Up-regulation of MSH receptors by MSH in Cloudman melanoma cells.

MSH can up-regulate MSH binding capacity of cultured Cloudman melanoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Binding is mediated through proteins exhibiting an apparent molecular weight of 50-53kDa, consistent with previous studies implicating them as the principal MSH receptors on Cloudman cells. Pre-incubation of cells with MSH stimulates expression of the receptor proteins both on the plasma membrane surface as well as in internal sites associated with coated vesicles. The effects of MSH are additive with those of UV light, suggesting that UV and MSH might stimulate receptor expression through separate mechanisms.     

Tyrosinase activity and abundance in Cloudman melanoma cells

Rabbit anti-tyrosinase antibodies were used to study the abundance, processing, and degradation of tyrosinase in murine (Cloudman) melanoma cells. The polyclonal antibodies precipitated low-molecular-weight (68,000 and 70,000) and high-molecular-weight (78,000 and 80,000) tyrosinases that had a precursor-product relationship. Cells with high basal tyrosinase activity had high levels of newly synthesized tyrosinase. Cells with low tyrosinase activity synthesized less tyrosinase and degraded the enzyme at a faster rate than cells with high tyrosinase activity. Melanotropin (melanocyte stimulating hormone), dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and isobutylmethylxanthine caused an increase in the abundance of newly synthesized tyrosinase that was directly proportional to the increase in enzyme activity. This enzyme was not a phosphoprotein. Other changes in the culture conditions that increased the level of tyrosinase activity increased the abundance of newly synthesized enzyme. It is thus concluded that the level of tyrosinase activity in Cloudman melanoma cells is a direct reflection of the abundance of enzyme protein.     

Studies on the Cloudman melanoma cell line as a model for the action of MSH

A review of the studies done at Yale on the role of MSH in regulating pigmentation and growth of Cloudman (S91) melanoma cells is presented. The areas covered include the isolation and analyses of mutant cell lines unresponsive to MSH; the role of cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases, and protein phosphorylation reactions in the response of MSH; new regulators of the melanogenesis pathway; the cytotoxicity of melanin precursors; the development of methodology for synthesizing 125I-beta-MSH; the use of this ligand to study receptors for MSH; and the chemical and biological properties of phosphorylated isomers of L-dopa, a new class of compounds exhibiting potent bio-activity toward melanocytes. All of the experiments described were carried out in the Department of Dermatology at the Yale University School of Medicine during the tenure of Dr. Aaron B. Lerner as chairman.     

Structural/functional relationships between internal and external MSH receptors: modulation of expression in Cloudman melanoma cells by UVB radiation

Expression of internal receptors for MSH is an important criterion for responsiveness to MSH by Cloudman melanoma cells (Orlow et al: J. Cell. Physiol., 142:129-136, 1990). Here, we show that internal and external receptors for MSH are of identical molecular weights (50-53 kDa) and share common antigenic determinants, indicating a structural relationship between the 2 populations of molecules. The internal receptors co-purified with a sub-cellular fraction highly enriched for small vesicles, many of which were coated. Ultraviolet B light (UVB) acted synergistically with MSH to increase tyrosinase activity and melanin content of cultured Cloudman melanoma cells, consistent with previous findings in the skin of mice and guinea pigs (Bolognia et al: J. Invest. Derm., 92:651-656, 1989). Preceding the rise in tyrosinase activity in cultured cells, UVB elicited a decrease in internal MSH binding sites and a concomitant increase in external sites. The time frame for the UVB effects on MSH receptors and melanogenesis, 48 hours, was similar to that for a response to solar radiation in humans. Together, the results indicate a key role for MSH receptors in the induction of melanogenesis by UVB and suggest a potential mechanism of action for UVB: redistribution of MSH receptors with a resultant increase in cellular responsiveness to MSH.     

Phosphorylated isomers of L-dopa stimulate MSH binding capacity and responsiveness to MSH in cultured melanoma cells

L-dopa is a key metabolite in the process of melanogenesis. However, it is difficult to use in biological experiments because it is subject to auto-oxidation and relatively insoluble at neutral pH. Dopa phosphates contain phosphate ester linkages at positions 3 and/or 4 of the phenylalanine ring of L-dopa, rendering them highly soluble and stable to auto-oxidation when compared to L-dopa. Dopa phosphates are readily taken up by melanoma cells in culture and converted to L-dopa and inorganic phosphate by cellular phosphatases, making them useful for studying L-dopa effects in vivo. Here we investigated the effects of dopa phosphates on receptors for MSH in cultured melanoma cells. We found that dopa phosphates caused a 3-fold stimulation of MSH binding capacity by the cells which probably occurred through an increase in the number of receptors for MSH with no apparent change in affinity of the receptors. The increased binding capacity for MSH was followed by increased cellular tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. Thus dopa phosphates and/or L-dopa can act as regulators of the MSH receptor system. The observations suggest a novel mechanism for regulation of hormonal responsiveness: hormonal signal amplification by a metabolite in the target pathway.     

