辛硫磷和溴氰菊酯混剂对家蝇抗性发展的影响

以家蝇(Musca domestica vicina Macquart)为试虫,用辛硫磷溴氰菊酯单剂及不同配比的混剂进行汰选试验。所有混剂选育的家蝇抗性发展都很缓慢,而单剂抗性发展都很快。增效试验表明,辛硫磷与溴氰菊酯混配有明显增效作用,特别是对抗性品系。生化分析结果表明,对澳氰菊酯的抗性发展与酯酶的酶活升高有关。对辛硫磷抗性发展与多功能氧化酶的酶活升高和乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感性降低有关。混剂选育的家蝇其对单剂的敏感性的变化及酶系的变化,随着混剂的配比而变化。     

辛硫磷和溴氰菊酯混剂对家蝇抗性发展的影响

以家蝇（ＭｕｓｃａｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａｖｉｃｉｎａＭａｃｑｕａｒｔ）为试虫,用辛硫磷溴氰菊酯单剂及不同配比的混剂进行汰选试验。所有混剂选育的家蝇抗性发展都很缓慢,而单剂抗性发展都很快。增效试验表明,辛硫磷与溴氰菊酯混配有明显增效作用,特别是对抗性品系。生化分析结果表明,对溴氰菊酯的抗性发展与酯酶的酶活升高有关。对辛硫磷抗性发展与多功能氧化酶的酶活升高和乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感性降低有关。混剂选育的家蝇其对单剂的敏感性的变化及酶系的变化,随着混剂的配比而变化     

杀虫剂混用方法——抗性治理的一种策略

本文根据种群遗传学的基本原理,采用计算机数值模拟的方法定量比较了合理混用、轮用、棋盘式使用等用药策略对害虫抗性增长的影响.结果表明,对半显性遗传,两性繁殖的害虫来说,在较有利的条件下合理混用与轮用效果基本一致,而优于棋盘式用药;在条件不利(抗性基因初始频率高,稀释作用小等)时,合理混用的方法明显优于其他两种方法.因此合理混用是一种有希望的抗性治理方法.     

镶嵌式防治对抗性演化影响的论证

为了评估镶嵌式防冶对抗性演化的影响,我们以淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallens)作为模型昆虫,用抗马拉硫磷(单因子)品系(RM)和抗氰戊菊酯(多因子)品系(RF)构成抗性个体频率均为0.1的一个“什成群体”(M品系),然后在F₁代分成三个亚品系。Rmf亚品系用马拉硫磷和氰戊菊酯作镶嵌式模拟处理,并与单用马拉硫磷(Rm)和氰戊菊酯(Rf)逐代处理的亚品系作比较。处理10代后,Rm和Rmf对马拉硫磷的抗性分别是M晶系的266.4和6.1倍,而Rf和Rmf在处理5代后,对氰戊菊酯;山抗性均已达243.3倍。漠拟结果表明：(1)以杀虫饥理不同的杀虫剂进行镶嵌式防冶,在一定的条件下能延缓抗性的发展;(2)对单因子遗传,内马拉硫磷特别有效,而对多因子遗传的氰戊菊酯效果不佳。此外,还讨论了抗性治理的策略。     

昆虫抗药性的治理策略:一个数学模型的提出

本文用计算机模型分析及评价了昆虫抗药性的三种治理策略:顺序轮用,“高杀死”策略及棋盘式用药.假设昆虫具有一定的生物学特性:如抗性为单基因,单抗性,抗性基因为半显性,两性生殖,昆虫有扩散习性,感性系在不施药情况下有微弱的适应优势等.分析了用不同剂量造成的不同的死亡率,不同的反选择作用,不同的基因稀释作用等情况对三个策略的影响.结果显示出,在这些情况下,用3—5种杀虫剂隔代顺序轮用加上微弱的反选择作用是最为有效的.“高杀死”策略加上一定的稀释作用也极为有效.棋盘式用药在特殊情况下才有用.     

