化特性指标值最低 ,变异系数最大。播种至成熟期总积温、总日照时数与淀粉糊化特性指标均呈正相关 ,总降雨量与其均呈负相关。相关分析和逐步回归结果表明 ,5月份灌浆期不同阶段气象因子对淀粉品质性状的影响效应不同 ,其中上、下旬气象因子与淀粉糊化特性的关系更密切。据此对小麦淀粉品质改良、区域化种植和优质高效栽培提出了一些建议。     

两种冠温型冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态

 于2001～2003年对河南省主要推广的3个冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum)品种冠温特征、籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态进行了研究。结果表明：‘豫麦50’在灌浆后期冠层温度明显降低,表现为冷尾型,而‘豫麦34’、‘豫麦70’冠层温度有上升的趋势,表现为暖尾型 ,在灌浆末期冷尾型与暖尾型小麦冠层温度相差超过2.5 ℃。不同冠温小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态表现出差异：暖尾型小麦清蛋白、球蛋白积累量在灌浆后期显著高于冷尾型品种,最终醇溶蛋白积累量品种间差异不显著,麦谷蛋白积累量在花后15 d以前差异不显著,但开花 20 d后暖尾型小麦麦谷蛋白积累量增大,与冷尾型小麦差异达到1%显著水平,最终麦谷蛋白与总蛋白质含量比例亦表现出同样的趋势,麦谷蛋白含量与灌浆中、后期冠层温度和整个灌浆期平均冠层温度均达到显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.7781、0.865、0.968 7;不同冠温型 小麦淀粉组分积累量与直/支差异不大,但淀粉糊化特性表现出明显的差异,除稀懈值外, 暖尾型小麦与冷尾型小麦峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、糊化时间、糊化温度和反弹值差异分别达到1%显著水平。     

花后盐与渍水逆境对小麦植株钾钠吸收和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

以扬麦12和淮麦17为材料,研究花后渍水、盐胁迫及盐渍逆境条件对离子平衡、小麦籽粒淀粉及营养器官碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫和盐渍处理下,小麦叶片和茎鞘Na+含量快速上升,K+含量相对下降,K+/Na+比快速下降,导致离子平衡失调和Na+离子毒害;花后渍水、盐胁迫及盐渍处理降低了籽粒总糖、蔗糖、游离氨基酸含量及花前营养器官可溶性总糖转运量和转运率,从而抑制籽粒灌浆,导致籽粒干物质积累下降,淀粉含量降低,尤以盐胁迫和盐渍处理更为严重;盐胁迫和盐渍处理对淮麦17的抑制作用大于扬麦12,其中盐胁迫和盐渍处理导致成熟期淮麦17籽粒重分别下降60.3%和61.1%,而扬麦12下降46.6%和43.7%;此外,盐胁迫对扬麦12影响大于盐渍处理,而盐渍处理对淮麦17影响大于盐胁迫处理。     

灌浆期高温和水分逆境对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响

灌浆期高温和水分逆境是影响小麦籽粒产量和品质的关键气候因子。以扬麦9号、徐州26和豫麦34三个小麦品种为材料,利用人工气候室模拟灌浆期高温和水分胁迫环境,研究了花后高温及温度和水分互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉形成的影响。结果表明,高温显著提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白含量,导致麦谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比值降低。高温显著降低了籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉含量及支／直比。籽粒蛋白质和淀粉及其组分形成所需的适宜昼夜温差随小麦品质类型而异,但温度水平对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的影响较温差大。在高温和水分逆境下,温度对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响较水分逆境大,且存在显著的互作效应。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量均表现为干旱〉对照〉渍水,以高温干旱最高,适温渍水最低;淀粉含量为对照〉干旱〉渍水,以适温对照最高,而高温渍水最低。高温和水分逆境显著提高了籽粒醇溶蛋白含量而降低了谷蛋白含量及支链淀粉含量,使蛋白质谷／醇比和淀粉支／直比降低,以高温渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分的影响最为显著。不同品种之间,高蛋白小麦籽粒蛋白质和组分的形成受高温和水分逆境的影响更大,而低蛋白品种籽粒淀粉形成显著受温度和水分逆境的调节。分析表明,在高温和水分逆境下籽粒蛋白质含量与清蛋白和醇溶蛋白显著正相关,籽粒淀粉含量与谷蛋白、支链淀粉含量及支／直比显著正相关。     