MSH binding in bomirski amelanotic hamster melanoma cells is stimulated by L-tyrosine

Bomirski Ab amelanotic melanoma cells have recently been shown to undergo striking phenotypic changes when precursors of the melanogenic pathway, L-tyrosine and L-dopa, are added to the culture medium. The changes include increased tyrosinase activity andde novo synthesis of melanosomes and melanin. L-tyrosine and L-dopa appeared to elicit these responses through separate but overlapping regulatory pathways. Here we show an additional effect of L-tyrosine: stimulation of MSH binding capacity. Cells cultured for 24–48 hours in the presence of 200 M L-tyrosine display a 3–4 fold increase in their ability to bind¹²⁵l--MSH. L-dopa did not stimulate MSH binding under the same conditions. In control experiments neither L-tyrosine nor L-dopa had any effect on insulin binding. The amelanotic cells respond to MSH with increased dendrite formation, increased tyrosinase activity without melanin production, and decreased growth rate.     

L-dopa binding sites in rodent melanoma cells.

Rapid, saturable, specific and stereoselective binding of L-dopa to crude membranes and purified nuclei from rodent amelanotic melanoma cells is reported. Cross-linking of [3H]dopa to melanoma cell surface emphasized proteins of approx. 55, 30, 25 and less than 20 kDa. It is suggested that these binding sites may regulate melanocyte activity.     

Evidence for increased alpha MSH receptor binding in the F1 variant of B16 melanoma cells grown in dialyzed fetal calf serum

The specific binding of an alpha MSH analogue (Ac-[Nle4, D-Phe7] alpha MSH4-11 NH2) was enhanced in the presence of 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum (FCS) as compared with 10% FCS (nondialyzed) in the F1 variant of B16 melanoma cells. The replenishment of dialyzed serum with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or insulin had no effect on the increased level of alpha MSH receptor binding in these cells. However, 10 nM alpha MSH or 1 microM ACTH under identical conditions significantly decreased the level of alpha MSH binding. Competitive binding studies involving the alpha MSH analogue revealed that the specificity of the receptor was restricted to the complete molecule of alpha MSH, our analogue, beta MSH and ACTH1-24, ACTH4-10, which contains the amino acid sequence responsible for biological activity, showed a very low affinity for the receptor. Furthermore, we observed an interesting phenomenon unique to dialyzed FCS in that once the cells were grown to confluence and melanin was produced, the cells were no longer viable. However, in McCoy's medium, which is deficient in tyrosine, the cells did not produce melanin and remained viable.     

Psoralen activity and binding sites in melanotic and amelanotic human melanoma cells

The biological activity and specific binding sites of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) are assayed using two human melanoma cell lines, melanotic SK-Mel 28 and amelanotic C32TG. Long-term (72 hr) treatment with 8-MOP at a concentration of 10(-4)M results in an increase in melanogenesis and a decrease in proliferation, similar in both cell lines. Daily exposure of these cells to ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation (1.28 mJ/cm(2)) does not enhance the response to the compound. Daily pulse application (30 min daily) of 8-MOP does not promote any response. However, in combination with UVA, 8-MOP pulse treatment becomes as effective as the long-term treatment. A decrease in cell proliferation in the constant presence of 8-MOP is not coupled with apoptosis, since no increase in the number of apoptotic nuclei was observed after the treatment. The flow cytometry indicates that 8-MOP arrests the cells at the G0/G1 phase, irrespective of the presence or absence of UVA light. In view of the lack of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors in both cell lines, it is not likely that such an arrest is associated with the down-regulation of EGF receptors by 8-MOP. It is noted that this compound elicits a biphasic cell response, since cell proliferation increases after the first 24-hr treatment, whereas it decreases in the subsequent 48 hr and thereafter. Competition binding assays using 3H-8-MOP disclosed: 1) the specific binding of the compound in both cell lines occurs in the presence or absence of UVA light, and 2) a higher binding rate at low concentrations of the compound is in SK-Mel 28 (72%) rather than C32TG (58%) cells. The competition assays in the presence of UVA suggest a possible occurrence of covalent bindings between psoralen and receptor, as DNA covalent binding accounted to only 3-5% of the total binding in both cell lines.     

