纤维素降解菌青霉T24-2的分离及产酶特性

从稻田腐烂秸秆中分离到一批纤维素分解菌株。通过滤纸崩解测试、刚果红纤维素平板识别,以及产酶鉴定,筛选得到一株分解纤维素能力较强的真菌。经形态观察和18S r DNA基因片断分析,鉴定该菌株为青霉。对菌株的液态发酵条件进行研究,该菌株培养基含3%稻草粉、0.25%尿素和无机盐营养液,最佳产酶条件为:自然pH,30℃,130r/min发酵4d。该菌株的CMC酶活和滤纸酶活最高分别达到45.01I U/mL和6.89I U/mL。随后对该菌酶解稻草粉进行研究,糖化率达到40.17%。研究表明,青霉T24-2菌株在秸秆综合利用上具有良好的应用前景。     

一株纤维素降解菌的分离、鉴定及对 玉米秸秆的降解特性

[目的]获得高产纤维素酶细菌菌株,探讨以氨化预处理玉米秸秆为底物时的纤维素酶产酶特性及底物降解特性,探讨纤维素酶作用机理,提高玉米秸秆利用率.[方法]用LB培养基分离并纯化菌株,羧甲基纤维素钠培养基培养、刚果红染色进行初步筛选.考察氨化预处理对底物降解率、产酶能力的影响.通过形态特征观察及16S rRNA、Biolog鉴定菌株.[结果]分离到一株高效纤维素降解菌NH11,经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis). 30℃、发酵5d时,预处理前后玉米秸秆降解率分别为14.24％和24.73％.30℃、pH 7.2时,处理组CMC酶活力峰值处为153.84 U/mL,FPA酶活力为197.24 U/mL,比未处理组分别高出11.45％和10.59％.[结论]NH11具有较高的纤维素酶产酶能力,氨化预处理能够提高菌株对玉米秸秆的降解率.该菌株在秸秆堆肥、制作食用菌培养基和制取反刍动物粗饲料方面具有很高的应用价值.     

一株纤维素降解细菌的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件分析

目的筛选高活性的纤维素降解细菌,并进行初步鉴定和产纤维素酶条件分析。方法采集吉首旗帜山松树林的土壤样品,通过富集培养和刚果红平板染色法筛选分离纤维素降解细菌;通过形态观察、生理生化特性检测和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对分离的菌株进行初步鉴定。利用单因素实验对产纤维素酶条件进行优化。结果分离获得1株高活性纤维素降解细菌JDM11,初步鉴定其为Bacillus velezensis;菌株JMD11产纤维素酶最佳培养温度、最适初始pH和培养时间分别为28℃、7.0～7.5和32h,在该条件下其滤纸酶(FPase)和羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)活力分别为260.32U/ml和651.75U/ml。结论菌株JDM11是1株高活性纤维素降解的Bacillus velezensis。     

一组纤维素分解菌的分离、筛选及其产酶条件的研究

从堆肥中筛选得到两株分解纤维素的菌株,一株为高温单孢菌Q-0,另一株为芽孢杆菌Q-3,对Q-0、Q-3及这两株菌组成的混合菌产纤维素酶条件进行了研究。结果表明,混合菌分解棉花和滤纸纤维素的分解率均比单一菌株高,其分解率分别为69％和62％。混合菌产酶最适温度为50℃,pH7．5。在以棉花纤维为惟一碳源时,混合菌产生的纤维素酶可达101个酶活单位,比菌Q-0高近40个酶活单位。Q-0、Q-3和混合菌利用有机氮源优于无机氮源。     

一株东祁连山耐低温纤维素降解菌株的分离、鉴定及产酶特性

从东祁连山高寒草甸土壤中分离得到一株纤维素酶高产菌株【3-2。根据菌体形态观察、革兰氏染色反应及16S rDNA序列测定以及序列同源性比较,确定鉴定该菌为芽孢杆菌属的成员(Bacillus sp.)。对该菌的产纤维素酶条件研究结果表明:该菌在5℃~45℃、初始pH 4.0~9.0的环境下均能产纤维素酶。在初始pH为8.0、盐浓度为2.0%~3.0%之间、培养温度为20℃培养条件下最适产酶。在5℃时,相对酶活仍能保持60%。     

一株低温纤维素降解菌的筛选与产酶条件优化

针对牛粪冬季堆肥存在启动慢、发酵周期长的问题,解决的有效办法是向堆体中添加低温纤维素降解菌剂,而目前可利用的低温纤维素降解微生物的种类较少.本研究在低温条件下从冻牛粪中分离得到1株低温高效纤维素降解菌,菌株命名为YSX-3,经鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).为获得YSX-3菌株最佳的产酶条件,在单因素优化基...     

