Significance of reduced food and water consumption in rats intoxicated with vanadium.

1. Male Wistar rats were given, for four weeks, a limited amount of food, or the amount of food and water equal to that consumed by rats drinking solely an aqueous solution of ammonium metavanadate instead of water (AMV) of 0.3 mg V/cm3 concentration. 2. In rats with limited access to food but free access to water, a significant decrease of body weight increment was observed, together with an increase of the haemoglobin level and a decrease in the percentage of reticulocytes and polychromatophilic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. 3. In the rats which did not receive food and water ad libitum a significant decrease of the body weight increment and an increase of the haemoglobin level were noted. 4. In animals drinking the aqueous AMV solution instead of water the body weight increment diminished significantly, and so did the erythrocyte count and haemoglobin level, whereas the percentage of reticulocytes and polychromatophilic erythrocytes increased in the peripheral blood.     

Combined effect of vanadium and zinc on certain selected haematological indices in rats

1. Two-month-old Wistar rats of both sexes received, as sole drinking liquid, an aqueous solution of ammonium metavanadate (AMV) and zinc chloride (ZC) at concentrations of 0.30 mg V/cm³ and 0.12 mg Zn/cm³ respectively, for a period of 4 weeks.2. The reference groups received for drinking at this time: water, AMV or ZC solutions at the same concentration.3. In all groups of animals there was a statistically significant decrease in the uptake of food, AMV or ZC, as well AMV-ZC solutions, as compared with the food and water taken up by the control group.4. In the group of animals receiving AMV or AMV-ZC solution for drinking the body weight increment diminished significantly.5. In the animals drinking the AMV-ZC solution a statistically significant decrease in the erythrocyte count and haemoglobin level in the peripheral blood were recorded, similar to the groups drinking AMV or ZC solution.6. In rats drinking aqueous AMV or ZC solutions and in females receiving AMV-ZC solution the percentage of recticulocytes and polychromatophilic erythrocytes increased, moreover, in the peripheral blood. It was not, however, associated with marked percentage changes in the composition of the bone marrow cells.     

Effect of chronic vanadium administration in drinking water to rats

Two-month old Wistar rats of both sexes received, as sole drinking liquid, an aqueous solution of ammonium metavanadate (AMV) at a concentration of 0.01 or 0.05 mg V cm^–3 (0.2 or 1.0 mM) for a period of 4 weeks. It was calculated that the animals took up doses of 1.5 and 5–6 mg V kg body weight^–1 24 h^–1, respectively. Food and AMV solution consumption in the experimental groups was similar to food and water consumption in the control group. A statistically significant decrease of consumption of AMV solution at a concentration of 0.05 mg V cm^–3 was noted only in males. Hematological examination demonstrated a decrease in the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level and hematocrit index. This decrease in the erythrocyte count was associated with an increased percentage of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood of the animals drinking the solution with a higher vanadium content. Biochemical analyses demonstrated a decrease of l-ascorbic acid levels in the plasma and erythrocytes of animals drinking the AMV solutions. A distinct tendency for the malonyldialdehyde level to increase in the blood was also observed. Among the enzymes examined in the erythrocytes (catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase [ALA-D]) only ALA-D activity was depressed.     

Some selected haematological indices in Wistar rats in the vanadium-ethanol interaction

1. Wistar rats of both sexes daily received an ethanol solution of ammonium metavanadate (AMV) of 0.3 mg V/cm3 5% ethanol concentration as sole drinking liquid, for a period of 4 weeks. 2. The reference groups received for drinking aqueous AMV solution, or 5% ethanol, or water. 3. In animals drinking both water and ethanol AMV solution a decrease in the erythrocyte count and haemoglobin level was noted together with an increase of the percentage of reticulocytes and polychromatophilic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. 4. A small rise of the percentage of polychromatophilic and orthochromatic erythroblasts was at the same time noted in the bone marrow of animals receiving ethanol AMV solution. 5. In the group of animals drinking 5% ethanol a fall of the erythrocyte count was observed and a rise of the leukocyte count, particularly of lymphocytes. 6. Substitution of water by 5% ethanol solution as solvent for AMV did not have any distinct influence on the toxicity of the tested compound.     

Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in vanadate-treated rats

Male Wistar rats received an aqueous solution of ammonium metavanadate (AMV) of 0.15 mg/V/ml concentration instead of water for 14 days. The erythrocyte count and haemoglobin level in blood were not changed; the haematocrit index was slightly increased. The spontaneous lipid peroxidation in kidney and liver homogenates was increased. The Fe(II)- or ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation was more pronounced in the kidney than in the liver. No changes in lipid peroxidation were observed in erythrocytes after AMV treatment. The AMV treatment resulted in a decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the kidney and liver; the cytosolic Cu,Zn-SOD and mitochondrial Mn-SOD were unchanged. The activity of the enzymes in blood was not changed. The results are discussed with a view to the participation of lipid peroxidation in vanadium toxicity.     

Effect of long-term treatment with vanadate in drinking water on KK mice with genetic non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

The glucose-lowering effect of vanadate, ammonium metavanadate (AMV), on diabetic KK mice was examined. Five-week-old male KK mice were administrated with a solution of AMV via drinking water at concentrations of vanadium (V) with 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 μg/mL for a period of 10 wk, respectively. Body weight, consumption of food and water, and blood glucose levels was measured every week for 10 wk. The results showed that food consumption and body weight in the experimental groups were similar to those in the control group. A statistically significant decrease of drinking water consumption and blood glucose levels in the group treated with 100 μg V/mL was observed. The glucose tolerance in the vanadate-treated mice with 10 and 100 μg V/mL was remarkably improved compared with the control group. Biochemical analyses at the end of experiments demonstrated that a distinct tendency for the glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels to decrease with vanadate treatment in the blood was also observed. The glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol levels in plasma were lower in the higher vanadium groups than those in the control group. These results indicate that vanadium effectively produced the glucose-lowering effect at a higher dose than that at a low dose of vanadium in drinking water, without any overt signs of toxicity.     

Impact of green tea on oxidative stress induced by ammonium metavanadate exposure in male rats

Transitional metals, as vanadium, are known to exert noxious effects by generating oxidative stress. Addition of antioxidants in the diet could decrease the cytotoxic effect related to the oxidative stress. The present study, carried out in Wistar rats, is a contribution to the evaluation of protective effects of green tea Camellia sinensis, which is known to be rich in antioxidant compounds (polyphenols...). Rats were divided into four groups: (C) was control, (V) was given ammonium metavanadate (AMV), (TH) was given herbal tea as drink (66 g/l) and TH + V was given tea and metavanadate. Group (TH) was given herbal tea one month before vanadium treatment. Metavanadate was daily i.p. injected (5 mg NH4VO3/kg body weight) for 10 days. (C) and (TH) groups received i.p. injections of 0.9% NaCl during the same period. Changes in lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS) in kidney, liver and testes, serum concentrations of vitamins E and A and superoxidismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in blood cells were determined. One month pre-treatment with green tea, followed by 10 days of treatment (TH) did not change TBARS in liver and testes as compared to controls, but induced a clear decrease of TBARS in kidneys. Intraperitoneal administration of AMV to rats (V) induced a time-dependant increase of TBARS in kidney, liver and testes that was lowered in rats (V + TH) drinking tea. Vitamin E concentrations were found to be drastically decreased from day 1 to 10 in rats (V). Vitamin A concentration was decreased at day 10 only. Drinking tea lowered AMV inhibitory effects in rats (V + TH), and conversely an increase of vitamins A and E concentrations were found at day 10. SOD and catalase activities were found increased in the blood cells from day 1 to day 5 and conversely decreased at day 10. In contrast, associated to green tea, AMV did not affect SOD and catalase activities compared to controls.     

Influence of chelation and oxidation state on vanadium bioavailability,and their effects on tissue concentrations of zinc,copper, and iron

Today, vanadium compounds are frequently included in nutritional supplements and are also being developed for therapeutic use in diabetes mellitus. Previously, tissue uptake of vanadium from bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) was shown to be increased compared to its uptake from vanadyl sulfate (VS). Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis that complexation increases vanadium uptake and that this effect is independent of oxidation state. A secondary objective was to compare the effects of vanadium complexation and oxidation state on tissue iron, copper, and zinc. Wistar rats were fed either ammonium metavanadate (AMV), VS, or BMOV (1.2 mM each in the drinking water). Tissue uptake of V following 12 wk of BMOV or AMV was higher than that from VS (p<0.05). BMOV led to decreased tissue Zn and increased bone Fe content. The same three compounds were compared in a cellular model of absorption (Caco-2 cells). Vanadium uptake from VS was higher than that from BMOV or AMV at 10 min, but from BMOV (250 μM only, 60 min), uptake was far greater than from AMV or VS. These results show that neither complexation nor oxidation state alone are adequate predictors of relative absorption, tissue accumulation, or trace element interactions.     

Purification and chemical characterization of the major glycoprotein of avian myeloblastosis virus.

The major glycoprotein of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) has been purified to an apparent state of homogeneity by gel filtration on a Sepharose 4B column in the presence of 6 m guanidine hydrochloride followed by dialysis against distilled water and then extraction with chloroform-methanol. The AMV glycoprotein remains soluble in the aqueous phase whereas contaminating proteins precipitate, either upon dialysis against distilled water or after treatment with chloroform-methanol.Carbohydrate, represented by glucosamine, mannose, galactose, fucose, and sialic acid, constitutes 40% of the weight of AMV glycoprotein. Glucosamine is the major carbohydrate component whereas fucose and sialic acid are present in relatively low amount. Amino acid analysis indicates a relatively high content of aspartic and glutamic acid, serine, threonine, and glycine. Based on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a molecular weight value of 77,500 ± 500 was determined for AMV glycoprotein.     

Studies on blood components of an air-breathing siluroid fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) in relation to body weight.

Different haematological parameters have been studied in relation to the body weight of Heteropneustes fossil (Bloch). The erythrocytes and leucocytes number and haemoglobin concentration increases from lower to higher weight groups. The heart weight also increases along with other blood components. With the unit increase in the body weight of this fish, the heart weight, erythrocytes, leucocytes and haemoglobin increase by a fractional power of 0.85700, 0.13480, 0.13215 and 0.22876, respectively. This shows that haemoglobin increases at a higher rate than erythrocyte number. The coefficient of correlation between body weight and erythrocyte (r = 0.70015), leucocytes (r = 0.95861), haemoglobin (r = 0.96615) and heart weight (0.97577) indicate high degree of correlation. The erythrocytes and leucocytes count and haemoglobin concentration per gram body weight is higher in younger fishes and decrease as the animal grows in size. The haematocrit values and mean corpucsular volumes decrease from lower to higher weight groups, whereas mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration increases with body weight. The erythrocyte cell surface has a decreasing trend from lower to higher weight group. Due to difference in the rate of decrease of greatest and least diameter of erythrocytes, the elliptical shape of R.B.C. which is common in younger animals, becomes circular in higher weight group. The non-granulocytes increase constantly while the percentage of granulocytes decreases from lower to higher weight groups. The lymphocytes constitute the main bulk of all the leucocytes. The total lymphocytes also increase with the body weight. Spindle cells and monocytes are relatively less in numbers. The percentage of eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils also decrease from lower to higher weight groups.     

血细胞分离机大量采集实验猕猴外周血单核细胞方法探讨

目的使用COBE Spectra血液成分分离机大量采集实验猕猴外周血单核细胞（PBMCs）,继而可从中分离得到外周血造血干细胞（PBSC）,为进一步利用猕猴开展免疫学研究、基因治疗提供足够的目的细胞,探讨采集的关键技术,建立安全、有效的采集方法。方法体重为4～5 kg的实验猕猴5只,采集前一个月内分3次进行自体或异体血液于4℃储备共120 mL,用于采集时填充管路。5只猴采集前接受rhGM-CSF 20μg/kg皮下注射动员4～5 d,麻醉动物后行股动脉穿刺,选择自动外周血干细胞收集程序（Auto-PBSC）进行采集。采集结束后管路中血液以10 mL/min回输给动物3～5 min。结果生长因子连续注射第4天外周血白细胞数增至最高,收获细胞数量随循环血量和采集次数增加而增多。经动员的所有猴能够采集到需要的PBMC,最多达9.9×108,采集次数1～3次,循环血量达750～1420 mL,实验结束后1只猕猴因心脏衰竭死亡。结论人用血细胞分离机可用于4～5 kg实验猕猴PBMC的大量采集。由于动物不同于人体,为保证采集成功需要选用适合于猕猴的程序,采集前做好储血和生长因子动员准备,稳定的麻醉保定,提高抗凝剂比例,积极处理并发症是关键。     

Effect of feed restriction on the peripheral blood and bone marrow cell counts of Wistar rats

The effects of 33% and 66% restricted feeding on body and organ weights, and hematological and bone marrow cellular findings in rats were investigated. The body weight gains were suppressed by restriction of feed amount and the body weights of 66% restricted-feeding groups were almost unchanged for three months (110 g in males and 80 g in females). Marked organ weight reduction (both absolute and relative) was found in the liver and thymus of rats of both sexes. Neutrophils and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were reduced. Reticulocytes in the 66% restricted groups were decreased to 1/4 of the control values at one month, but recovered slightly thereafter. Nucleated cell counts in bone marrow in the 66% restricted groups were decreased to 1/3 of the control values after three months. Thus, the most important effect of feed restriction seemed to be on bone marrow cells rather than on peripheral blood cells except for the reticulocytes. There was no significant difference between males and females.     

