Genetic demographic structure of the Belgorod population: age, ethnicity, education, and occupation

Data from marriage records of the city of Belgorod for 1960, 1985, and 1995 have been used to determine some parameters of population structure in this city. The coefficients of correlation with respect to age of marriage between spouses in the couples contracting marriages in these years were 0.74, 0.62, and 0.80, respectively. Women of reproductively unfavorable age (under 20 or over 30 years) accounted for 5.5, 0.83, and 19% of all women contracting marriages in these years, respectively. The proportions of interethnic marriages in these years were 16.9, 14.9, and 15.6%, respectively. The percentage of Slavs decreased from 99 to 97% during the 35 years studied, whereas the proportion of Russians insignificantly increased (from 90.4 to 91.4%). The proportion of Caucasian ethnic groups increased by six time (from 0.3 to 1.8%), and that of other non-Slavic ethnic groups increased by almost two times (from 0.7 to 1.2%). The marriage convergence (K) with respect to ethnicity (0.095, 0.106, and 0.090 in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively) was lower than that with respect to education (0.296 and 0.350 in 1985 and 1995, respectively) or occupation (0.212 and 0.231 in 1985 and 1995, respectively). The maximum coefficients of ethnically, educationally, and occupationally assortative marriage have been found, respectively, in ethnic minority groups (A' = 20%); in persons with higher and primary education (A' = 37.5 and A' = 49.9%, respectively); and in the military officers/soldiers, engineers, healthcare professionals, and researchers (the respective A' values are 65.6, 32.2, 31.5, and 39.8%).     

Genetic demographic parameters of the marriage structure of the Yevpatoria population

Records on marriages contracted in the city of Yevpatoria, Ukraine in 1960/1961, 1985, 1993, and 1994/1995 were used to determine some parameters of the city population structure. The coefficients of correlation with respect to the age of marriage in reproductive-age couples contracting marriages in these years were 0.77, 0.81, and 0.80, respectively. Women that contracted marriages at reproductively unfavorable ages (under 20 and over 30 years) in the respective years constituted 28.3, 40.6, and 45.4% of the total sample. The proportions of interethnic marriages in these years were 39.4, 43.9, and 46.6%. The proportion of Slavs decreased from 94 to 91% during 35 years, but the proportion of Ukrainians increased from 23.1 to 26.5%. The proportion of other ethnic groups (Tatars, Armenians, Karaites, Poles, Germans, etc.) increased from 3 to 8.6%. The marriage contingency with respect to ethnicity (K = 0.26 in 1960/1961, K = 0.22 in 1985, and K = 0.28 in 1994/1995) was higher than with respect to education (K = 0.18 in 1985 and K = 0.23 in 1993) or occupation (K = 0.18 in 1960/1961, K = 0.17 in 1985, and K = 0.23 in 1994/1995). The marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity was the highest in ethnic minorities (A' = 55.1%); that with respect to education, in persons who had higher or primary education (A' = 40.1% and A'= 78.0%, respectively); and that with respect to occupation, in students, military personnel, and production workers (60.6, 58.7, and 30.9%).     

Genetic demographic parameters of the marriage structure of the Yevpatoria population

Records on marriages contracted in the city of Yevpatoria, Ukraine in 1960/1961, 1985, 1993, and 1994/1995 were used to determine some parameters of the city population structure. The coefficients of correlation with respect to the age of marriage in reproductive-age couples contracting marriages in these years were 0.77, 0.81, and 0.80, respectively. Women that contracted marriages at reproductively unfavorable ages (under 20 and over 30 years) in the respective years constituted 28.3, 40.6, and 45.4% of the total sample. The proportions of interethnic marriages in these years were 39.4, 43.9, and 46.6%. The proportion of Slavs decreased from 94 to 91% during 35 years, but the proportion of Ukrainians increased from 23.1 to 26.5%. The proportion of other ethnic groups (Tatars, Armenians, Karaites, Poles, Germans, etc.) increased from 3 to 8.6%. The marriage contingency with respect to ethnicity (K = 0.26 in 1960/1961, K = 0.22 in 1985, and K = 0.28 in 1994/1995) was higher than with respect to education (K = 0.18 in 1985 and K = 0.23 in 1993) or occupation (K = 0.18 in 1960/1961, K = 0.17 in 1985, and K = 0.23 in 1993). The marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity was the highest in ethnic minorities (A′ = 55.1%); that with respect to education, in persons who had higher or primary education (A′ = 40.1% and A′ = 78.0%, respectively); and that with respect to occupation, in students, military personnel, and production workers (60.6, 58.7, and 30.9%).     

Genetic Demographic Structure of the Lugansk (Ukraine) Population: Age,Ethnicity, Education,and Occupation

Data from marriage records from registry office archives of 1960, 1985, 1990, and 2000 have been used to calculate the genetic demographic parameters of the Lugansk city population. The population is mostly Ukrainian and Russian. In the years studied, Ukrainians accounted for 49.4, 44.0, 44.6, and 48.7% of the population and Russians, for 46.3, 52.1, 50.7, and 45.6%, respectively. The total proportion of the two ethnic groups decreased from 97.3 to 94.6% for 40 years. The marriage contingency coefficient (K) with respect to ethnicity decreased from 0.16 to 0.07 in the period between 1960 and 1985 and increased from 0.10 to 0.24 between 1990 and 2000. The frequency of interethnic marriages (48.4, 50.9, 52.0, and 60.0%, respectively, in the years studied) indicate that the outbreeding component has been constantly increasing in the Lugansk population. The marriage assortativeness indices (A′) for Ukrainians were 0.2, 4.8, 2.1, and 6.0% in 1960, 1985, 1990, and 2000, respectively. For pooled minor ethnic groups, A′ values in these years were 25.6, 12.4, 18.9, and 6.6%, respectively. The marriage contingency coefficient (K) with respect to occupation increased in the period between 1960 and 1990 (0.14, 0.16, and 0.19 in 1960, 1985, and 1990, respectively), and K with respect to education decreased (0.35, 0.30, and 0.26, respectively).     

Genetic Demography of Ukrainian Urban Populations in the 1990s: Ethnicity and Birthplaces of Migrants to the Poltava Population

Analysis of the birthplaces and ethnicity of males and females contracting marriages in the city of Poltava in 1960, 1985, and 1995 revealed a trend towards return of Ukrainians from various regions of the former Soviet Union to their places of origin. In the migration flow, Russians were gradually substituted by Ukrainians, and the total proportion of Slavs increased. The isolation by distance (b) decreased from 0.00122 to 0.00075 in the period from 1960 to 1985 and then increased to 0.00098 by 1995. Positive association was found between the parent–offspring distance and marriage distance (the correlation coefficient r = 0.65–0.75).     

Genetic Demographic Analysis of Western Ukrainian Populations: The Marriage Structure of Populations from the Khmel'nitskii Oblast with Respect to Ethnicity and Birthplace

Ukrainians account for 85 and 91% of the populations of the city of Khmel'nitskii and the town of Starokonstantinov (Khmel'nitskii oblast, western Ukraine), respectively, and for 97% of the rural population of the Khmel'nitskii oblast. The proportions of Russians in the urban and rural populations of the Khmel'nitskii oblast are 7–10 and 1%, respectively. Between 1960 and 1995–1998, the proportions of Ukrainians in all populations studied increased and the proportion of interethnic marriages steadily decreased. The marriage association coefficient (K) with respect to ethnicity varied from 0.35 to 0.76 in different years. The highest assortative marriage indices (A) with respect to ethnicity were 75–98 and 71–84% in Ukrainians and Jews, respectively. The migration coefficient was 0.58–0.77. Western Ukrainian populations differ from eastern Ukrainian ones in a steadily decreasing outbreeding component.     

Spatial Characteristics of Marriage Migration in the Belgorod Population

Data from marriage records of the city of Belgorod for 1960, 1985, and 1995 have been used to calculate parameters characterizing migration in the Belgorod population. The marriage migration coefficients (m) in these years were 0.83, 0.68, and 0.58, respectively, and the endogamy indices were 0.05, 0.13, and 0.22, respectively. The marriage convergence (K) with respect to birthplace in the same years were 0.15, 0.13, and 0.14, respectively. In the period studied, spatial parameters reflecting the genetic efficiency of migration increased. The mean migration distance also increased; it was 430, 667, and 926 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively. The migration distances for men and women in the same years were 477, 725, and 986 km and 383, 609, and 866 km, respectively. The radius of the Belgorod population in terms of Malecot’s isolation by distance model increased in the period studied (55, 81, and 95 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively). The parameter b in that period decreased (0.00110, 0.00074, and 0.00062, respectively), which indicates a decrease in the inbred component. The increase in marital distance (590, 796, and 891 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively) indicates a steady increase in the outbred component of the population.__________Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 686–696.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Atramentova, Filiptsova.     

Genetic demography of Ukrainian urban populations in the 1990's: ethnicity and birth places of migrants to the Poltava population

Analysis of the birthplace and ethnicity of males and females contracting marriages in the city of Poltava in 1960, 1985, and 1995 revealed a trend towards return of Ukrainians from various regions of the former Soviet Union to their places of origin. In the migration flow, Russians were gradually substituted by Ukrainians, and the total proportion of Slavs increased. The isolation by distance (b) decreased from 0.00122 to 0.00075 in the period from 1960 to 1985 and then increased to 0.00098 by 1995. Positive association was found between the parent-offspring distance and marriage distance (the correlation coefficient r = 0.65-0.75).     

Genetic demographic processes in Ukrainian population in 1990. The marriage structure of the Donetsk population

Analysis of records of the marriages that were contracted in the city of Donetsk revealed that, between 1960 and 1992, the marriage rate in the city decreased from 14.8 to 4.7 per 1000 people, the migration rate (m) decreased from 0.71 to 0.34, and the endogamy index increased from 0.123 to 0.458. Between 1960 and 1985, outbreeding in the Donetsk population increased, which was expressed in an increase in the frequency of interethnic marriages, migration range, and the average marital distance, as well as a decrease in the proportion of the indigenous ethnic group (Ukrainians). By 1992, outbreeding decreased: the population became more homogeneous ethnically (93% Slavic), the proportion of Ukrainians and the frequency of monoethnic marriages increased, and the average marital distance decreased. In 1960 and 1992, the coefficients of marriage contingency (K) with respect to ethnicity were 0.34 and 0.22, respectively. Regarding birthplaces, the population became almost panmictic (in 1960 and 1992, the K values were 0.15 and 0.10, respectively). Marriage structure with respect to occupation remained almost unchanged (the K values were 0.22 and 0.23, respectively). Throughout the entire period studied, the most pronounced population subdivision was that with respect to the education level (the K values were 0.36 and 0.39, respectively).     

Population demographic structure of the city of Ulan Ude: Ethnic composition and age at marriage

The marriage structure of the population of Ulan Ude, the capital of Buryat Republic, which is characterized by a mixed ethnic composition, has been studied. Differences between Ulan Ude districts in a number of genetic demographic parameters have been found. In ethnic terms, the city district populations differ from one another in the number of ethnic groups and the proportions of the largest groups (Russians and Buryats). In the total Ulan Ude population, the proportions of Russian men and women among persons contracting marriages are 71.44 and 73.79%, respectively; those of Buryat men and women are 23.36 and 22.79%, respectively. The total proportion of all other ethnic groups among both men and women contracting marriages is no more than 5.2%. The mean ages at first marriage in both indigenous and immigrant populations of Ulan Ude are relatively old; these values are 25.9 and 24.72 years for Buryat men and women and 24.86 and 22.69 for non-indigenous men and women, respectively.     

Spatial characteristics of marriage migration in the Belgorod population

Data from marriage records of the city of Belgorod for 1960, 1985, and 1995 have been used to calculate parameters characterizing migration in the Belgorod population. The marriage migration coefficients (m) in these years were 0.83, 0.68, and 0.58, respectively, and the endogamy indices were 0.05, 0.13, and 0.22, respectively. The marriage convergence (K) with respect to birthplace in the same years were 0.15, 0.13, and 0.14, respectively. In the period studied, spatial parameters reflecting the genetic efficiency of migration increased. The mean migration distance also increased; it was 430, 667, and 926 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively. The migration distances for men and women in the same years were 477, 725, and 986 km and 383, 609, and 866 km, respectively. The radius of the Belgorod population in terms of Malecot's isolation by distance model increased in the period studied (55, 81, and 95 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively). The parameter b in that period decreased (0.00110, 0.00074, and 0.00062, respectively), which indicates a decrease in the inbred component. The increase in marital distance (590, 796, and 891 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively) indicates a steady increase in the outbred component of the population.     

Genetic-demographic processes in urban populations of the Ukraine in the 90's. The marital structure of the Poltava population

Analysis of records of the marriages that were contracted in the city of Poltava revealed an increase in outbreeding between 1960 and 1985 in the Poltava population. This was expressed in increased ethnic diversity, proportion of interethnic marriages, migration range, and the parent-offspring and average marital distances, whereas the proportion of the indigenous ethnic group (Ukrainians) decreased. By 1995, outbreeding decreased: the ethnic composition of the population became more homogeneous (98% Slavic), the proportion of Ukrainians and the frequency of monoethnic marriages increased, and the migration range decreased. During the period studied, the population became more panmictic with respect to ethnicity and birthplace, with the social and professional subdivisions of the population remaining unchanged.     

Genetic Demography of the Kuznetsk Basin Population: Changes in Marriage Assortativeness with Respect to Ethnicity and Age in the Belovo City Population with Time

A genetic demographic study has been performed in the city of Belovo with the use of the data on marriages contracted there in 1970 and 1994–1999. Marriage assortativeness with respect to age has been found to be the strongest and remain unchanged during the lifetime of one generation (r = 0.730 in 1970 and r = 0.801 in 1994–1999). Monoethnic marriages were substantially more frequent than interethnic ones in the Belovo population during the period studied, although the ethnic marriage assortativeness considerably decreased (K = 0.386 in 1970 and K = 0.141 in 1994–1999). Panmixia has been observed in the Russian population of Belovo. Other Eastern Slavs (Ukrainians and Belarussians) are characterized by negative marriage assortativeness and panmixia; positive marriage assortativeness has been found in other ethnic groups.__________Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 7, 2005, pp. 938–942.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Lavryashina, Ulyanova.     

Genetic and demographic characteristics of rural populations of Altai Republic: The marriage structure dynamics

The dynamics of population marriage structure in the period from 1951 to 1997 has been studied in three villages of Altai Republic: Kulada (Ongudaisk raion), Beshpeltir (Chemal raion), and Kurmach-Baigol (Turochak raion). These populations have been found to differ from one another in the intensity and direction of migration, as well a its temporal pattern with respect to the birthplaces and ethnicity of persons contracting marriages. Periods of active incorporation of non-Altaian (mostly Slavic) ethnic components into the gene pools of the Beshpeltir and Kurmach-Baigol populations have been detected. The geographic distributions of the birthplaces of men and women contracting marriages are different. Therefore, migration has different effects on the genetic diversity of the Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial-DNA pools. No isonymic marriages have been found in the Altaian populations studied; however, an increase in the random component of inbreeding has been observed.Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2005, pp. 261–268.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kucher, Tadinova, Puzyrev.     

Genetic demographic analysis of western Ukrainian populations: the marriage structure of populations from the Khmel'nitskii oblast with respect to ethnicity and birthplace

Ukrainians account for 85 and 91% of the populations of the city of Khmel'nitskii and the town of Starokonstantinov (Khmel'nitskii oblast, western Ukraine), respectively, and for 97% of the rural population of the Khmel'nitskii oblast. The proportions of Russians in the urban and rural populations of the Khmel'nitskii oblast are 7-10 and 1%, respectively. Between 1960 and 1995-1998, the proportions of Ukrainians in all populations studied increased and the proportion of interethnic marriages steadily decreased. The marriage association coefficient (K) with respect to ethnicity varied from 0.35 to 0.76 in different years. The highest assortative marriage indices (A') with respect to ethnicity were 75-98 and 71-84% in Ukrainians and Jews, respectively. The migration coefficient was 0.58-0.77. Western Ukrainian populations differ from eastern Ukrainian ones in a steadily decreasing outbreeding component.     

