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1.
SAMUEL PIRLOT JULIE VANDERHEYDEN JEAN-PIERRE DESCY PIERRE SERVAIS 《Freshwater Biology》2005,50(7):1219-1232
1. This study focused on heterotrophic microorganisms in the two main basins (north and south) of Lake Tanganyika during dry and wet seasons in 2002. Bacteria (81% cocci) were abundant (2.28–5.30 × 106 cells mL?1). During the dry season, in the south basin, bacterial biomass reached a maximum of 2.27 g C m?2 and phytoplankton biomass was 3.75 g C m?2 (integrated over a water column of 100 m). 2. Protozoan abundance was constituted of 99% of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF). Communities of flagellates and bacteria consisted of very small but numerous cells. Flagellates were often the main planktonic compartment, with a biomass of 3.42–4.43 g C m?2. Flagellate biomass was in the same range and often higher than the total autotrophic biomass (1.60–4.72 g C m?2). 3. Total autotrophic carbon was partly sustained by the endosymbiotic zoochlorellae Strombidium. These ciliates were present only in the euphotic zone and usually contributed most of the biomass of ciliates. 4. Total heterotrophic ciliate biomass ranged between 0.35 and 0.44 g C m?2. In 2002, heterotrophic microorganisms consisting of bacteria, flagellates and ciliates represented a large fraction of plankton. These results support the hypothesis that the microbial food web contributes to the high productivity of Lake Tanganyika. 5. As the sole source of carbon in the pelagic zone of this large lake is phytoplankton production, planktonic heterotrophs ultimately depend on autochthonous organic carbon, most probably dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from algal excretion. 相似文献
2.
Christen L. Grettenberger Rebecca L. Mccauley Rench Danielle S. Gruen Daniel B. Mills Colin Carney Jamie Brainard 《Geomicrobiology journal》2020,37(7):623-634
AbstractWe examined the geochemistry and bacterial and archaeal community structure in the acidic (pH < 2.4) pit lake at Peña de Hierro, near the headwaters of the Río Tinto. The lake has strong vertical gradients in light, O2, pH, conductivity, and dissolved ions. Bacterial and archaeal communities between 0 and 32?m displayed low species richness and evenness. Relatives of iron cycling taxa accounted for 60-90% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) throughout the water column. Relatives of heterotrophic, facultative Fe(III)-reducing species made up more than a third of the bacterial and archaeal community in the photic zone. Taxa related to Fe(II) oxidizers Ferrithrix thermotolerans and Acidithix ferrooxidans were also abundant in the photic zone. Below the photic zone, relatives of the lithoautotrophic Fe(II) oxidizers Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and Ferrovum myxofaciens bloomed at different depths within or just below the oxycline. Thermoplasmatales predominated in the deep, microoxic zone of the lake. The microbial population structure of the lake appears to be influenced by the production of oxygen and organic matter by phototrophs in a narrow zone at the lake surface and by strong geochemical gradients present in the water column that create distinct niches for separate Fe(II) oxidizers. 相似文献
3.
Interactions of blue light and inorganic carbon supply in the control of light-saturated photosynthesis in brown algae 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Photosynthetic capacities of five species of brown algae in red light were found to be strongly limited by the inorganic carbon supply of natural sea water. Under these conditions, pH 8·2 and dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (DIG) of 2·1 mol m?3, a short pulse of blue light was found to increase the subsequent rate of photosynthesis in saturating red light. The degree of blue light stimulation varied between species, ranging from an increase of over 200% of the original rate in Colpomenia peregrins to only 10% in Dictyota dichotoma. Increasing the DIG concentration of sea water by bicarbonate addition resulted in carbon saturation of photosynthesis in all five species. Blue light stimulation was greatly reduced at these higher DIG concentrations. The response in Laminaria digitata was examined in more detail by manipulation of pH and DIG to produce solutions with different concentrations of dissolved CO2. At a CO2 concentration typical of normal sea water (12·4 mmol m?3), blue light treatment increased photosynthetic rate by approximately 50%. Blue light stimulation was increased to over 150% at CO2 concentrations below that of sea water, whereas at concentrations above that of sea water, the effect was diminished. Therefore, the effect of blue light on photosynthetic capacity appears to involve an increase in the rate of supply of carbon dioxide to the plant. 相似文献
4.