Heparin and heparan sulfate binding sites on B-16 melanoma cells

We have reported previously that the production of a tumor cell factor that stimulates synthesis of fibroblast collagenase is influenced by a fibroblast-deposited matrix component, possibly heparan sulfate-proteoglycan. In this study, binding sites for heparin and heparan sulfate on mouse B-16 melanoma cells have been demonstrated. Binding of 3H-heparin and 35S-heparan sulfate has been shown to occur to whole cells, isolated membranes, and to a component(s) of detergent extracts of the membranes. Scatchard analysis of binding of 3H-heparin yielded a Kd of 2-5 x 10(-8) M and a Bmax of 0.5 x 10(7) heparin molecules bound per cell. Binding of 35S-heparan sulfate was of at least an order of magnitude lower affinity than heparin, but the Bmax was similar to that for heparin. Competition studies showed that 35S-heparan sulfate binding was inhibited totally by heparin and heparan sulfate and partially by dermatan sulfate, but no inhibition was obtained with hyaluronate or chondroitin sulfate. Binding of 3H-heparin was inhibited totally by heparin but to different extents by preparations of heparan sulfate from different tissue sources. The heparin/heparan sulfate binding activity is a protein(s) because it is destroyed by treatment with trypsin. Binding of 3H-heparin to transblots of the detergent extract of the B-16 cell membranes indicated that at least part of the binding activity is a 14,000-dalton protein.     

A radiation resistance factor in cultured Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells.

The gamma-ray survival of a radiation-sensitive amelanotic subclone of Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma, S91/amel, is increased by the presence in the tissue culture dishes of heavily irradiated cells from the same cell line (amel-HRCells) and from clonally related melanotic S91/I3 radioresistant cells (I3-HRCells). The D0 of the target S91/amel cells increases from 1.25 to 2.08 Gy in the presence of 60,000 heavily irradiated S91/amel cells per dish. The presence of I3-HRCells in dishes of target S91/I3 cells does not increase their radioresistance. Comparable numbers of I3-HRCells are more effective than amel-HRCells at increasing survival of target S91/amel cells irradiated with 3 Gy of gamma rays. Conditioned medium from the S91 melanoma cells also increases the radioresistance of S91/amel, but is not as effective as the HRCells. Unirradiated cells can condition the medium as effectively as irradiated cells. It is concluded that the radiosensitive mouse melanoma cell line is made significantly more resistant by a diffusible cellular factor(s) elaborated more proficiently by radiation-resistant cells.     

Expression of nanomolar-affinity binding sites for melatonin in Syrian hamster RPMI 1846 melanoma cells.

Pharmacological studies indicate that Syrian hamster melanoma (RPMI 1846) cells possess a melatonin binding site similar to that found in normal hamster cells. A high correlation was observed for a series of compounds between the Ki in hamster hypothalamic membranes vs. RPMI 1846 membranes (r = 0.94, slope = 0.93, P less than 0.01, n = 14). Scatchard analysis of saturation binding of 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin to membranes (at 0 degrees C) indicated: Kd = 0.89 +/- 0.08 nM, Bmax = 6.2 +/- 2.9 fmol/mg protein (n = 3). Melatonin did not alter basal or forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in RPMI 1846 membranes or intact cells. Therefore, in contrast to the picomolar-affinity receptor for melatonin in the mammalian hypothalamus and pars tuberalis, the putative nanomolar-affinity receptor is not coupled to adenylate cyclase. The RPMI 1846 cell line provides a useful model system for further studies of signal transduction via the nanomolar-affinity site for melatonin.     

Melanotropic activity of gamma MSH peptides in melanoma cells.

We studied the pigmentary activity of the peptides gamma 1, gamma 2 and gamma 3 melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), which differ in the structure of their C-termini, using hamster and mouse melanoma cell lines responsive to beta-MSH by increasing tyrosinase activity. Gamma 1-MSH alone or in combination with beta-MSH had no effect on either cell line. Gamma 2-MSH alone was biologically inactive but potentiated beta-MSH stimulation of tyrosinase activity. Gamma 3-MSH at high concentration (10 microM) induced tyrosinase activity and dendrite formation in the hamster melanoma line. When added together with beta-MSH, gamma 3-MSH partially inhibited the tyrosinase activity response to beta-MSH. Thus, gamma-MSH peptides have low intrinsic melanotropic activity in mammalian melanoma cells; the specific pigmentary responses appear to be affected by the structure of the C-terminal portion.     