Dynamics of the Genetic Demographic Structure of the Kursk Oblast Population: Migration Processes

Marriage records from parish books of the second half of the 19th century and marriage records of 1967–1970 and 1993–1995 obtained from registry offices were used to analyze the dynamics of genetically significant parameters of migration and marriage structure with respect to spouses' birthplaces in populations of different hierarchical levels in the Kursk oblast. It was found that, among the persons contracting marriage (both males and females), the proportions of those who were born in the same population and those who were born in any population of the Kursk oblast decreased by about one third and one fifth, respectively, for the 130-year period. In rural and small urban populations, the coefficients of marriage migration in the 19th century were an order of magnitude lower than in the 20th century. The immigration to urban populations was maximum in the late 1960s (m = 0.745 in small towns and m = 0.680 in Kursk), and that to rural populations, in the 1990s (m = 0.344). In both urban and rural populations, the mean distance between the spouses" birthplaces has increased by several times for the period studied. The endogamy level has decreased approximately twofold: from 0.797 to 0.380 in Kursk, from 0.897 to 0.419 in small towns, and from 0.958 to 0.440 in rural districts. The marriage assortativeness with respect to birthplace was maximum in the late 19th century (K = 0.393–0.491) and minimum in the 1960s (K= 0.155–0.246). The increase in genetic diversity of the urban population of the Kursk oblast due to migration has been slowing down since the late 20th century, whereas the outbreeding level is still increasing in rural populations.     

Marriage structure of Yakut populations: Ethnic composition and isonymy inbreeding

Marriage structure has been analyzed in the populations of the administrative centers of five uluses of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The populations studied differ from one another with respect to ethnic composition, namely in the ratio between the indigenous and immigrant populations (the indigenous populations are larger in three uluses), in the proportions of representatives of indigenous ethnic groups among men and women contracting marriages, and in the frequencies of monoethnic and interethnic marriages. Positive assortative marriage among persons of the same ethnic group has been demonstrated. The total inbreeding estimated by isonymy (Fit) varies from 0 to 0.007576.     

新疆伊犁五个少数民族的近亲结婚

1983年4月至1984年5月,对新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州五个民族的近亲结婚情况进行了调查。调查的婚姻数为维吾尔2553起,哈萨克1079起,回1235起,锡伯1222起,蒙古446起。近亲结婚率与平均近交系数分别为:维吾尔——8.23％与 46.74×10~(-4),回——8.10％与45.07×10~(-4),锡伯——4.66％与24.93×10~(-4),哈萨克——2.87％与11.31×10~(-4)。蒙古——0.45％与 2.80×10~(-4)。解放以来,维吾尔族与回族的近亲结婚率有上升趋势,而锡伯族的则有下降趋势。各族近亲结婚中大部分为亲表亲结婚,但堂亲结婚在维吾尔族的近亲结婚中竟占26.18％,在回族中也占16.00％。1303名近亲结婚子女中的七岁前死亡率(12.89％)及先天性缺陷与遗传性疾病发生率(2.99％)显著高于6370名非近亲结婚子女的相应值(7.65％及0.38％)。     

Genetic and demographic characteristics of rural populations of Altaĭ republic: dynamics of the marriage structure

The dynamics of population marriage structure in the period from 1951 to 1997 has been studied in three villages of Altai Republic: Kulada (Ongudaisk raion), Beshpeltir (Chemal raion), and Kurmach-Baigol (Turochak raion). These populations have been found to differ from one another in the intensity and direction of migration, as well a its temporal pattern with respect to the birthplaces and ethnicity of persons contracting marriages. Periods of active incorporation of non-Altaian (mostly Slavic) ethnic components into the gene pools of the Beshpeltir and Kurmach-Baigol populations have been detected. The geographic distributions of the birthplaces of men and women contracting marriages are different. Therefore, migration has different effects on the genetic diversity of the Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial-DNA pools. No isonymic marriages have been found in the Altaian populations studied; however, an increase in the random component of inbreeding has been observed.     

Genetic Demography of Ukrainian Urban Populations in the 1990s: Ethnic Geographic Characteristics of Migration in the Donetsk Population

Analysis of data on the birthplaces and ethnicity of persons who contracted marriages in the city of Donetsk in 1960, 1985, and 1992 demonstrated that the proportions of Russians and Ukrainians (the dominant ethnic groups among Donetsk residents) in the migration flow increased. The trend towards formation of ethnically disperse groups from the city residents became stronger. The index of isolation by distance (parameter b of Malecot's model) was 0.00103, 0.00071, and 0.00083 in 1960, 1985, and 1992, respectively. The proportions of long-range and short-range migrants increased by 1.2 times and decreased by 2.3 times, respectively, during the period studied. The locality size of the Donetsk population was 50, 62, and 53 km in 1960, 1985, and 1992, respectively. The highest isolation by distance was observed in Jews and Greeks and the lowest one, in Russians.