The structure, productivity and heterotrophic potential of an extensive microalgal community growing on the underside of sea ice near the Australian Antarctic Station of Casey, are described. Underwater observations made near the Australian Antarctic stations of Davis and Mawson are also reported. This community develops during September, is largely suspended from the bottom surface of annual sea ice and often extends into the underlying water column as conspicuous strands up to 15 cm long. The algal community structure in the strands is dominated by an unidentified tube diatom belonging to the Amphipleura/Berkeleya group and chains of a species of Entomoneis cf. Amphiprora paludosa var. hyperborea (Grunow) Cleve. Unlike previously described bottom ice environments, a brash ice layer under the hard sea ice is absent. Living cells, predominantly Nitzschia frigida Grunow, also occur in microbrine channels in the bottom 3 cm of the ice. Maximal primary production rates of 81 μg C · L-1· h-1 occurred during November, then began declining near the end of December. Minimal rates (2.8 μg C · L-1· h-1) were reached in mid-January and coincided with changes in the physical structure of the sea ice and in the stability of the water column. An abundant epibacterial community associated with the microalgal strands assimilated 3H-labelled amino acids suggesting significant heterotrophic recycling of dissolved organic matter. Turnover times of assimilated amino acids in the bottom ice community averaged 55 h during November while negligible turnover of these substrates occurred in the water column 1.5 m below the ice. These bottom ice communities have higher primary productivity than typical brash ice communities; they are also accessible to marine herbivores and so may be more important to the Antarctic marine food chain than previously supposed. 相似文献
5.
Water column dynamics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the main creek of the Bangrong mangrove forest, Phuket Island, Thailand, were examined during the dry season. Water sampled from the upper and lower reaches of the creek throughout entire neap and spring tide periods was incubated under saturated irradiation and in the dark. The activity of microbial primary producers and heterotrophs were evaluated from changes in O2, TCO2, DOC, DIN, DON and PO4
3- concentrations. Gross primary production was moderate (1.6–2.4 M C h–1) with no pronounced spatial and temporal variations. A large fraction of the assimilated inorganic carbon and nitrogen was released in the form of DOC (50–90%) and DON (50–60%) indicating that primary producers were under stress or nutrient depleted. PO4
3- and occasionally DIN appeared to be the limiting nutrients. The pelagic heterotrophic community was supported by DOC (50–100%) and DON (40–90%) excreted by primary producers when exposed to light. However, rapid light attenuation in the turbid creek water rendered the entire water column strongly heterotrophic at all times (1.1–2.8 M C h–1). The microbial heterotrophs are therefore largely supported by particulate and dissolved substrates derived from tidal resuspension, mangrove root exudates and leachates from fallen leaves on the forest floor. The relatively high concentrations of metabolites (e.g. CO2, NH4
+) in creek water were primarily supplied by microbial mineralization. Water seeping from creek banks, which was only enriched in TCO2 (2 times) and PO4
3- (20–100 times) compared with creek water, is not considered an important source of solutes in the waterways of the Bangrong mangrove forest. Although the results obtained here are only strictly representative for the dry season, water column processes in the wet season are not expected to differ much due to the limited seasonal variations with respect to physical, chemical and biological parameters in the Bangrong area. 相似文献
6.
H.J. De Lange 《Aquatic Ecology》2000,34(3):215-226
The vertical attenuation coefficients (K
d) of downward ultraviolet (UV) and visible irradiance (PAR) were measured in 19 different inland waters in the Netherlands using a scanning spectroradiometer. Water chemistry variables such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), absorbance of dissolved matter (a
d), chlorophyll-a, and particulate matter were measured to determine the relative contribution of dissolved and particulate components in explaining the variation in K
d. In addition to the field measurements, laboratory measurements were performed to test the relationships between water properties and light attenuation. The attenuation properties of Dutch inland waters vary. In most systems the penetration of UV-B radiation (280–320 nm) is limited to the upper decimetres. Lake Maarsseveen was the clearest waterbody in this study, with K
dUVB of 9.1 (m–1). The DOC concentration had limited power in predicting UV attenuation in this study (r
2=0.33), because of the large differences in carbon-specific absorption. A
d300 was a much better predictor of UV attenuation (r
2=0.75). The relationships obtained in the laboratory experiments can be used to give a good prediction of in situ
K
d values, based on 3 variables (chlorophyll-a, ash weight, and absorption of dissolved matter). 相似文献
7.
Carrias Jean-Francois; Amblard Christian; Bourdier Gilles 《Journal of plankton research》1994,16(5):471-485
Seasonal population dynamics and the vertical distribution ofciliates were studied in relation to the particular food resourcesoccurring in a humic and moderately acidic lake (Lake Vassivière).The abundance (1.4 x 10320.4 x 103 cells l1 mean= 4.8 x 103 cells l1) and biomass (0.534.6 µgC l1, mean = 6.0 µg C l1) of ciliated protozoawere low and close to values reported for oligotrophic environments.The species composition of the population varied greatly withdepth. Whereas large-sized species of oligotrichs, some of whichwere mixotrophic, dominated at the surface, haptorids were bestrepresented in deep waters. The spatial distribution of thevarious groups of ciliates was largely determined by light andthe vertical distribution of microbial food resources (detritus,bacteria, algae) within the water column of this brown-coloredlake. 相似文献
8.
Algesten G Sobek S Bergström AK Jonsson A Tranvik LJ Jansson M 《Microbial ecology》2005,50(4):529-535
We measured sediment production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) and the net flux of CO2 across the surfaces of 15 boreal and subarctic lakes of different humic contents. Sediment respiration measurements were
made in situ under ambient light conditions. The flux of CO2 between sediment and water varied between an uptake of 53 and an efflux of 182 mg C m−2 day−1 from the sediments. The mean respiration rate for sediments in contact with the upper mixed layer (SedR) was positively correlated
to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the water (r2 = 0.61). The net flux of CO2 across the lake surface [net ecosystem exchange (NEE)] was also closely correlated to DOC concentration in the upper mixed
layer (r2 = 0.73). The respiration in the water column was generally 10-fold higher per unit lake area compared to sediment respiration.
Lakes with DOC concentrations <5.6 mg L−1 had net consumption of CO2 in the sediments, which we ascribe to benthic primary production. Only lakes with very low DOC concentrations were net autotrophic
(<2.6 mg L−1) due to the dominance of dissolved allochthonous organic carbon in the water as an energy source for aquatic organisms. In
addition to previous findings of allochthonous organic matter as an important driver of heterotrophic metabolism in the water
column of lakes, this study suggests that sediment metabolism is also highly dependent on allochthonous carbon sources. 相似文献
9.
Anne Turi Amtoft Neubauer Kai Finster Andrew P. Donnelly Gianmarco Giordani Bente Aa Lomstein 《Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology》2004,313(1):105-124
The initial benthic decomposition of Zostera marina roots was studied in a controlled flow-through chamber experiment for 23 days. Sediment chambers without added roots served as controls. The inflowing and outflowing artificial seawater (ASW) was analyzed for O2, ΣCO2, urea-N, NH4+ and NO2−+NO3−. Sediment profiles of Eh, particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved free amino acids (DFAA), urea-N, NH4+, DFAA and urea turnover rates, sulfate reduction and counts of total anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria and different functional groups were determined. Fluxes of O2, ΣCO2, urea-N and NH4+ were stimulated during root decomposition compared to the unamended control. There were indications of stimulated bacterial growth based on counts of total anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria, anaerobic phosphatase utilizers, ammonifyers and sulfate reducers. Independent estimates of nitrogen and carbon incorporation into bacterial biomass during root decomposition indicate that a major fraction of the nitrogen for microbial growth was mobilized from the indigenous particulate organic nitrogen (PON) pool, whereas the energy source for bacterial growth was mainly obtained from the added eelgrass roots. Most of the nitrogen mineralized during root decomposition was incorporated into the bacterial biomass resulting in a low efflux of urea-N and inorganic nitrogen from the sediment to the water column. 相似文献
10.