Interactions between ultraviolet light and interleukin-1 on MSH binding in both mouse melanoma and human squamous carcinoma cells

Interactions between beta-melanotropin (MSH), interleukin 1-a (IL-1), and ultraviolet light (UV) were examined in Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma and RHEK human squamous carcinoma cell lines. The following points were established: 1) both cell lines produced IL-1 and their production was stimulated by exposure of the cells to UV; 2) both cell lines possessed high affinity binding sites for MSH, and their ability to bind MSH was modulated by IL-1; 3) IL-1 exhibited both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on MSH binding to Cloudman cells; and 4) the stimulatory effect of IL-1 on MSH binding to melanoma cells was reflected in enhanced cellular responsiveness to MSH regarding tyrosinase activity (E.C. 1.14.18.1) and melanin content. The findings raise the possibility that interactions between keratinocytes and melanocytes may be regulated by IL-1 and MSH, and suggest a possible mechanism for stimulation of cutaneous melanogenesis by solar radiation: enhancement of MSH receptor activity by induction of IL-1.     

In situ melanin assay for MSH using mouse B16 melanoma cells in culture

A sensitive in situ melanin assay using cultured mouse B16 melanoma cells is described for structure-activity studies with melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) peptides. B16 Cells were seeded at a density of 2500 cells per well in 96-well microtest tissue culture plates; after 24 h the cells were incubated in the presence of serial dilutions of MSH peptides for 3 to 5 days. The melanin released into the medium of each well was then determined spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 405 nm using an automatic microplate reader calibrated against synthetic melanin. Studies with alpha-MSH, [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH, [3'-iodo-Tyr2]-alpha-MSH, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)(1-24), and ACTH(1-39) showed that the peptides had identical intrinsic activities and that the relative potencies were similar to those obtained with a tyrosinase assay. The EC50 of alpha-MSH was 27 pM, i.e., about five- to sevenfold lower than that in the assays for tyrosinase or intracellular melanin. Thus, the new assay represents the most sensitive melanoma cell assay for MSH available to date.     

Interactions between insulin and the cyclic AMP system of Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells

Insulin inhibits the proliferation of wild-type Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells. The effects, which are mediated through specific, high-affinity receptors for insulin, appear to involve interactions with the cAMP system. Our evidence is as follows: (1) Cloudman cells have a cAMP requirement for proliferation and pigmentation. Exposure of cells to insulin results in a lowering of intracellular cAMP levels and inhibition of both cell division and pigment formation. (2) The effects of insulin are reversed by agents which raise cAMP levels, or by the cAMP analogue dibutyryl cAMP. (3) A mutant cell line with a temperature-dependent requirement for cAMP is most sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of insulin when its requirements for cAMP are maximal. (4) Mutants selected only for alterations in their response to Insulin frequently have concomitant alterations in their cAMP systems. (5) The melanotropin-responsive adenylate cyclase system is stimulated following prolonged exposure of cells in culture to insulin. Although we do not know the mechanism(s) for the interactions between the insulin and the cAMP system, our initial findings suggest that protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation reactions are involved.     

L-Tyrosine stimulates induction of tyrosinase activity by MSH and reduces cooperative interactions between MSH receptors in hamster melanoma cells

L-tyrosine, a precurosr to melanin, has recently been shown to be a regulator of the melanogenic pathway in some cultured melanoma cell lines. In this paper we demonstrated that L-tyrosine, besides increasing binding capacity for MSH, decreased cooperativity between MSH receptors and increased the level of tyrosinase induction by MSH. Apparently, regulation of MSH receptor activity by L-tyrosine involves specific changes in the interactions between the receptors and modification of the cellular responsiveness to MSH.     

Isolation and characterization of a variant of B16-mouse melanoma resistant to MSH growth inhibition

A variant of B-16 F₁ mouse melanoma was selected for its ability to survive and replicate in the presence of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Although the variant (MR-4) was completely resistant to growth inhibition by MSH, cyclic AMP was still able to block cell replication. Tyrosinase activity in MR-4 cells was considerably lower than in B-16 F₁ cells. MSH induced a twofold to three-fold increase in tyrosinase activity in both cell types, but the absolute activity in MR-4 remained significantly less than in the parental cells. MR-4 cells were also found to have a markedly depressed cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity relative to B-16 F₁ cells. The protein kinase from both cell types was stimulated by cyclic AMP, but the level of MR-4 kinase activity at maximal cyclic AMP concentrations remained considerably lower than B-16 F₁ kinase activity under the same conditions. In both cell types adenylate cyclase activity was markedly stimulated by MSH. When equal numbers of viable F₁ and MR-4 cells were injected subcutaneously into C57/B1 mice, the MR-4 cells formed tumors earlier and killed the host sooner than the parental F₁ cells. We conclude that the biochemical alteration which allows MR-4 cells to replicate in the presence of MSH is a low level of tyrosinase activity, which in turn may be the result of low cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity.