The red turpentine beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendroctonus valens</Emphasis> LeConte (Scolytidae): an exotic invasive pest of pine in China

An exotic invasive pest of pines, the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Scolytidae) (RTB), was first detected in Shanxi Province, northern China, in 1998 and started causing widespread tree mortality there in 1999. This outbreak continues and has spread to three adjacent provinces, causing unprecedented tree mortality. Although it is considered a minor pest of pines in North America, RTB has proven to be an aggressive and destructive pest of Pinus tabuliformis, China’s most widely planted pine species. The bionomics and occurrence, distribution, response to host volatiles, and host preference of this pine beetle in China are compared with what is known of the beetle in its native range in North America. Factors likely contributing to D. valens success in China and control of the beetle outbreak are discussed. (−)-β-pinene was shown to be the most attractive host volatile for D. valens from the Sierra Nevada of California, whereas 3-(+)-carene is the most attractive host volatile for beetles in China. Monocultures of Pinus tabuliformis, several consecutive years of drought conditions and warm winters have apparently factored D. valens invasion and establishment in China.     

Synergistic attraction of pine sawyer Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to monochamol and α‐pinene

Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species are longhorn pine sawyers that serve as insect vectors of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), which are responsible for debilitating pine wilt disease. An aggregation pheromone, 2‐(1‐undecyloxy)‐1‐ethanol (hereafter referred to as monochamol), was shown to be effective at attracting Monochamus species. However, attraction of the pine sawyers to aggregation pheromones varied depending on semiochemicals, including host plant volatiles and kairomones. In this study, we investigated the abilities of monochamol and the host‐plant volatiles α‐pinene and ethanol to attract M. saltuarius in a pine forest in Cheongsong, Gyeongsangbuk‐do, Korea. A total of 91 M. saltuarius (28 males and 63 females) were captured. The combination of monochamol (700 mg) with α‐pinene and ethanol exhibited a synergistic effect on attracting M. saltuarius (11.0 beetles per trap), whereas monochamol alone and a mixture of α‐pinene and ethanol resulted in the capture of 3.2 beetles and 3.6 beetles per trap, respectively. Our results suggest that multi‐funnel traps baited with a blend of monochamol, α‐pinene and ethanol are highly effective for monitoring M. saltuarius and M. alternatus in pine forests.     

Potential non-target effects of Sclerodermus harmandi (Hymenoptera:Bethylidae) on Triaspis sp. (Hymenoptera:Braconidae)

Sclerodermus harmandi (Buysson) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a generalist parasitoid that has been mass-produced and released for biological control of many agricultural and forest pests in China. However, few studies have examined the potential non-target risks of this parasitoid in targeted agriculture or forest ecosystems. In this study, we demonstrate that S. harmandi successfully attacks Triaspis sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an important native natural enemy of the pine weevil pest Pissodes punctatus Langor et Zhang in Yunnan Province of China. When exposed to older larvae of Triaspis sp. at three different parasitoid-to-host group sizes (1:1, 2:2 and 3:3) with a constant 1:1 parasitoid-to-host ratio, S. harmandi successfully attacked 100%, 75% and 83.3% of the test larvae, respectively. All life stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) of S. harmandi were observed on Triaspis sp. larvae, indicating that Triaspis sp. are suitable for the completion of S. harmandi development. There were no significant differences in the number of S. harmandi progeny produced among the different parasitoid-to-host exposure treatments. Immature stages of S. harmandi on parasitized Triaspis sp. took 25.4 days to complete their development (the egg stage: 3.6 days, the larval stage: 5.0 days, the pupal stage: 16.5 days). Together, results from our study indicate that mass-releases of S. harmandi for biological control of forest pests in Yunnan Province may adversely affect some valuable non-target insects such as Triaspis sp. We suggest that the potential non-target risk of S. harmandi be considered in future augmentative release biological control programmes against forest pests.     

NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases in white pine (Pines strobes) and loblolly pine (P. taeda)

Summary NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (pchlide reductase, EC 1.6.99.1) catalyzes the light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide in higher plants. Cloned cDNAs encoding two distinct pchlide reductases were isolated from a gt11 library constructed from poly(A)⁺ RNA prepared from the cotyledons of dark-grown white pine (Pines strobes) seedlings and a nuclear gene (lpcr) analogous to one of these cDNAs has been characterized from loblolly pine (P. taeda). The pine gene encodes an approximately 43 kDa precursor polypeptide consisting of a 334-amino acid mature protein and a 66-amino acid transit peptide. The deduced primary structures for the pine proteins are highly homologous to those reported from monocots and dicots. The coding portion of the pine lpcr gene is interrupted by four introns. The placement of these introns within the pine lpcr gene is identical to that observed in pea (Pisum sativum), suggesting conservation in gene organization between dicot and gymnosperm species. Western blot analysis using polyclonal antiserum against oat pchlide reductase detected in extracts of dark-grown pine cotyledons a single immunoreactive protein, which declined in abundance during a 48 h period of illumination with white light. Cotyledons of dark-grown seedlings were also found to accumulate high levels of pchlide reductase mRNA; however, little or no change in the steady-state levels of mRNA encoding pchlide reductase was observed in these tissues following illumination. Stem tissue of dark-grown seedlings did not contain significant levels of pchlide reductase mRNA, whereas stems of light-grown plants of the same age accumulated substantial amounts of the message. These results suggest that light and the developmental age of the tissue affect regulation of lpcr expression in pine.     

Morphology and life cycle of Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) on pine (Parnis Mt.) and fir (Helmos Mt.) forests of Greece

Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) is a scale insect, endemic in pine (Pinus halepensis) forests of Greece and other Mediterranean countries, which plays a major role in the production of honeydew honey. We investigated the morphological and the biological characteristics of M. hellenica in the pine forests of Mt. Parnis in comparison with those in the high-altitude fir (Abies cephalonica) forest of Mt. Helmos where it has been recently established, after anthropogenic intervention. Morphologically, the final body size of the 1^st instar and the adult stages of M. hellenica in the fir forest were equal to those in the pine forest. Biologically, in the fir forest, the insect exhibited a long 1^st instar’s period, which was the stage of its overwintering. In the pine forest, the 1^st instar period was short and the insect overwinters in the stage of 2^nd instar. The number of eggs per female in the fir forest was quite low (25–145) compared with the number of eggs in the pine forest (200–300). Concerning the qualitative parameters of the resulting honeydew-honey, statistically significant differences were found in Diastase and HMF (p < 0.0001). No difference was found in sucrose, fructose + glucose and water content, neither to electrical conductivity and total acidity. All values were within the EU limits (EU Directive 2001).     

我国首次截获检疫性有害生物美东最小齿小蠹

2022年2月1日起,美国、加拿大等国家的松木进口,只能通过我国江苏(南京、连云港)、福建(福州港)等17个指定口岸进境。美国、加拿大进境松木携带疫情复杂,将给指定口岸带来巨大的疫情防控压力。2022年1月,连云港海关在进口美国原木中截获了美东最小齿小蠹。该小蠹在我国无分布,为国内首次截获。其形态特征与近似种主要区别为:该齿小蠹体型相对较小,一般为2.1～2.8 mm,侧缘4齿各自独立,其中第2齿和第3齿着生在共同的基部。通过初步风险分析,其通过指定口岸入侵我国的可能性很大,一旦成功入侵定殖,将对我国的林业资源造成严重威胁,各相关指定口岸应加强对北美进境原木的检疫。     

Effect of pine foliage damage on the incidence of larval diapause in the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

The pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) with a larval facultative diapause is one of the most destructive insect pests of the pine tree Pinus massoniana in China. The larvae feeding on pine trees with different damage levels were studied to determine the induction of diapause under both laboratory and field conditions. Developmental duration of larvae before the third instar was the longest when fed with 75%–90% damaged needles, followed by 25%–40% damaged needles and intact pine needles, whereas mortalities did not differ among different treatments under the conditions of 25° and critical photoperiod 13.5:10.5 L:D. At 25°, no diapause was induced under 15:9 L:D, whereas 100% diapause occurred under 12:12 L:D regardless of the levels of needle damage. Incidences of larvae entering diapause when they were fed with intact, 25%–40% and 75%–90% damaged pine needles were 51.7%, 70.8% and 81% under 13.5:10.5 L:D, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the field experiment. Incidence of diapause was significantly different among the pine needle damage levels of pine trees when the photoperiod was close to the critical day length, indicating that the effect of host plants on diapause induction was dependent on the range of photoperiod. The content of amino acid and sugar decreased and tannin increased in pine needles after feeding by the pine caterpillars, suggesting that changed levels of nutrients in damaged needles or a particular substance emitted by damaged pine trees was perhaps involved in the diapause induction of the pine caterpillar.     

Accelerated soil CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> efflux after conversion from secondary oak forest to pine plantation in southeastern China

Soil respiration (R _s) is an important component of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems, and changes in soil respiration with land cover alteration can have important implications for regional carbon balances. In southeastern China (Xiashu Experimental Forest, Jiangsu Province), we used an automated LI-8100 soil CO₂ flux system to quantify diurnal variation of soil respiration in a secondary oak forest and a pine plantation. We found that soil respiration in the pine plantation was significantly higher than that in the secondary oak forest. There were similar patterns of soil respiration throughout the day in both the secondary oak forest and the pine plantation during our 7-month study (March–September 2005). The maximum of R _s occurred between 4:00 pm and 7:00 pm. The diurnal variations of R _s were usually out of phase with soil surface (0.5 cm) temperature (T _g). However, annual variation in R _s correlated with surface soil temperature. Soil respiration reached to a maximum in June, and decreased thereafter. The Q₁₀ of R _s in the secondary oak forest was significantly higher than that in the pine plantation. The higher Q₁₀ value in the secondary oak forest implied that it might release more CO₂ than the pine plantation under a global-warming scenario. Our results indicated that land-use change from secondary forest to plantation may cause a significant increase in CO₂ emission, and reduce the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in southeastern China.     

A PCR-RFLP-based method to distinguish sable (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Martes zibellina</Emphasis>) and pine marten (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Martes martes</Emphasis>)

Species identification is an important issue in conservation and a particular focus for wildlife forensics. Molecular biological methods retain a unique power to differentiate between difficult samples that lack other identifiable characteristics. The pine marten (Martes martes) and sable (Martes zibellina) are closely related species with very similar pelage characteristics and are often difficult to distinguish from each other. The sable, however, in contrast to the pine marten, remains an endangered and protected animal in China with both hunting and fur trade strictly prohibited for this species. Here, we present a polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism method for distinguishing the two species. We sequenced a 638-bp fragment of cytochrome b gene in 39 sables, 68 pine martens, and 10 stone martens and identified all variable nucleotides. A new primer pair was subsequently designed to amplify a 316-bp fragment containing restriction sites of enzyme BseG I and BamH I that are different among martens. When the fragment was cut using BseG I, the resulting restriction pattern was identical in the sable and pine marten, but differed from all other martens. When cut using BamH I, the fragment generated two diagnostic fragments in the sable which could distinguish them from pine martens. This method was valid for all haplotypes of sable and pine marten thus far identified and has high potentially applicability for the identification of the two species.     

Food habits of genetically identified pine marten (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Martes martes</Emphasis>) expanding in agricultural lowlands (NW Italy)

We assessed the diet of pine marten (Martes martes) expanding in the heavily human-altered agricultural plain of the River Po, northern Italy. Between February 2008 and November 2009, surveys were carried out twice a week during seasonal sampling sessions of three to four consecutive weeks. To distinguish the faecal samples from those of sympatric carnivores, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was applied. The availability of small mammals was assessed by the analysis of 59 barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets. A total of 109 pine marten faeces were analysed. Its diet consisted of fruit, rodents, lagomorphs and birds. Seasonal variation occurred for fruit, which prevailed in summer, and rodents, which were more preyed upon in autumn. In winter, the diet of the pine marten was almost totally based on vertebrates, and lagomorphs were the main source of protein in summer. Use of small mammals differed significantly from their availability, voles, particularly bank vole Myodes glareolus, being preferred to mice (Apodemus sp.) and rats (Rattus sp.). Medium-size mammals formed about 18% of pine marten diet, a value generally reported for high-latitude habitats. In agricultural areas, the pine marten proved to be an opportunistic predator, able to face the reduced availability of small mammals by preying upon medium-size prey and fruit.     

东北阔叶红松林地表葬甲群落多样性及其空间变异特征

为了探明我国东北阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林地表葬甲多样性及其空间变异特征,在胜山、丰林、凉水和长白山的4个大型森林动态监测样地内,通过布置900个陷阱调查了36 hm²范围内的地表葬甲群落基本特征。基于群落物种数量、个体数量和总体长,分析了地表葬甲多样性及其空间变异性。结果表明：(1)东北阔叶红松林区域物种库包含12个葬甲物种,密度为0.018只/m²,总平均体长达0.32 mm/m²。北方花葬甲(Nicrophorus tenuipes)是东北阔叶红松林内的广布物种,黑葬甲(Nicrophorus concolor)等五个物种具有明显的生境偏好,仅存在于单个局域物种库内。(2)物种数量、个体数量和总体长在胜山、丰林、凉水和长白山样地存在明显差异,其中纬度较低的局域物种库(凉水、长白山)可维持更高的物种多样性,纬度最高的局域物种库(胜山)维持较低的物种多样性。(3)地表葬甲群落在胜山和丰林样地存在显著的空间自相关性,在凉水和长白山样地则不显著。(4)葬甲群落具有较明显的空间异质性,长白山样地的空间变异...     

Behavior of Adult and Larval Platysoma cylindrica (Coleoptera: Histeridae) and Larval Medetera bistriata (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) During Subcortical Predation of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The most abundant predators of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), include Platysoma cylindrica (Paykull) and Medetera bistriata Parent. We amended bark sandwiches with pine engravers and adult P. cylindrica and larval M. bistriata, and report observations on these endophytic predators. Adult P. cylindrica preferred adult prey, and appeared to be facultative egg predators, which contrasts with other Histeridae. The larvae of P. cylindrica fed on pine engraver larvae. Protection from predators is generally assumed to be an advantage of an endophytic life history, but we found that this predator exploited the herbivore's gallery architecture to facilitate prey capture. Larval M. bistriata also fed on pine engraver larvae. Immediate paralysis or death of the prey followed a strike with their tentorial rods. Such rapid immobilization, in conjuction with the glandular histology of Medetera spp., suggests that they use a toxin to arrest prey.     

Shoot feeding ecology of Tomicus piniperda and T. minor (Col., Scolytidae) in southern China

Abstract: The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda, is causing substantial tree mortality to Pinus yunnanensis in south‐western China, whereas the same species in Europe seldom kills Pinus sylvestris. In order to understand this difference in aggressiveness, we studied the shoot feeding ecology of the pine shoot beetles in Yunnan, and compared it with European results. We found many similarities in the shoot feeding behaviour of T. piniperda, and also that of Tomicus minor, which was common locally. In contrast to Europe, however, the pine shoot beetles in Yunnan seem to be able to predispose the host trees for stem attack by intensive shoot‐feeding. It has also been observed that beetles aggregate in certain trees during shoot feeding, but we could not verify that in our experiment.     

Firewood collected after a catastrophic wind event: the bark beetle (Scolytinae) and woodborer (Buprestidae,Cerambycidae) community present over a 3‐year period

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1067. Pinus armandii var. dabeshanensis (W. C. Cheng & Y. W. Law) Silba: Pinaceae

Pinus armandii Franch. var. dabeshanensis (W. C. Cheng & Y. W. Law) Silba, the highly threatened Dabei Shan pine from the mountains of central China, is illustrated; its introduction, cultivation and horticultural merits are discussed.     

Sex pheromone perception in male pine sawflies,Neodiprion sertifer (Hymenoptera; Diprionidae)

Summary Electroantennographic and single sensillum recordings were performed on male pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer, antennae. Responses to the sex pheromone component (2S, 3S, 7S)- 3,7-dimethyl-2-pentadecenyl (diprionyl) acetate (SSS:OAc), to the behavioral inhibitor (2S, 3R, 7R)-diprionyl acetate (SRR:OAc), to the six other enantiomers of diprionyl acetate, and to the biosynthetic precursor diprionol were recorded. Responses to trans-perillenal, a monoterpene identified in female gland extracts and to (2S, 3S, 7S)-diprionyl propionate (SSS:OPr), a field attractant for N. sertifer and some related sawfly species were also recorded.EAG recordings demonstrated a high antennal sensitivity to SSS:OAc and to SSS:OPr. A somewhat lower response was elicited by SRR:OAc.Single sensillum recordings revealed 8–12 different cells firing in each sensillum, corresponding to the number of cells observed in earlier morphological investigations. Out of these cells all, except one, responded to SSS:OAc and to SSS:OPr. No differences in the response to the two components could be observed. The largest amplitude cell in each sensillum was specifically tuned to the behavioral antagonist, SRR:OAc. The pheromone perception system encountered in male pine sawflies thus differs clearly from that observed in moths.Abbreviation EAG electroantennogram - OAc acetate - OPr propionate     

Ophiostomatoid fungi (Ascomycota) associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabuliformis</Emphasis> infested by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendroctonus valens</Emphasis> (Coleoptera) in northern China and an assessment of their pathogenicity on mature trees

Dendroctonus valens is an invasive pest in coniferous forests of northern China. It was suspected of being responsible for the death of more than three million Pinus tabuliformis trees. The present study sought to identify the ophiostomatoid fungi associated with D. valens in northern China and understand the possible role of these fungi in the pine decline. On the basis of morphology, physiology, mating compatibility and phylogenetic analyses of multiple DNA sequences, seven species of ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from and around D. valens galleries: Leptographium alethinum, Grosmannia koreana (teleomorph of L. koreanum), L. procerum, L. sinoprocerum, L. truncatum, Pesotum aureum and P. pini. All have been recorded for the first time in China. Among them, the occurrence of the dominant species L. procerum is positively linked to attack intensities of D. valens. The pathogenicity of four species (L. koreanum, L. procerum, L. sinoprocerum and L. truncatum) was tested on mature P. tabuliformis trees by stem inoculation. All inoculated strains caused significant necrotic lesions on the inner bark. However, L. koreanum and L. truncatum induced more extensive lesions than L. procerum and L. sinoprocerum. Their association with D. valens and the P. tabuliformis decline is discussed.     

Zur Kenntnis der Kleinen Kiefern-Buschhornblattwespe,Diprion (Microdiprion) pallipes (Fall.) (Hym., Diprionidae)

Contributions to the knowledge of Diprion (Microdiprion) pallipes (Fall.) (Hym., Diprionidae). 1. Systematics, distribution and morphology Studies were made on D. pallipes var. politum injurious to young pine stands near Munich as well in laboratory as in high-fens and pine cultures. The Tenthredinid is native within the Alps and their foreland and had migrated northward along the river Isar in last decades. Part 1 deals with problems of systematics, distribution and morphology. D. pallipes (Fall.) is to be found in two European areas: a nominate race (D. pallipes pallipes) in northern Europe and a southern race (D. pallipes politum) in the alpine region. The original food plant of the alpine race is Pinus mugo Turra. The most important morphological characteristics of the developmental stages of the subspecies are described.