云南省致乏库蚊对四种杀虫剂的敏感性调查

云南省分别在１９７８—１９８１ 年和１９９２—１９９４ 年间开展了致乏库蚊对杀虫剂的敏感性调查。根据剂量死亡率回归线和区分剂量线相交点所处的位置, 判定１９７８ —１９８１ 年的抗性等级（ＬＣ５０ 测定） , 再与同一监测点１９９２—１９９４ 年抗性级（区分剂量法） 比较, 评估其敏感性。结果云南大部份地区致乏库蚊对ＤＤＴ、杀螟硫磷和敌百虫, 由敏感（Ｓ） 或初步抗性（Ｍ） 发展为初步抗性或抗性（Ｒ）, 原来的Ｒ种群仍保持不变; 但对马拉硫磷仍象１０ 多年前一样敏感。     

昆虫分子生物学的一些进展：杀虫剂抗性的分子基础

昆虫分子生物学的一些进展：杀虫剂抗性的分子基础翟启慧（中国科学院动物研究所北京１０００８０）昆虫对杀虫剂的中毒,在药物动力学上包括三种不同水平上的作用：穿透表皮组织,在体内组织中的分布、贮存和代谢,以及对最终靶部位的作用。因此,已经公认的抗性机理包括...     

黄皮树果实中的杀蝇活性化合物(英文)

从黄皮树(黄柏.Phellodendron chinense Schneid. )果实中分离到三种异丁基酰胺类化合物。反,反-2.4-N-异丁基十四碳二烯酰胺和反,反-2.4-N-异丁基十五碳二烯酰胺对家蝇(Musca domestica)具有灭杀活性,而反,反,顺-2.4.8-N-异丁基十四碳三烯酰胺则无活性。     

INSECTICIDAL COMPOUNDS FROM THE FRUITS OF PHELUlDENDRON CHINENSE AGAINST HOUSEFLY

Abstract Three N-isobutylamides were isolated from the fruits of Phellodendron chinense . (2E, 4E)-N-isobutyl tetradecadienamide and (2E, 4E1-N-isobutyl pentadecadienamide were responsible for the in-secticidal activity against Musca domestica . However, (2E, 4E, 82)-N-isobutyl tetradecatrienamide was not active.     

昆虫抗药性靶标不敏感机制的研究进展

靶标不敏感（targetsiteinsensitivity）是昆虫对杀虫剂产生抗药性的一个极为重要的生化机制,已在多种昆虫对多种杀虫剂的抗性中发现[1,2],最著名的便是：变构乙酰胆碱酯酶（alteredacetvlcholinesterase,简称变构AChE）对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的抗性、不敏感的Na 通道（insensitivesodiumchannel）对DDT和除虫菊酯的击倒抗性（knockdownresistance,kdr）,以及不敏感的γ-氨基丁酸受体（insensitiveGABAreceptor）对环戊二烯类杀虫剂和γ-六六六的抗性[3]。80年代以来,众多学者利用各种技术尤其是分子生物学技术对上述靶…     

SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN COTTON BOLLWORM*

Abstract The substrate specificity and developmental changes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, were investigated during 1991 to 1994. The insects were collected from Handan suburbs of Hebei Province and Guan County of Shandong Province. The results show that the specific activity and Michaelis constants (k_m) of AChE toward acetylthiocholine (ATCH) and acetyl-β-methyl-thiocholine (MeTCh) regularly varied with the developmental stage of cotton bollworm. The two peaks of the specific activity were observed respectively in the third instar and sixth instar of larvae. The specific activity of AChE in pupae was the lowest and that in heads of four-days moth was the highest in various developmental stages of cotton bollworms. The tendency of K_m and maximum velocity (V_max) was identical with the change of specific activity in the AChEs of cotton bollworm. The activation energy (Ea) of AChE toward MeTCh in pupae and adults was 3. 9–4. 3 times as much as that of, larvae in cotton bollworms from Handan of Hebei Province. It suggests that the spending energies of AChE for hydrolysing substrate are different in larva, pupa and adult. The optimum conditions of AChE reaction with ATCh in larvae were 50–100 mg of tissue weights for the amount of enzyme, 10–20 minutes for the reaction time, 35°C for the reaction temperature and 8. 0 for the reaction pH value.     

棉铃虫乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的体躯分布及部分纯化

该文研究了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的体躯分布及部分纯化技术。在幼虫和成虫体内均以头部AChE活性最高;AChE在成虫和幼虫头、胸、腹部的活性分布分别为78.2%、3.9%、17.9%和90.3%、6.5%和3.2%。通过用Sepharose 4B和Sephadex G-200纯化后,AChE的最高纯化倍数为3.66和17.74倍。样品和洗脱液中含有Triton X-100时,纯化倍数明显高于无Triton X-100的处理组。     

棉铃虫乙酰胆碱酯酶的底物专一性和发育期变化(英)

通过对河北省邯郸地区和山东省冠县的棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera H(?)bner)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)研究,结果表明,棉铃虫乙酰胆碱酯酶对乙酰硫代胆碱(ATCh)和乙酰-β-甲基硫代胆碱(MeTCh)的比活力以及米氏常数(K_(?))值随其发育阶段呈有规律的变化,AChE比活力在幼虫期呈现两个高峰,一个在三龄,另一个在化蛹前;在蛹期AChE比活力没有明显的变化,而且比活力值比较低;到成虫期第4天有一个明显的高峰,比活力值高于其它任何虫态。K_(?)和最大反应速度(V_(max))的变化趋势基本上与比活力一致。棉铃虫AChE的K_(?)和比活力随其生长发育阶段的周期性变化对于指导用有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫药剂的化学防治具有重要的意义。不同地点采集到的棉铃虫AChE对AICh和MeTCh水解的活化能有所不同,邯郸地区的棉铃虫AChE水解MeTCh的活化能,蛹和成虫是幼虫期的3.9-4.3倍,而冠县棉铃虫水解MeTCh的活化能则变化不大。AChE水解ATCh的活化能,邯郸地区棉铃虫的AChE不同虫态间变化不大,冠县棉铃虫AChE,幼虫和成虫期约是蛹期的4倍。这说明不同生长发育时期,棉铃虫AChE对底物的水解所消耗的能量是不同的。棉铃虫幼虫AChE的最适反应条件是酶量以重量计为50-100mg,反应时间为10-20min,反应温度为35℃,反应体系的pH值为8.0。     

有机磷药剂对棉铃虫羧酸酯酶的抑制作用

该文分别以。A-乙酸萘酯和β-乙酸萘酯为底物比较了22种常用有机磷药剂对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera羧酸酯酶的抑制作用。结果表明,棉铃虫羧酸酯酶对底物空间构型比较敏感,敌敌畏、对氧磷、地亚农、喹硫磷、马拉氧磷、异稻瘟净、增效磷、杀螟松抑制棉铃虫羧酸酯酶的能力较强。有机磷药剂抑制棉铃虫羧酸酯酶能力与其化学结构显著相关,氧化型的有机磷抑制能力明显强于硫代型的有机磷;乙氧基取代的有机磷抑制能力明显强于甲氧基取代的有机磷。     

中国北方棉蚜对杀虫剂的抗药性(英文)

棉蚜(Aphis gossypu Glover)是我国北方棉区的主要害虫。自1953年开始使用有机磷杀虫剂对硫磷和1059等防治棉蚜以来,田间喷雾浓度和使用次数逐年增大,棉蚜产生的抗性。80年代使用高效拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯等,三年后棉蚜抗性增长了171倍,有些地区达3230倍。此文报道棉蚜的抗性机制的研究结果,证实了棉蚜抗性与杀虫剂穿透能力降低、多功能氧化酶、α-乙酸萘酯酶和α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酶的活力增加、乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂敏感性的降低有关。在这基础上进行增效剂SV_1对多种有机磷和拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的增效试验,得出SV_1对防治抗性棉蚜有明显的增效作用,能延缓抗性的发展。并研究了杀虫剂抗性的防治策略及综合治理措施,为防治棉蚜抗性和延缓抗性发展取得了较好的效果。     

INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE OF COTTON APHID IN NORTH CHINA

Abstract  The cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii Glover) is one of the most important pests infesting cotton in the cotton areas of North China. Since 1953 organophosphorus insecticides such as parathion and systox have been used to control the aphids for keeping up good yield of cotton. After several years. the concentration and the amount of spray were increasing in the field. In the early 1980's highly effective pyrethroid insecticides such as decis and sumicidin were largely imported into China. When first used 2. 5% decis emulsion was diluted in the ratio from 1:10000 to 1: 12000. However in 1985 the resistance of cotton aphid to pyrethroids increased by 171 times in general, 3230 times in some cotton fields. Thus it has prompted us to investigate the mechanism of resistance to insecticides and to search for the strategy to control the resistant aphids.
Experiments showed that the use of synergists including SV₁ (O, O-diethyl, O-phenyl phos-phorothionate) and PB has given evidence indicating mixed function oxidases (MFO). α-NA esterases and α-NA carboxylesterase are involved in the formation of resistance. The results also showed that the sensitivity of AChE to paraoxon in resistant aphids was lower than that in susceptible aphids.
Experiments showed that SV₁ was particularly synergistic to organophosphorus or pyrethroid insecticides and had played an excellent role in overcoming the resistance of cotton aphids to insecticides.     