氮肥基追比与灌浆中期高温胁迫对小麦产量和品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦品种‘济麦20’为供试材料,研究了不同氮肥基追比（基肥：追肥为1：1、1：2、1：5）和灌浆中期高温胁迫对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果显示,灌浆中期高温胁迫处理能显著降低小麦千粒重、籽粒产量以及籽粒的淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉/直链淀粉比例,峰值粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度也相应降低,而籽粒蛋白质含量相应提高,导致淀粉品质变劣而面团的流变学特性得以改善;在基追比例1：1的基础上增大拔节期氮素追施比例,能显著提高小麦常温和高温胁迫下籽粒产量,缓解高温胁迫对小麦千粒重和籽粒产量的不良影响,而对小麦籽粒面团流变学特性及面粉的粘度指标影响甚微.研究表明,适当提高拔节期氮肥追施比例可有效减缓灌浆中期高温胁迫对小麦产量的负面影响,但对小麦籽粒品质影响较小.     

Waterlogging and simulated acid rain after anthesis deteriorate starch quality in wheat grain

The synthesis and accumulation of starch is greatly affected by environmental stress. Wheat grown in the downstream area of the Yangtze River is easily subjected to stress of waterlogging and acid rain. In order to probe the effect of waterlogging and acid rain on yield and starch characteristic, we used winter wheat cultivars of Yangmai 16 (more resistant) and Wennong 17 (relatively sensitive) to sole stress of acid rain or waterlogging and to their combinations during grain filling. The responses of grain yield, the physiochemical properties and morphology of starch granules in endosperm to the stresses were investigated. Compared with CT (control), grain yield in Wennong 17 were significantly decreased by both pH 4.0 acid rain and pH 2.5 acid rain, while in Yangmai 16 only by pH 2.5 acid rain. Waterlogging combined with acid rain significantly reduced grain weight and grain yield in both wheat cultivars. Acid rain, waterlogging and their combination depressed activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase (SSS) in grains of both cultivars. Acid rain and waterlogging damaged endosperm cell structure and caused abnormal starch granules. Starch granules at maturity became fragile and failed to keep in shape and some granules were even totally submerged in the protein matrix and other tissue under acid rain and waterlogging. Content of amylopectin and amylopectin/amylose ratio was also decreased, while content of amylose was increased under acid rain and waterlogging. As a result, swelling power and most viscosity parameters decreased, while the pasting temperature increased in both cultivars due to stresses. In sum, acid rain and waterlogging and their combination damaged cell structure and depressed synthesis of amylopectin, and led to the formation of abnormal fragile starch granules, and finally reduced grain weight and then yield, and deteriorated starch quality.     

Effects of the exogenous application of auxin and cytokinin on carbohydrate accumulation in grains of rice under salt stress

Phytohormones, such as auxin and cytokinin, are known to be involved in the regulation of plant responses to salinity stress and counteract the adverse effect of stress conditions. This work investigated the effects of the exogenous spraying of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (KIN) during the reproductive phase on grain yield by examining the 1000-grain weight and filled-grain percentage as well as the changes in starch, total soluble sugars, sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations in the grains of two rice cultivars under salt stress. The results indicated that the applied IAA and KIN led to an increased grain yield, 1000-grain weight and filled-grain percentage for both rice cultivars under salt stress. The storage starch content in the grain of the salt-sensitive cultivar was more than that in the salt-tolerant cultivar under IAA application compared with KIN, whereas a decrease in the total soluble sugar content was observed with both IAA and KIN treatments, in comparison to the non-hormone treatment. Interestingly, this study showed that IAA led to a much higher increase in the sucrose content in grain, as compared to the KIN. Furthermore, this experiment suggests that glucose and fructose may play important roles during salt stress because there were clearly higher concentrations of these sugars in the grain of the stressed cultivars under IAA and KIN application: it appears that their accumulation was the earliest response detected during the grain-filling period in rice. Finally, this work indicated that an increase in the rice grain yield, 1000-grain weight and filled-grain percentage are associated with an increase in the contents of starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose in grain caused by the application of IAA and KIN.     

Gene expression of the biosynthetic enzymes and biosynthesis of starch during Rice Grain development

Amylose and amylopectin are determinants of the physicochemical properties for starch and grain quality in rice. Their biosynthesis is catalyzed by the interplay of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), soluble starch synthase (SSS), a starch branching enzyme (SBE), and a starch debranching enzyme (SDE). In this study, the genes for these enzymes were highly expressed 7 to 28 days after flowering during grain development, and their expression closely matched increases in both starch content and grain weight Among all the tested cultivars, amylose contents in the rice grains remained essentially constant throughout their development The AGPase gene was highly expressed in the high-yield cultivars of both glutinous and non-glutinous rice. The SSS gene was actively expressed when mature GBSS mRNA decreased. Genes responsible for amylopectin biosynthesis were simultaneously expressed in the late stage of grain development. We have now demonstrated that the expression patterns of starch biosynthetic genes differ between glutinous and non-glutinous rice, and between Tongil (a Japonica/ Indica hybrid) and Japonica types.     

水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响

以两个不同品质类型的小麦品种（强筋品种豫麦34、弱筋品种豫麦50）为材料,在大田条件下,研究了3个灌水处理（W₁：拔节水;W₂：拔节水+花后15 d灌浆水;W₃：拔节水+灌浆水+花后28 d麦黄水）和3个氮肥水平（0、150、270 kg·hm^-2）对籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响.结果表明：270 kg·hm^-2的施氮量有利于提高强筋小麦（豫麦34）籽粒蛋白质含量,籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显提高,谷/醇增大;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高,直/支下降;籽粒产量增加.弱筋小麦（豫麦50）在150 kg·hm^-2 的施氮量下,清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量增加,球蛋白和谷蛋白含量下降,谷/醇降低;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高;不施氮肥或氮肥施用过多（270 kg·hm^-2）均影响籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的积累,使产量下降.W₂处理促进了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,W₁或W₃处理均不利于籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,且导致籽粒产量下降.水、氮互作效应中,强筋和弱筋小麦分别以全生育期270 kg·hm^-2和150 kg·hm^-2施氮量配合拔节水+灌浆水（W₂）为比较理想的水氮运筹方式.     

高温下干旱和渍水对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性和物质转运的影响

以蛋白质含量不同的两个冬小麦品种扬麦9号和豫麦34为材料,研究了不同温度和水分条件下小麦花后旗叶光合特性的变化、营养器官花前贮藏干物质和氮素转运特征及其与籽粒产量和品质形成的关系.结果表明,高温及干旱和渍水均明显降低了旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,但高温下干旱和渍水对光合作用的影响加重.小麦营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素转运量和转运率在适温下表现为干旱>对照>渍水,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.适温下花后同化物积累量表现为对照>渍水>干旱,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.花后氮素积累量在适温和高温下均表现为对照>渍水>干旱.籽粒淀粉含量以适温适宜水分处理最高,高温渍水下最低;蛋白质含量以高温干旱下最高,适温渍水下最低.温度和水分逆境下小麦粒质量和淀粉含量的降低与花后较低的光合能力及干物质积累有关,而蛋白质含量则与花前贮藏氮素的转运量和转运率有关.     

Tuber physiology and properties of starch from tubers of transgenic potato plants with altered plastidic adenylate transporter activity

We showed recently that antisense plants with decreased activity of the plastidic ATP/ADP-transporter protein exhibit drastically reduced levels of starch and a decreased amylose/amylopectin ratio, whereas sense plants with increased activity of the transporter possessed more starch than wild-type plants and an increased amylose/amylopectin ratio. In this paper we investigate the effect of altered plastidic ATP/ADP-transporter protein expression on primary metabolism and granule morphology in more detail. Tuber tissues from antisense and sense plants exhibited substantially increased respiratory activity compared with the wild type. Tubers from antisense plants contained markedly increased levels of free sugars, UDP-Glc, and hexose phosphates, whereas phosphoenolpyruvate, isocitrate, ATP, ADP, AMP, UTP, UDP, and inorganic pyrophosphate levels were slightly decreased. In contrast, tubers from sense plants revealed a slight increase in adenine and uridine nucleotides and in the levels of inorganic pyrophosphate, whereas no significant changes in the levels of soluble sugars and metabolites were observed. Antisense tubers contained 50% reduced levels of ADP-Glc, whereas sense tubers contained up to 2-fold increased levels of this sole precursor for starch biosynthesis. Microscopic examination of starch grain morphology revealed that the size of starch grains from antisense tubers was substantially smaller (50%) compared with the wild type. The large starch grains from sense tubers appeared of a more angular morphology, which differed to the more ellipsoid shape of wild type grains. The results suggest a close interaction between plastidial adenylate transport and starch biosynthesis, indicating that ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase is ATP-limited in vivo and that changes in ADP-Glc concentration determine starch yield, as well as granule morphology. Possible factors linking starch synthesis and respiration are discussed.