The action of azimexone on the cells of the hemopoietic system in mice,especially after damage with X-rays

Mice were exposed to single doses of whole body X-irradiation (1 - 2 - 4 Gy) or were treated with sulphur mustard (15 mg/kg body weight i.p.). This treatment caused a reduction of the pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow, of the total count of nucleated bone marrow cells in the femora and of the WBC in the peripheral blood. The size distribution of the bone marrow cells showed three separate peaks. From the histological examination of the bone marrow of X-irradiated mice it was deduced that the first peak represents erythrocytes, the second lymphocytes and the third peak the precursors of red and white blood cells. Multiple doses (25 - 50 - 100 mg/kg body weight) of azimexone, an immunomodulating substance, led after moderate doses of X-rays (2 Gy) or sulphur mustard to a more rapid recovery of the various parameters. In particular a stimulant action of azimexone on the pluripotent stem cells of mice not subjected to the injurious agents could also be demonstrated.     

Erythrocyte/HepG2-type glucose transporter is concentrated in cells of blood-tissue barriers

In search of possible diverse roles of glucose transporters (GT's), we examined whether any GT's are present in blood-tissue barriers where selective flow of glucose from blood to tissue cells is critically important. We found in rat that the erythrocyte/HepG2-type GT is localized in all the limiting plasma membranes known to serve as blood-tissue barriers, whether the barriers are endothelial type (brain, iris, inner retina, peripheral nerve) or epithelial type (choroid plexus, ciliary body, outer retina, peripheral nerve, placenta), except for plasma membranes in testis and thymus where no appreciable amount of the GT was found. The erythrocyte/HepG2-type GT may play a vital role for the entry of glucose into these firmly guarded tissues.     

Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Harvest HPC Count Is an Effective Surrogate Marker for CD34+ Cell Count in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Setting

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the predictive potential of XN-HPC for CD34+ cell count as obtained through Sysmex automated hematology analyzers (XN-1000). METHODS: This study was conducted at the National Institute of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation in 84 donors between December 2012 and December 2017 in the first phase and later validated in 112 donors between December 2017 and December 2018. Sysmex XN-1000 and BD FACS Calibur estimated XN-HPC and CD34+ cells of peripheral blood apheresis product, respectively. Spearman's correlation was assessed between XN-HPC and CD34+ cell count followed by receiver operating characteristic curve calculation to determine the XN-HPC cutoff for a CD34+ count of ≥2 million cells/kg of recipient's body weight RESULTS: There is a moderately positive correlation (P value = .003) between XN-HPC and CD34+ count. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated that a cutoff value for XN-HPC of ≥1·845×10⁶cells/kg of recipient's body weight has a specificity and sensitivity of 100% and 78·2%, respectively, for predicting the CD34+ count of ≥2 million cells/kg of recipient's body weight. This cutoff value of XN-HPC was prospectively validated in 112 donors. The positive predictive value was found to be 100%, while negative predictive value was 17%. CONCLUSION: XN-HPC has a highly promising potential to serve as a cost-effective and time-saving surrogate for CD34+ cell count.     

史氏鲟外周血细胞的显微及超微结构

采用血细胞计数、光学显微及电子显微技术对二龄史氏鲟外周血细胞的数目、形态及结构进行了研究。二龄史氏鲟红细胞的数目为47.75×104个/mm3,白细胞数目为2.9万个/mm3,其中淋巴细胞所占比率最高。史氏鲟的外周血中除正常红细胞外,还有处于分裂状态及未成熟的红细胞。史氏鲟外周血中的白细胞有四种类型,分别为淋巴细胞、粒细胞、血栓细胞和单核细胞。其中粒细胞有两种,即嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞。嗜中性粒细胞含有多种形状的核,其中分叶的核数目较多,粒细胞及淋巴细胞均类似于哺乳动物。对史氏鲟外周血细胞细微结构的观察显示:红细胞中具有少量的细胞器;淋巴细胞结构典型;单核细胞较粒细胞稍小且具有较多线粒体;血栓细胞具有梭形和圆形两种,胞质较少,其中梭形的血栓细胞胞质几乎透明;对粒细胞的颗粒按照形状和电子密度进行了分类。     