纤维素降解菌Aspergillus sp. YN1的产酶条件及酶学特性

从牛羊粪堆肥中筛选出一株纤维素降解菌Aspergillus sp.YN1,主要研究了液体发酵培养基中碳源、氮源、培养温度、起始pH、通气量以及接种菌龄对菌株YN1的羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMC酶活)及滤纸酶活的影响。研究结果表明,在优化条件下,该菌的CMC酶活、滤纸酶活在培养第3天分别达到0.53U/mL和0.15U/mL。在酶学特性研究中,菌株YN1的CMC酶的最适反应温度为70°C,最适反应pH4.0(酶促反应为30min)。用不同温度处理1h或不同pH处理2h,YN1的CMC酶在30°C?50°C或pH3.0?4.0之间仍可保持80%以上的酶活性,对热及酸表现出较高的稳定性。     

一株碱性纤维素酶产生菌的分离、鉴定及酶谱分析

目的:从土样中分离株碱性纤维素酶高产菌株.方法:利用CMC平板初筛,然后利用摇瓶复筛,筛选酶活力高的菌株,对分离出的一株高产菌株进行了鉴定并对其所产酶进行了酶谱分析.结果:获得一株碱性纤维素酶高产菌株H12,酶活力达到1.96U/ml.结论:该菌株呈长杆状、革兰氏染色为阳性、产芽孢;16S rDNA基因序列为1 419bp,与短小芽孢杆菌16S rDNA基因序列具有最高的同源性,基于16S rDNA基因序列的同源性分析以及系统发育分析等方面的多相分类研究,鉴定菌株H12为为短小芽孢杆菌;碱性纤维素酶的酶谱分析只有一条水解条带,酶分子量在75kD左右.     

一株纤维素分解菌的分离与筛选

以新华滤纸为唯一碳源,从垃圾堆肥中筛选能够分解纤维素的菌株共39株,采用刚果红鉴别培养基进行识别,获取透明圈较大的菌株10株,在此基础上,进行液体培养,测定酶活,得到1株酶活较高的曲霉B－6（Aspergillus sp)。将B－6与绿色木霉（Trichoderma sp)AS3.3711进行了参比试验,比对筛选工作进行评定,经过固体,液体发酵对比试验,发现B－6与AS3．371有相近的产酶性能,B－6在固,液发酵中酶活分别达到39．2IU,14．9IU,而S3．3711则分别为16．6IU与15．7IU,且B－6较AS3．3711有更强的液化CMC的能力,B－6在24h内即能使3％CMC完全液化,而S3．3711则需96h。     

纤维素降解菌L-06的筛选、鉴定及其产酶条件的分析

从用于堆肥的水稻秸秆中初筛出一株高效纤维素降解菌L-06, 根据18S rRNA基因序列和菌株形态分析, 初步鉴定该菌为斜卧青霉(Penicillium decumbens)。研究了液体发酵培养基中氮源、碳源、表面活性剂、培养温度、起始pH以及接种量对该菌株各纤维素酶活力的影响。在最适条件下, 该菌的b-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL)、外切纤维素酶(CBH)于培养第3天酶活力分别达到1662 u/mL和2770 u/mL; 内切纤维素酶(EG)、滤纸糖化力(FPase)于培养第4天酶活力分别达到18064 u/mL和4035 u/mL。在产酶优化实验中, 该菌的EG和CBH在pH10的培养条件下分别保持了70%和43%的酶活性; 在50oC培养条件下EG和CBH分别保持了68%和59%的酶活性。表现出了耐热, 耐碱的特性。     

瘤胃纤维素降解菌的分离鉴定及其纤维素降解特性

纤维素是地球上最丰富的可再生有机资源,但是其不溶于水和有机溶剂的难降解特性限制了它的利用.多年来,研究者们在利用纤维素资源方面做着努力,其中,利用微生物产生的纤维素酶降解纤维素,具有条件温和、产物产率高和无二次污染等特点,成为目前较有效且更接近自然的一种纤维素处理方法.同时,由微生物产生的纤维素酶在食品、酿酒、造纸、饲料和纺织等行业也有着广泛的应用.     

一株瘤胃纤维素降解菌的分离鉴定及其纤维素降解特性

从蒙古绵羊瘤胃内容物中分离到一株纤维素降解细菌WH-1, 通过形态、生理生化特征、G+C mol%含量和16S rRNA序列分析对分离菌株进行鉴定, 鉴定为溶纤维丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens)的溶纤维丁酸弧菌(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens)。同时, 用Mega 4.1软件构建的系统发育树显示分离菌株WH-1与多株溶纤维丁酸弧菌(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens)的亲缘关系最近。对该菌株纤维素降解特性的初步研究表明：当温度为37°C、     

Isolation and Identification of Aspergillus fumigatus Mycotoxins on Growth Medium and Some Building Materials

Genotoxic and cytotoxic compounds were isolated and purified from the culture medium of an indoor air mold, Aspergillus fumigatus. One of these compounds was identified as gliotoxin, a known fungal secondary metabolite. Growth of A. fumigatus and gliotoxin production on some building materials were also studied. Strong growth of the mold and the presence of gliotoxin were detected on spruce wood, gypsum board, and chipboard under saturation conditions.     

Characterization of a Chitosanase from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC13073

Chitosanase II was purified from the culture filtrate of Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC13073. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 23.5 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of chitosanase II was identical to those of other Aspergillus chitosanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 75. The optimum pH and temperature were pH 6.0 and 40 °C. Chitosanase II hydrolyzed 70% deacetylated chitosan faster than fully deacetylated chitosan. Analysis of the degradation products generated from partially N-acetylated chitosan showed that chitosanase II split GlcN-GlcN and GlcNAc-GlcN bonds but not GlcNAc-GlcNAc or GlcN-GlcNAc, suggesting that it is a subclass I chitosanase. It degraded (GlcN)(6) to produce (GlcN)(3) as main product and small amounts of (GlcN)(2) and (GlcN)(4). Reaction rate analyses of mono-N-acetylated chitohexaose suggested that the (+3) site of chitosanase II recognizes the GlcNAc residue rather than the GlcN residue of its substrate.     

Isolation and toxigenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus from moldy silage

Thirty-nine silage samples were collected from various siloson Terceira Island in the Azores. Samples were examined for the presence of total fungi, and isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus were analyzed for their ability to produce fumitremorgens B and C, fumigaclavines B and C, and gliotoxin. Thirty-four silage samples (87%) were contaminated with fungi, and A. fumigatus was isolated from 27 samples (69%). Samples that were taken from the surface of silos had significantly higher populations of both total fungi and A. fumigatus than did samples taken from the middle of silos. Analysis of 27 A. fumigatus isolates (one representing each positive sample) showed that 59.3% produced fumitremorgen B; 33.3% produced fumitremorgen C; 29.6% produced fumigaclavine B; 7.4% produced fumigaclavine C; and 11.1% produced gliotoxin. Fifty-two percent of the isolates produced multiple toxins, and 25.9% did not produce any of these toxins. Gliotoxin and fumigaclavine C were always produced in combination with other toxins. Because of the demonstrated potential of these A. fumigatus isolates to producemycotoxins, it is important to properly construct and manage silos to prevent their contamination with A. fumigatus.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Characterization of the hexahydropolyprenols of Aspergillus fumigatus fresenius

The isolation and properties of a group of alcohols from the mycelium of Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius are described. Mass-, nuclear-magnetic-resonance- and infrared-spectrometric studies coupled with evidence from ozonolytic degradation and chromatography show the mixture to contain hexahydroprenols-18, -19, -20, -21, -22, -23 and -24. Each contains a saturated `hydroxy-terminal' isoprene residue, a saturated ω-terminal isoprene residue and a saturated ζ-isoprene residue (adjacent to the ω-residue). The presence of only two trans-isoprene residues is also a feature of the series of alcohols, but the precise position of these in each molecule is not known.     

Isolation, activity and immunological characterisation of a secreted aspartic protease, CtsD, from Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects immunocompromised patients. A putative aspartic protease gene (ctsD; 1425 bp; intron-free) was identified and cloned. CtsD is evolutionarily distinct from all previously identified A. fumigatus aspartic proteases. Recombinant CtsD was expressed in inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli (0.2mg/g cells) and subjected to extensive proteolysis in the baculovirus expression system. Activation studies performed on purified, refolded, recombinant CtsD resulted in protease activation with a pH(opt)4.0 and specific activity=10 U/mg. Pepstatin A also inhibited recombinant CtsD activity by up to 72% thereby confirming classification as an aspartic protease. Native CtsD was also immunologically identified in culture supernatants and purified from fungal cultures using pepstatin-agarose affinity chromatography (7.8 microg CtsD/g mycelia). In A. fumigatus, semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed expression of ctsD in minimal and proteinaceous media only. Expression of ctsD was absent under nutrient-rich conditions. Expression of ctsD was also detected, in vivo, in the Galleria mellonella virulence model following A. fumigatus infection.     

Characterization of the velvet regulators in Aspergillus fumigatus

Fungal development and secondary metabolism is intimately associated via activities of the fungi‐specific velvet family proteins. Here we characterize the four velvet regulators in the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. The deletion of AfuvosA, AfuveA and AfuvelB causes hyperactive asexual development (conidiation) and precocious and elevated accumulation of AfubrlA during developmental progression. Moreover, the absence of AfuvosA, AfuveA or AfuvelB results in the abundant formation of conidiophores and highly increased AfubrlA mRNA accumulation in liquid submerged culture, suggesting that they act as repressors of conidiation. The deletion of AfuvosA or AfuvelB causes a reduction in conidial trehalose amount, long‐term spore viability, conidial tolerance to oxidative and UV stresses, and accelerated and elevated conidial germination regardless of the presence or absence of an external carbon source, suggesting an interdependent role of them in many aspects of fungal biology. Genetic studies suggest that AfuAbaA activates AfuvosA and AfuvelB expression during the mid to late phase of conidiation. Finally, the AfuveA null mutation can be fully complemented by Aspergillus nidulans VeA, which can physically interact with AfuVelB and AfuLaeA in vivo. A model depicting the similar yet different roles of the velvet regulators governing conidiation and sporogenesis in A. fumigatus is presented.