Klaus-Günther Barthel 《Polar Biology》1990,10(5):343-350
Summary During MIZEX'83 and MIZEX'84 food composition and food uptake by three Calanus species were investigated in the northern Greenland Sea. Samples were obtained from open water, the marginal ice zone, the pack ice region and the East Greenland shelf polynya. Food uptake of Calanus spp. was determined in ship-board incubation experiments under in situ conditions and volume of particulate matter in the upper 300 m of the water column was measured. Principal components analysis was used for data evaluation. Under the pack ice strongly reduced amounts of particulate matter in the euphotic zone were found while concentrations were elevated in the marginal ice zone and the East Greenland shelf polynya. Food uptake of C. finmarchicus was correlated to food concentration. In the pack ice region ingestion was close to zero for all species investigated. Likewise body weights were significantly lower than in MIZ or polynya. Principal components analysis of physical data shows a clustering of MIZ station groups at high temperature and salinity, clearly separated from pack ice and polynya stations. Analysis of biological data results in the same grouping of stations demonstrating a strong influence of hydrographic conditions on plankton development. It is concluded that herbivorous copepods cannot sustain themselves in the pack ice region but only at places of high productivity like marginal ice zone and East Greenland shelf polynya. 相似文献
11.
B. J. Finlay U.-G. Berninger L. J. Stewart R. M. Hindle W. Davison 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1987,34(4):349-356
The vertical distributions of two pond-dwelling zoochlorellae-bearing ciliates (Euplotes daidaleos Diller & Kounaris, 1966 and Frontonia vernalis Ehrenberg, 1838) were monitored over a 24-h period. Both species maintained peak abundance at a low O2 level (usually < 1 mg/liter). They did not migrate in response to the changing light level. Experiments with laboratory cultures indicated that the characteristic distribution in an O2 gradient in the dark was largely controlled by the oxygen tension. The increased motility in anoxia and high pO2 was independent of large changes in pCO2 and pH. Ciliates living in anoxia or a very low pO2 would migrate out of the dark and into the dimly lit (10 μE m-2 sec-1) part of a glass cell because there they could photosynthesize, produce O2, and create a suitable oxygenated microenvironment; a further increase in the light level caused a slow migration out of the light. Similar migrations were observed when the light level remained low but the pO2 was artificially raised. Ciliates suspended in 1 μM DCMU (an inhibitor of photosynthetic O2 evolution) took longer to migrate into the light and they did not avoid high light levels (> 100, μE m-2 sec-1)- Frontonia suspended in water with a pO2 of 1% aggregated at a low light level (1 μE m-2 sec-1); peak daytime abundance in the pond occurred at about this light level. Frontonia vernalis tends to swim vertically upwards (anterior end up) when suspended in anoxic water. This apparent negative geotaxis compensates for the high sedimentation velocity (0.36 mm sec-1) of this large ciliate and facilitates its aggregation at the metalimnion. The O2 tension appears to be the principal factor controlling the vertical distributions of both species. Occasional, enhanced convection within the metalimnion has a secondary influence. Light influences the vertical profile only if it promotes photosynthesis and increases the intracellular pO2. 相似文献
12.
R. S. Robin Vishnu Vardhan Kanuri Pradipta R. Muduli D. Ganguly Sivaji Patra G. Hariharan 《Geomicrobiology journal》2016,33(6):513-529
An effort has been made for the first time in Asia's largest brackish water lagoon, Chilika, to investigate the spatio-temporal variability in primary productivity (PP), bacterial productivity (BP), bacterial abundance (BA), bacterial respiration (BR) and bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) in relation to partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and CO2 air–water flux and the resultant trophic switchover. Annually, PP ranged between 24 and 376 µg C L?1 d?1 with significantly low values throughout the monsoon (MN), caused by light limitation due to inputs of riverine suspended matter. On the contrary, BP and BR ranged from 11.5 to 186.3 µg C L?1 d?1 and from 14.1 to 389.4 µg C L?1 d?1, respectively, with exceptionally higher values during MN. A wide spatial and temporal variation in the lagoon trophic status was apparent from BP/PP (0.05–6.4) and PP/BR (0.10–18.2) ratios. The seasonal shift in net pelagic production from autotrophy to heterotrophy due to terrestrial organic matter inputs via rivers, enhanced the bacterial metabolism during the MN, as evident from the high pCO2 (10,134 µatm) and CO2 air–water flux (714 mm m?2 d?1). Large variability in BGE and BP/PP ratios especially during MN led to high bacteria-mediated carbon fluxes which was evident from significantly high bacterial carbon demand (BCD >100% of PP) during this season. This suggested that the net amount of organic carbon (either dissolved or particulate form) synthesized by primary producers in the lagoon was not sufficient to satisfy the bacterial carbon requirements. Lagoon sustained low to moderate autotrophic–heterotrophic coupling with annual mean BCD of 231% relative to the primary production, which depicted that bacterioplankton are the mainstay of the lagoon biogeochemical cycles and principal players that bring changes in trophic status. Study disclosed that the high CO2 supersaturation and oxygen undersaturation during MN was attributed to the increased heterotrophic respiration (in excess of PP) fuelled by allochthonous organic matter. On a spatial scale, lagoon sectors such as south sector, central sector and outer channel recorded “net autotrophic,” while the northern sector showed “net heterotrophic” throughout the study period. 相似文献
13.
David N. Thomas Hilary Kennedy Gerhard Kattner Dieter Gerdes Carl Gough Gerhard S. Dieckmann 《Polar Biology》2001,24(7):486-496
An array of four sediment traps and one current meter was deployed under a well-developed platelet layer for 15 days in the Drescher Inlet in the Riiser Larsen ice shelf, in February 1998. Traps were deployed at 10 m (just under the platelet layer), 112 m (above the thermocline), 230 m (below thermocline) and 360 m (close to sea floor). There was a substantial flux of particulate organic material out of the platelet layer, although higher amounts were collected in the traps either side of the thermocline. Material collected was predominantly composed of faecal pellets containing diatom species growing within the platelet layer. The size classes of these pellets suggest they derive from protists grazing rather than from larger metazoans. Sediment trap material was analysed for particulate organic carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus (POC/PON/POP) and '13CPOC (carbon isotopic composition of POC). These were compared with organic matter in the overlying platelet layer and the water column. In turn, the biogeochemistry of the platelet layer and water column was investigated and the organic matter characteristics related to inorganic nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, silicate, phosphate), dissolved organic carbon/nitrogen (DOC/DON), pH, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), oxygen and '13CDIC (carbon isotopic composition dissolved inorganic carbon). 相似文献
14.
We investigated the direct utilization of fine particulate detritus (dried and homogenized plant material in the size range
of bacteria) as a food source for protozoans using axenic cultures of the cryptomonad, heterotrophic flagellate, Chilomonas paramecium, and the hymenostome ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis. When fed media containing only particulate detritus, these species revealed growth rates similar to those reported for field
populations. The growth rates of Chilomonas fed exclusively particulate detritus were similar to those obtained on a bacterial diet. Considering the high percentage
of detritus particles in the size range of bacteria in lakes, our results imply that direct utilization of detritus by protozoans
may form an additional pathway of carbon in aquatic food webs that has generally been overlooked. 相似文献
15.
The development of a filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial bloom was followed during July–August 1990 in a stratified basin in the central Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Hydrography, dissolved inorganic, particulate and total nutrients, chlorophyll a, alkaline phosphatase activity, 32PO4-uptake and phytoplankton species were measured. The study period was characterized by wind-induced mixing events, followed by marked nutrient pulses and plankton community responses. Phosphate uptake was highest throughout the study period in the size fraction dominated by bacteria and picocyanobacteria (< 2 µm) and the proportion of uptake in the size fraction 2–10 µm remained low (2–6%). Higher phosphate turnover times were observed in a community showing signs of enhanced heterotrophic activity. The bloom of filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was promoted by a nutrient pulse with an inorganic nutrient ratio (DIN:DIP) of 15. The results show that the quality, frequency and magnitude of the physically forced nutrient pulses have an important role in determining the relative share of the different modes of phosphorus utilization and hence in determining the cyanobacterial bloom intensity and species composition in the Baltic Sea. 相似文献
16.
Kouichi Ohwada 《International Review of Hydrobiology》1973,58(6):851-871
Seasonal cycles of vitamin B12, thiamine and biotin in the water and sediment of Lake Sagami have been studied for two years in 1970 and 1971 at monthly intervals. They were compared with other biological and chemical factors. Sediments were very rich in the three vitamins during the period of study and they were considered to be a vitamin source for the Jake water. In the surface water, fluctuations both of dissolved and particulate forms of the vitamins were found to correspond fairly with the succession of phytoplankton during these years. Particularly, the dissolved vitamin B12 concentration decreased remarkably at the same time that the particulate form increased considerably in the surface water during periods of dominance by diatoms such as Cyclotella sp., Nitzschia acicularis, N. paleacea, N. actinastroides, N. palea, N. sp. and Synedra acus. From the results, the possible importance of vitamin B12 as one of the ecological factors in Lake Sagami was suggested and discussed. 相似文献
17.
Turnover rates of soluble phosphorus (P) by Paramecium multimicronucleatum were compared under 3 temperature regimes. Phosphorus uptake by this heterotroph was almost completely dependent on consumption of bacteria rather than direct uptake of soluble 32PO4. Phosphorus uptake rates by P. bursaria when in its autotrophic state (a symbiotic relationship with zoochlorellae) and when in its heterotrophic (bacteria feeding) state were also compared. Paramecium bursaria showed a much higher uptake of P when large numbers of labeled bacteria were present than when they were absent. Phosphorus turnover rates by P. bursaria were determined and compared with those of P. multimicronucleatum. These ciliates showed remarkably rapid turnover rates for soluble P. In each case turnover rates were universely related to biomass. Ciliates, although small, have very high metabolic rates and therefore may be important for nutrient regeneration in our fresh-water lakes, streams, and ponds. 相似文献
18.
Water samples from the interstitial space of 4 Indo-Pacific coral species (Acropora sp., Echinopora horrida, Psammocora digita and Pavona clavus) and a Mediterranean coral (Cladocora cespitosa) were analysed for NO
3
-
+NO
2
-
, NH
4
+
, molybdate reactive phosphorus, bacterial and flagellate biomass and dissolved organic matter (DOM) and compared with ambient water concentrations. Higher values of NO
3
-
+NO
2
-
, bacterial and flagellate biomass were observed within the interstitial space of the corals. The lower DOM pool in the interstitium in combination with the high bacterial biomass suggests high bacterial activity and efficient substrate utilization, necessary to compensate for nanoflagellate predation. Since corals may be able to feed on bacteria, the high microbial biomass (bacterial and flagellate) may be utilized either directly as an additional heterotrophic food source, or indirectly in that microbes may act as attractants for microbe-feeding zooplankters, which in turn serve as food for the corals. The combined effect of reduced flow velocities between the coral branches and its associated fauna are probably the main factors in creating a specific environment more or less independent of the nutritive stage of the surrounding water. 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACT
We tested whether pelagic light and nutrient availability, metabolism, organic pools and CO2-supersaturation were related to lake size and surrounding forest cover in late summer–autumn measurements among 64 small
(0.02–20 ha), shallow seepage lakes located in nutrient-rich, calcareous moraine soils in North Zealand, Denmark. We found
a strong implicit scaling to lake size as light availability increased significantly with lake size while nutrient availability,
phytoplankton biomass and dissolved organic matter declined. Forest lakes had significantly stronger net heterotrophic traits
than open lakes as higher values were observed for light attenuation above and in the water, dissolved organic matter, pelagic
community respiration (R) relative to maximum gross primary production (R/GPP) and CO2-supersaturation. Total-phosphorus was the main predictor of phytoplankton biomass (Chl) despite a much weaker relationship
than observed in previous studies of larger lakes. Maximum gross primary production increased with algal biomass and decreased
with dissolved organic matter, whereas community respiration increased with dissolved organic matter and particularly with
gross primary production. These results suggest that exogenous organic matter supplements primary production as an energy
source to heterotrophs in these small lakes, and particularly so in forest lakes experiencing substantial shading from the
forest and dissolved humic material. This suggestion is supported by 20–30-fold CO2 supersaturation in the surface water of the smallest forest lakes and more than sixfold supersaturation in 75% of all measurements
making these lakes among the most supersaturated temperate lakes examined so far. 相似文献
20.
A study of sea ice biota was carried out in the Gulf of Bothnia (northern Baltic Sea) during the winter of 1989–1990. Samples (ice cores) were taken at a coastal station at regular time intervals during the ice season. Chlorophyll a concentration, algal species distribution, bacterial numbers, and primary and bacterial production were measured. Colonization of the ice began in January when daylight was low. As the available light increased, the algae started to grow exponentially. The vertical chlorophyll a distribution changed and algal species composition and biomass changed during the season. During the initial and middle phase of colonization, ice-specific diatoms, Nitzschia frigida and Navicula pelagica, dominated the algal biomass. Nutrients (PO4
3– and NO3j) were found to be depleted during the time of algal exponential growth. The maximum algal biomass exceeded 800 g C 1–1. The primary production supplied food for heterotrophic organisms. The presence of heterotrophic organisms of different trophic levels (bacteria, flagellates, ciliates and rotifers) indicated an active microbial food web. 相似文献