The effect of food and water deprivation on the peripheral blood parameters of the mouse

Various peripheral blood and bone marrow parameters were determined during food and water deprivation and during food deprivation alone in order to obtain base lines that may be used to make comparisons with similar data from irradiated mice. The peripheral blood parameters following food and water deprivation were similar to those following food deprivation alone. The mean survival time was about 5 days and the weight loss 40% of the control weight. There was an absolute decrease in the total circulating lymphocyte and platelet counts, while the total granulocyte count remained unchanged or increased. The blood volume decreased, while the hematocrit and specific gravity of the blood increased. The bone marrow parameters following food and water deprivation showed that erythropoiesis was more markedly depressed than myelopoiesis. The tritiated thymidine labeling index for granulopoietic cells and megakaryocytes decreased progressively during starvation. The variations in the white blood count and the bone marrow parameters are not comparable with those found in irradiated mice having the G.I. syndrome; the changes in mean survival time, weight loss, hematocrit, and blood volume are similar.     

Immunological state of adult germfree miniature minnesota pigs

Fundamental hematological and immunological data were obtained on sexually mature germfree miniature pigs fed, after the milk diet period, with cereal-type diet sterilized by γ-radiation, and were compared with data of control conventional animals. Germfree adult pigs had a lower count of peripheral blood leukocytes with a lower percentage of neutrophil granulocytes and without any younger forms, a lower total serum protein level with a negligible amount of γ and α₂ globulin fractions and a higher serum albumin and β globulin level. In the mesenteric lymph nodes and in spleen, surface IgA-bearing cells predominated over surface IgG-bearing cells. Also a large amount of IgA-containing cells was found in the intestinal lamina propria, where the IgG cells were present in a negligible amount. IgM cells were the most frequent surface isotype in peripheral blood. The count of blood T lymphocytes was more than doubled.     

Effect of spleen congestion and decongestion on newt blood

Experiments on the newt Triturus cristatus carnifex have shown that the spleen of specimens, either anaesthetized with chlorobutanol or in a normal condition, stores red blood cells when the animal is well oxygenated and releases these into circulation under conditions of hypoxia. The extreme limits of congestion and decongestion, commonly encountered in nature, can be obtained in the laboratory by exposing the animals to the air or by immersing them in still water. During the shift from a congested to decongested state, the spleen is reduced to less than one-fifth of its weight, while the erythrocyte concentration and correlated parameters in the blood stream increase by more than 60%. Splenic regulation of the circulating erythrocyte concentration compensates not only for variations in oxygen supply linked to environment, it may also compensate for the cyclical variations in red cell production of this amphibian, whose erythropoietic tissue activity is intermittent and subject to seasonal variations.     

Combined supplementation of vanadium and fish oil suppresses tumor growth, cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis

The anti-cancer activity of vanadium and fish oil has been shown in a large number of studies. This study was undertaken to analyze the combined effect of vanadium and fish oil on 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The whole experiment was divided into three parts: (1) DNA strand breaks study, (2) morphological analysis, and (3) histological and immunohistochemical study. Rats were treated with DMBA (0.5 mg/0.2 ml corn oil/100 g body weight) by a tail vein injection. Rats received vanadium (w/v) as ammonium monovanadate at a concentration of 0.5 ppm (4.27 μmol/L) in the drinking water and given ad libitum and/or fish oil (0.5 ml/day/rat) by oral gavage. Histology, morphology, DNA strand breaks, cell proliferation, and apoptosis of the mammary tissue were assessed in this study. Treatment with vanadium or fish oil alone significantly reduced the DNA strand breaks, palpable mammary tumors, tumor multiplicity, and cell proliferation but the maximum protection effect was found in the group that received both vanadium and fish oil and the combination treatment offered an additive effect (P < 0.05). Furthermore, vanadium and fish oil significantly increased the TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (P < 0.05) but the increase was maximal with combination treatment and had an additive effect. These results affirm the benefits of administration of vanadium and fish oil in the prevention of rat mammary carcinogenesis which was associated with reduced DNA strand breaks, palpable mammary tumors and cell proliferation and increased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells.