Two new species of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae: sect. Saccanthera) from Nevada, U.S.A.

Two Nevada species are described here for the first time: Penstemon tiehmii N. H. Holmgren, which is endemic to Mount Lewis of the Shoshone Range in Lander County; and Penstemon rhizomatosus N. H. Holmgren, which is endemic to the central Schell Creek Range in White Pine County. They both belong to section Saccanthera and are closely related to P. kingii S. Watson, a Great Basin endemic of valley sagebrush habitats. Both new species are talus plants of higher elevations and differ from P. kingii principally in their rhizomatous habit, petiolate leaves, and pubescence of shorter hairs.     

Two new taxa of Bauhinia sect. Caulotretus from Bahia,Brazil

One new species and one new variety ofBauhinia subg.Phanera sect.Caulotretus are described. Both taxa are tendrilled lianas with woody fruit and both are apparently endemic to Southern Bahian moist forest.Bauhinia carvalhoi has the smallest entire leaves known in the section.Bauhinia angulosa var.bahiana apparently replaces, in “Mata higrófila sul Bahiana”, the typical variety from southeastern Brazil. A key to the three taxa of this section known from Bahia is provided.     

白马雪山云南黄芪与灰毛康定黄芪根际微生物物种多样性及抗生物膜活性菌株筛选

【背景】细菌生物膜是造成病原菌耐药性增强和持续感染的主要因素,但目前尚无针对抗菌膜的特效药物。特境植物根际微生物可产生大量具有提高宿主免疫功能的活性成分,极具抗生物膜药源开发潜力。【目的】了解滇西北高寒特境白马雪山分布的云南黄芪与灰毛康定黄芪植物根际微生物的物种多样性,并对可培养菌株进行抑菌与抗生物膜活性筛选。【方法】采用宏基因组技术结合传统微生物培养方法,对采自我国云南迪庆藏族自治州德钦县白马雪山的云南黄芪与灰毛康定黄芪的根际微生物进行物种多样性研究,并通过“孔板法”测定其可培养菌株发酵液乙酸乙酯粗浸膏的抗菌、抗生物膜活性。【结果】宏基因组测序结果显示,云南黄芪根际土壤样本中的微生物来自6门7纲8目8科9属10种,其中栖热菌属为优势菌群;灰毛康定黄芪根际土壤样本中的微生物来自6门8纲10目11科14属15种,其中慢生根瘤菌属为优势菌群。通过纯培养共获得145株可培养菌株,包括112株细菌和33株真菌。其中,云南黄芪根际细菌59株,共计16属35种,优势属为假单胞菌属和链霉菌属;根际真菌19株,共计4属5种,优势属为曲霉属;灰毛康定黄芪根际细菌53株,归属于16属29种,优势属为芽孢杆菌属与寡养单胞菌属;根际真菌14株,归属于3属4种,优势属为曲霉属。从不同种水平上选择51株细菌和7株真菌为代表菌株进行抗生素药源评估,发现5株细菌及1株真菌发酵液的乙酸乙酯粗浸膏具有中等至较强的抗革兰阳性菌活性,而且其中4株具有抗MRSA生物膜活性,最终确定了链霉属放线菌Streptomyces fulvissimus KTA1和曲霉属真菌Aspergillus fumigatus YNF5为潜力活性菌株。【结论】首次报道了滇西北地区高寒特境黄芪属植物根际微生物具有较好的物种多样性,而且具有一定的抗生素药用资源开发潜力。本研究对滇西北高寒特境特色植物来源的微生物资源开发利用与保护具有重要的借鉴意义。     

A new species of Dalea sect. Parosela (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Amorpheae) from Durango, Mexico

Dalea pseudocorymbosa is described from the western part of the state of Durango, Mexico. It is referred to Dalea subgenus Parosela section Parosela series Psoraleoides. It is morphologically most similar to Dalea tomentosa var. mota but is distinguished from it by characters of the leaf, inflorescence, and flower.

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Resumen   Dalea pseudocorymbosa es descrita de la parte oeste del estado de Durango, México. Pertenece al subgénero Parosela sección Parosela serie Psoraleoides. Es morfológicamente muy similar a Dalea tomentosa var. mota pero se distingue de esta por sus caracteres de hoja, inflorescencia y flores.

     

The taxonomy of some Swartzieae (Leguminosae, subfam. Papilionoideae) from southeastern brazil

Three new species of Swartzieae are described and illustrated:Swartzia alternifoliolata, S. capixabensis, andZollernia cowanii. Swartzia apetala var.blanchetii and var.subcordata are considered to be synonyms ofS. apetala var.apetala, andS. grazielana a synonym ofS. macrostachya var.macrostachya. Keys to southeastern Brazil members ofSwartzia andZollernia are provided.     