不同抗性水平棉铃虫地理种群的基因交流对抗性演化的影响

采自我国长江流域棉区的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)四川简阳种群、湖北武穴种群、湖南衡阳种群、江苏南京种群和浙江杭州种群对辛硫磷、三氟氯氰菊酯和硫丹的抗性水平分别为8.05～38.80、2.86～290.00和5.87～19.83倍。抗性较高的简阳种群和较低的杭州种群正、反交F₁代对上述3种农药的抗性为13.16和16.69倍、10.43和19.00倍及12.42和10.21倍,抗性遗传的显性系数为-0.2220、-0.2147和0.0700,表明对辛硫磷、三氟氯氰菊酯抗性呈不完全隐性方式遗传,而硫丹抗性则为半隐性遗传。P1自交F2代对辛硫磷、三氟氯氰菊酯和硫丹的抗性水平分别为17.66、7.57和9.03倍,F₁代对杭州种群回交F₂代的抗性倍数分别为8.79、3.Oo和6.61。其结果,高抗区和低抗区棉铃虫种群的基因流动将导致对三种农药抗性水平明显下降。     

抗溴氰菊酯家蝇在不同用药方式下的敏感性变化及其机制

以具有极高抗水平的抗溴氰菊酯家蝇Musca domestica vicina Macquart DR0品系为试虫,模拟田间几种常见的用药方式(混用、轮用、使用增效剂),在室内进行平行汰选,并以不用药和继续用原药汰选的为比较,研究试虫在这几种用药方式下的敏感性变化及其变化机制。抗性家蝇用辛溴混剂、辛硫磷以及溴氰菊酯＋SV₁汰选后,在F₁₆(F₁₇)代以前,对溴氰菊酯及汰选药剂的抗性发展相对都比较缓慢;F₁₆(F₁₇)代以后,用溴氰菊酯＋SV₁汰选的家蝇对溴氰菊酯的敏感性迅速下降,抗性发展很快。家蝇对溴氰菊酯的敏感性变化与药剂中溴氰菊酯的选择压有关。生化分析结果表明,在不同用药方式汰选下,家蝇体内酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶的酶活或特性发生了不同的变化。     

Are there effective resistance management strategies for vectors of human disease?*

The rotation of insecticides used by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa is reviewed and the motives for this rotation are shown to be not only management of temephos resistance in the Simulium vectors but also constraints on what compounds are usable at particular seasons. A computer model indicates that without these seasonal constraints there is unlikely to be an advantage in a pre-planned rotation of insecticides, as compared with the prompt switching of compounds as dictated by detection of build up of resistance and switching back to the original compound if the regression of resistance is found to give the opportunity to do so. The latter sequence of events can hardly be called a ‘strategy’ for resistance management, but is what any well-managed pest control programme would be expected to do. The use of an insecticide mixture is different in principle from the use of rotation and depends on the idea that if the mixture is used from the outset, when resistance to both components of the mixture is likely to be rare, the double resistance combination would be so rare as to be dwarfed in numbers by those insects which avoid exposure altogether. The prospects for successful use of a mixture depend on each component killing a very high percentage of the exposed insects which are genetically susceptible to it. Whether this condition is met could be tested, for example, in the case of exposure of mosquitoes to insecticide-treated bednets.     

杀虫药剂和植物次生性物质对棉铃虫羧酸酯酶的诱导作用

棉铃虫Helzcoverpa armigera中肠羧酸酯酶(CarEs)比活力随幼虫发育阶段呈有规律的变化。5日龄以前CarEs比活力增长比较缓慢,5日龄以后Cares比活力快速增长,8日龄开始CarEs比活力下降,直到预蛹期,CarEs比活力又开始上升。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离到的9条同功酶带中,E2、E4、E5、E6、E7和E9对β-乙酸萘酯(β-NA)的水解活性高于对a—乙酸萘酯(a-NA),E1、E3、和E8对上述两种底物的水解活性正好相反,对a-NA活性高于对β-NA。低剂量的对硫磷、马拉硫磷、倍硫磷、增效磷(SVl)、灭多威和溴氰菊酯对棉铃虫中肠CarEs比活力和对底物的亲和力具有明显的影响。药剂处理后48 h,Cares的比活力明显降低,对底物的亲和力则与药剂的种类有关。马拉硫磷处理后48h,在观察到的6条主要同功酶带中,E3的活性明显降低,其次是E6、E2和E1;而E5的活性则明显升高,斟的活性也有所升高。用含0.01%的芸香苷、2-十三烷酮和槲皮素的人工饲料饲养棉铃虫经2代或7代后,CarEs比活力均明显升高。