白花鬼针草中多烯炔类成分的分离及其生物活性研究

为了解白花鬼针草(Bidens pilosa var.radiata)的化学成分,采用多种色谱技术从其提取物中分离多烯炔类成分,并对其生物活性进行研究.结果表明,从白花鬼针草乙酸乙酯提取部位中分离鉴定出4个多烯炔类化合物,分别为5-acetoxy-2-phenyl-ethinyl-thiophene(1)、1-phen...     

假单胞菌T1-3-2的抑菌特性及其对杉木的抗病促生作用

【背景】生物防治是“基于自然的解决方案”,有利于生态文明和可持续发展,开展生物防治技术研究的基础是明确菌株的生防作用和抑菌特性。【目的】探究杉木内生菌株T1-3-2的抑菌促生特性,为研制该菌株生防菌剂、防治杉木炭疽病(Cunninghamia lanceolata anthracnose)奠定基础。【方法】通过形态学特征、生理生化特性及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定菌株T1-3-2的分类地位;通过平板对峙、菌落径向生长抑制率和平板倒扣等方法测定细菌及其挥发性气体和次级代谢产物的抑菌作用;同时,测定其促生作用和室内防效。【结果】菌株T1-3-2与桉生假单胞菌(Pseudomonas eucalypticola)亲缘性较近,属于假单胞菌属。该菌株对分属于6个属的10株靶标菌株具有较强的拮抗作用,尤其对炭疽菌属、拟盘多毛孢属、黑孢霉属和葡萄座腔菌属的6株靶标菌株抑制率高达80%以上。室内盆栽试验显示：菌株T1-3-2用Kings Medium B液体培养基的发酵菌液对杉木炭疽病的防效可达74.20%,同时能有效改善杉木幼苗的生长状况、增加生物量。【结论】菌株T1-3-2隶属于假单胞菌属,对杉木具有良好的抗病促生作用,是一株具有开发潜力的生防菌株。     

A new species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) from Argentina

Solanum homalospermum (Solanum subgen.Leptostemonum) is described and illustrated from central Argentina.Solanum homalospermum is characterized by having heteromorphic gynoecia, strongly flattened seeds, unequal anthers, and gemmiferous roots.     

蝇蛹俑小蜂对橘小实蝇和瓜实蝇的偏好性

【背景】蝇蛹俑小蜂是实蝇类害虫蛹期的一种重要寄生蜂,对压制下一代实蝇类害虫的种群数量具有重要作用,但有关其对不同实蝇害虫的寄生特性尚缺乏研究。【方法】采用"H"型装置和培养皿测定方法,研究了蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄主选择偏好性。【结果】蝇蛹俑小蜂在橘小实蝇蛹和瓜实蝇蛹共存的情况下,偏好在橘小实蝇蛹上停留,且寄生率较高,最高寄生率达61.11%。【结论与意义】本研究为合理利用蝇蛹俑小蜂控制实蝇类害虫提供了理论基础。     

一种由粉红粘帚霉引起的青稞根腐病

[背景]根腐病在青稞生产中的危害日趋严重,阻碍了青稞根腐病的有效防控及青海省青稞产业的发展。然而人们对青稞根腐病的研究甚少且病原菌不详。[目的]明确青稞根腐病发生的危害、病原及致病性,为青稞根腐病的防控提供理论依据。[方法]采用常规的组织分离法分离青稞根腐病病原,通过形态鉴定与分子鉴定结合的方法对病原进行鉴定,并采用烧杯水琼脂法测定其致病性。[结果]共分离得到4株青稞根腐病病原菌,鉴定为Clonostachys rosea,有较强的致病性且致病性差异显著,经柯赫氏法则验证为青稞根腐病病原菌,并且是一种新的青稞根腐病病原,该类根腐病也是一种新的根腐类病害,在国内外属首次发现。[结论]Clonostachys rosea可引起青稞根腐病且致病性强。     

New species of Hypolytrum Rich. (Cyperaceae) from the Neotropics

Five new species ofHypolytrum Rich. from South America are described and illustrated.Hypolytrum amorimii andH. jardimii, both of sect.Bullata T. Koyama, are species with pseudopetioles and colored leaves, and endemic to the rain forest of southeastern Brazil.Hypolytrum bahiense (sect.Hypolytrum), a species with a lax synflorescence and two, free and lightly scabridulous floral bracts, is endemic to the rain forest of southeastern Bahia, Brazil.Hypolytrum leptocalamum (sect.Hypolytrum), a species with lax synflorescence and spike ellipsoid to cylindrical, is restricted to area of tepuis in the Guayana Highland (Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela).Hypolytrum paraense (sect.Hypolytrum), a species with three, partly connate and densely scabridulous floral bracts, is restricted to the rain forest of the Amazon Basin, in the state of Pará, Brazil.     

Nomenclatural changes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lithospermum</Emphasis> (Boraginaceae) and related taxa following a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships

Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) comprises approximately 40 species in both the Old and New Worlds, with a center of diversity in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Using ten cpDNA regions, a phylogeny of Lithospermum and related taxa was reconstructed. Lithospermum (including New World and Old World species) and related New World members of Lithospermeae form a monophyletic group, with Macromeria, Onosmodium, Nomosa, Lasiarrhenum, and Psilolaemus nested among species of Lithospermum. New World Lithospermeae also is a monophyletic group, with Eurasian species of Lithospermum sister to this group. Because Lithospermum is not monophyletic without the inclusion of the other New World genera, species from these genera are transferred to Lithospermum, and appropriate nomenclatural changes are made. New combinations are Lithospermum album, Lithospermum barbigerum, Lithospermum dodrantale, Lithospermum exsertum, Lithospermum helleri, Lithospemum leonotis, Lithospermum notatum, Lithospermum oaxacanum, Lithospermum pinetorum, Lithospermum rosei, Lithospermum trinverium, and Lithospermum unicum; new names are Lithospermum chiapense, Lithospermum johnstonii, Lithospermum macromeria, Lithospermum onosmodium, Lithospermum rzedowskii, and Lithospermum turneri.     

Revision of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterosavia</Emphasis>, stat. nov., with notes on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gonatogyne</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Savia</Emphasis> (Phyllanthaceae)

Heterosavia (Phyllanthaceae) is segregated from Savia (tribe Bridelieae), recognized at generic rank, and placed in tribe Phyllantheae. Floral, fruit, leaf anatomical, leaf venation, and pollen characters of the neotropical taxa previously united as Savia including Gonatogyne are discussed and illustrated. Keys to the three genera and to the species of Heterosavia are presented. Four species (all new combinations), Heterosavia bahamensis, H. erythroxyloides, H. laurifolia, and H. maculata, are recognized. The new combinations Heterosavia laurifolia var. intermedia and H. maculata var. clementis are proposed. The names Heterosavia, H. erythroxyloides, H. laurifolia, Savia clementis, S. clusiifolia, S. clusiifolia var. fallax, and S. longipes are lectotypified. Distribution maps and conservation assessments (IUCN ratings) of Heterosavia species and varieties are provided.     

关于尾尖奇蒿(菊科-春黄菊族)合格发表问题的一条简注

尾尖奇蒿(Artemisia anomala var. acuminatissima)(菊科-春黄菊族)1992年发表时未指定模式,故为不合格发表。该名称2011年得以合格发表,故2016年的再次合格发表纯属多余,是有关作者没有仔细查阅文献的结果。该名称的正确引证应为"Artemisia anomala var. acuminatissima Y. R. Ling, Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 18:203. 2011",而非"Artemisia anomala var.acuminatissima Y. R. Ling, Phytotaxa 273:213. 2016"。     

Antimicrobial Butyrolactone I Derivatives from the Ecuadorian Soil Fungus Aspergillus terreus Thorn. var terreus

Summary The fungus Aspergillus terreus Thorn var. terreus isolated from an Ecuador soil sample was cultured in liquid and solid media and yielded three main metabolites identified as terreic acid (1), butyrolactone I (2) and lovastatin (3). The natural products as well as three synthetic butyrolactone I derivatives were assessed for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi as well as for seed germination and seedling growth. Furthermore, the compounds were assessed as inhibitors towards the enzymes acetylcholinesterase, β-glucosidase, and β-glucuronidase. Terreic acid, butyrolactone I, butyrolactone 4′,4′′-diacetate (2.1), and 3′-(3-methylbutyl)-butyrolactone II (2.2) were active towards the phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora with IC₅₀ of 5 and 4–18 μg/ml, respectively. Under the same experimental conditions, the IC₅₀ of streptomycin was 1.9 μg/ml. 3′-(3-Methylbutyl)-butyrolactone II was moderately active against Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea with IC₅₀ of 21μg/ml and MIC of 15.6 μg/ml, respectively. Butyrolactone I also inhibited germination of the dicot Lactuca sativa with an IC₅₀ of 5 × 10⁻⁵ M. The IC₅₀ of reference herbicide acetochlor was 1 × 10⁻⁵ M. The effect of 2.2 and 2.3, known as butyrolactone III on Panicum millaceum germination and growth was stronger than that of 2 and 2.1. Reduction of the double bond in the isoprenyl side chain of butyrolactone I increased the antibacterial effect against E. carotovora as well as acetylation. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the antibacterial effect of butyrolactone derivatives towards Erwinia carotovora and the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The butyrolactone I derivative 2.2 presented a moderate inhibitory effect against the enzyme acetylcholinesterase with an IC₅₀ of 47 μg/ml. Under the same experimental conditions, the reference inhibitor galanthamine had an IC₅₀ of 3 μg/ml.     

大豆根瘤内抗棉花枯萎病菌株的筛选及其防病试验

【目的】采用优良抗病性内生菌资源来控制棉花枯萎病是一种有效的措施。本研究从大豆根瘤中筛选棉花枯萎病拮抗性内生细菌,探索其对棉花枯萎病菌丝的抑制作用和代表菌株特性,为发掘和应用防病、抗逆优良菌株提供理论基础。【方法】采用对峙法和代谢液培养法对大豆根瘤内生细菌进行棉花枯萎病菌抑菌性筛选,显微观察法研究筛选菌株引起病原菌菌丝变化,通过菌株培养特征、理化特性和16S r DNA序列同源性分析确定菌株系统发育地位,比色法测定DD174耐盐碱性,盆栽试验验证防病效果。【结果】经复筛和代谢液试验有5株拮抗性较强菌株,被作用病原菌菌丝畸形、细胞壁消失、自溶,菌丝基部加粗、分支增多,呈树根状;菌丝被菌苔包埋而溶解、断裂,菌丝末端球形膨大。对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制作用主要通过菌体产生胞外代谢物发挥作用。菌株DD174、DD176和DD179最相似菌株分别为Bacillus oceanisediminis H2T(GQ292772)和B.thuringiensis ATCC 10792T(AF290545),菌株DD165和DD166最相似菌株均为Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LMG 958T(X95923)。DD174能耐受6%盐浓度,p H 10生长良好,具有一定耐盐碱能力。DD174处理组防治效果达76.32%,其他防效均在62%以上,可作为棉花枯萎病的生防菌株资源。【结论】大豆根瘤内存在棉花枯萎病内生拮抗细菌,其中有些菌株具有一定耐盐碱能力,对棉花枯萎病病原菌及病害有一定抑菌和防病作用。     

喙尾琵琶甲肠道来源链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)BPA71次级代谢产物的分离鉴定及其生物活性评价

【背景】昆虫是世界上种类最多、肠道菌群资源最丰富且多样的动物类群之一。昆虫肠道微生物具有产生活性次级代谢产物的能力,是活性天然产物的重要来源。【目的】研究药用昆虫喙尾琵琶甲(Blaps rynchopetera)成虫肠道来源链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.) BPA71的次级代谢产物及其生物活性。【方法】利用正相硅胶柱色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱色谱等方法分离纯化该菌株的发酵粗提物,采用牛津杯法进行抗菌活性追踪,确定抗菌活性部位,通过ESI-MS、NMR等波谱数据分析对化合物结构进行鉴定,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC),采用MTS法测定抗肿瘤活性。【结果】从Streptomyces sp. BPA71的固体发酵提取物中共分离得到4个已知化合物,通过对比核磁数据确定为糠酸甲酯(1)、吡咯甲酰胺A (2)、吡咯甲酰胺B (3)和吲哚-3-乙酸甲酯(4)。抗菌活性结果显示化合物2具有广谱抗菌活性。此外,化合物2对宫颈癌细胞HeLa、肺癌细胞A549、肝癌细胞SMMC-7721、乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231和结肠癌细胞SW480这5株肿瘤细胞均有明显的抑制活性。【结论】喙尾琵琶甲肠道来源Streptomyces sp. BPA71可产生丰富的生物活性物质,该研究结果为进一步挖掘喙尾琵琶甲肠道链霉菌的活性天然产物奠定了基础,同时丰富了人们对喙尾琵琶甲肠道微生物的认识。     

华重楼内生真菌聚多曲霉的促生与拮抗作用

【背景】华重楼(Paris polyphylla var. chinensis)是我国一种名贵稀缺中药材,有多种药效,由于过度采挖等原因,其野生资源现已极度匮乏。华重楼的人工栽培技术尚未成熟,生长缓慢、病害频繁发生是主要的制约因素。【目的】植物益生菌的开发是一种环保且有效的解决途径,符合生态种植的要求。【方法】通过常规方法分离鉴定内生菌,选取已报道具有促生抗病作用的菌株进行玉米种子发芽试验,无氮培养基定性检测固氮活性,平板拮抗试验检测抗菌性;高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,LC-MS)检测其菌液的代谢成分;分光光度法检测华重楼幼苗丙二醛和叶绿素含量,LC-MS检测叶片水杨酸、茉莉酸、脱落酸、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、生长素的含量,测量华重楼地下部分生物量指标。【结果】分离得到一株菌jdqmzz-1,经rDNA ITS序列扩增比对、形态学观察、生理生化鉴定,确定为聚多曲霉(Aspergillus sydowii);其可以促进玉米种子发芽和华重楼生长,具有固氮、拮抗病原真菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum GSICC 60612)、病原细菌胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种(Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum,Pcc ATCC15713)的作用,真菌拮抗指数为42.50%,其菌液含有种类较多的促生和抑菌杀虫物质,菌液处理过的华重楼幼苗,叶片内源赤霉素和生长素含量较对照分别提高了54.1倍和2.3倍,叶绿素含量达到209.88 mg/g鲜重,较对照增加了48.80%,丙二醛含量较对照降低了15.20%;平均根数、平均根长、平均百株重较对照也有显著性(P0.01)提高。【结论】分离出的内生真菌聚多曲霉jdqmzz-1能够有效地促进华重楼的生长。     

一株拮抗黄单胞菌的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的分离和鉴定

【目的】为了筛选防治水稻条斑病(bacterial leaf streak,BLS)的生防细菌。【方法】以水稻条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola,Xoc)的模式菌株RS105为靶标菌,采用平板稀释和抑菌圈法,从空心菜根际土壤中筛选到一株对RS105具有拮抗作用的细菌菌株504。通过形态学、生理生化特征以及16SrDNA和gyrA序列分析对菌株504进行了鉴定。利用牛津杯法测定504对植物病原黄单胞菌的拮抗活性及其无菌发酵液拮抗活性的稳定性。通过PCR扩增预测504编码合成脂肽类和聚酮类化合物的合成相关基因。采用苗期水稻注射接菌法来评价水稻组织中504对Xoc的拮抗活性。【结果】菌株鉴定结果表明504为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌,命名为Bacillusvelezensis504。抑菌实验显示,B.velezensis504对黄单胞菌属的细菌具有较好的抑菌活性,对水稻白叶枯病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzae,Xoo)的拮抗效果最显著。基因预测结果显示,B. velezensis 504含有fenA、dhbA、sfrA、bmyA、beaS、dfnA及bacA等编码脂肽类和聚酮糖类抑菌化合物的基因簇。其无菌发酵液的活性物质耐高温和蛋白酶降解,但不耐强酸、强碱,在pH值为5.5–8.9时仍具有稳定的拮抗活性。在高感水稻品种原丰早上,B. velezensis 504对Xoc在水稻叶片中引起的水渍症状具有显著的抑制作用。【结论】B. velezensis 504能够特异性拮抗黄单胞菌,在黄单胞菌引起的细菌性病害的生物防治中将具有较大的应用潜力。     

Molecular verification and characterization of BYDV-resistant germ plasms derived from hybrids of wheat with Thinopyrum ponticum and Th. intermedium

Twenty-five partial amphiploids (2n=8x=56), which were derived from hybrids of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with either Thinopyrum ponticum (Podpera) Liu & Wang, Th. intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D. Dewey, or Th. junceum (L.) A. Löve, were assayed for resistance to BYDV serotype PAV by slot-blot hybridization with viral cDNA of a partial coat protein gene. Three immune lines were found among seven partial amphiploids involving Th. ponticum. Seven highly resistant lines were found in ten partial amphiploids involving Th. intermedium. None of eight partial amphiploids or 13 addition lines of Chinese Spring — Th. junceum were resistant to BYDV. Genomic in situ hybridization demonstrated that all of the resistant partial amphiploids, except TAF46, carried an alien genome most closely related to St, whether it was derived from Th. ponticum or Th. intermedium. The two partial amphiploids carrying an intact E genome of Th. ponticum are very susceptible to BYDV-PAV. In TAF46, which contains three pairs of St- and four pairs of E-genome chromo somes, the gene for BYDV resistance has been located to a modified 7 St chromosome in the addition line L1. This indicates that BYDV resistance in perennial polyploid parents, i.e., Th. ponticum and Th. intermedium, of these partial amphiploids is probably controlled by a gene(s) located on the St-genome chromosome(s).