应用易错PCR技术提高环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的可溶性表达

【目的】对嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌CHB1的环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGTase)基因进行定向进化,筛选得到胞外酶活性和可溶性表达定量提高的突变酶。【方法】采用易错PCR技术向环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶基因中随机引入突变,建立酶基因突变文库,筛选获得胞外酶活性和可溶性表达定量提高的突变体,并对突变酶进行诱导表达、纯化及部分酶学性质研究。【结果】通过筛选获得CGTase胞外酶活性和可溶性表达定量提高的突变菌株ds-6和ep-9,其胞外α-环化活力分别是原始酶的1.72倍和2.18倍,可溶性表达量提高了1倍。序列分析表明,突变体ep-9有3个碱基发生了变化:G2005A/A2037G/T2081G,其中有2个碱基突变导致了氨基酸的改变。SWISS-MODEL数据库模拟CGTase的结构表明,2个突变氨基酸分别位于无规卷曲和β-转角/折叠之间的转角中。酶学性质测定表明:突变CGTase的β-环化比活力是原始酶的2.44倍,总环化比活力提高了34%,K_m值由4.3 g/L降低到3.74 g/L;在pH稳定性方面较原始酶有所提高。单碱基定点突变证实突变体ep-9可溶性表达水平及胞外酶活性提高的关键突变是G2005A。【结论】本试验表明:基于易错PCR技术获得嗜热芽孢杆菌CHB1的CGTase的胞外酶活和可溶性表达定向进化,G2005A突变对于提高CGTase的可溶性表达及胞外酶活起关键作用,这对认识CGTase的构效关系以及进一步改造该酶分子、扩大酶的生产应用具有重要意义。     

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶高效异源表达研究进展

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(cyclodextringlycosyltransferase,CGTase)酶法合成环糊精是目前生产环糊精的主要方法。本文介绍了用于生产环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的几种工程菌株:大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌以及毕赤酵母,其中大肠杆菌是目前应用最广泛的用于表达CGTase的表达系统。除此之外,本文还总结了高效表达环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的有效策略:选择合适的表达载体、启动子以及信号肽,以及密码子优化和分子伴侣共表达,以期为在相关CGTase研究领域开展研究提供参考。     

魔芋葡甘露聚糖固定化环糊精葡基转移酶的研究

本文报道将魔芋葡甘露聚糖(简称KGM),经不溶性处理和一定的化学修饰活化作固定化载体,用共价键合法固定化环糊精葡基转移酶(简称CGTase)。其中,用表氯醇-已二胺-戊二醛修饰活化的KGM载体固定化CGTase效果最好,偶联蛋白质多在20mg/g载体以上,酶活500～900u/g载体之间,最高可超过52mg/g和1300u/g载体。固定化CGTase在pH5和pH10呈两个酶活峰值,最适温度60℃。以淀粉为底物批式连续反应,转化率均在90％以上。     

一株产环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的地衣芽孢杆菌的选育、产酶条件及酶学特性

从土壤分离物中筛选到一株环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶 (CGTase)产生菌 4 0 3,96h发酵酶活为 0 95U mL。经紫外辐射和硫酸二乙酯复合诱变而获得突变株CLS4 0 3,96h发酵酶活达 1 36U mL ,提高 4 3%。该突变菌株被鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌 (Bacilluslicheniformis) ,产CGTase的最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉 ,最佳氮源为硝酸铵 ,最适初始pH为 6 5 ,最适培养温度为 35℃ ,发酵期间CGTase的产生高峰 (第 96h)滞后于菌体生物量高峰 (第 4 8h) 2d。菌株所产CGTase的最适反应pH为 6 0 ,最适温度为 5 5℃ ,在pH 6 0～ 7 5间和 5 0℃下保持 1h后的剩余酶活均达 90 %以上 ;酶液中适量添加Ca2 能大幅提高CGTase在 5 5℃下的稳定性。经高效液相色谱分析 ,CGTase作用于淀粉后的产物以α 环糊精为主 ,β 环糊精为次 ,二者比例为 2 4 7∶1,环糊精总产率达 2 9 8% ,但产物中不含γ 环糊精     

基于分子动力学模拟的高γ-环糊精专一性环糊精糖基转移酶理性改造

【背景】环糊精糖基转移酶的分子动力学模拟较传统基因改造而言能有效提高改造效率,减少盲目性。【目的】探究环糊精糖基转移酶的催化专一性机理,为获得产γ-环糊精专一性更高的环糊精糖基转移酶提供高效突变菌株方法。【方法】通过分子对接和分子动力学模拟,获得3种产物类型CGTase与底物的对接模拟结构,并通过定点突变实验进行验证。【结果】分子动力学模拟结果显示α-和β-CGTase与十糖链在酶蛋白S1区域呈现闭合的形态,而γ-CGTase和十糖链在S1区域呈现更易于生成γ-环糊精的张开形态;3种CGTase与十糖链在相同位置存在氢键的氨基酸共有17个相对应位点,其中14个位点的氨基酸种类一致,不一致的3个氨基酸对应α-CGTase位点分别为Y89、D234和Y262。本研究对Y262位点进行定点突变和产物专一性实验,结果显示经过分子动力学预测的Y262L有助于提高产γ-CD专一性,从野生酶的13.7%提高到39.9%,γ-环糊精产物比例提高了3倍。【结论】分子动力学模拟结果对于指导环糊精糖基转移酶的专一性内在机理具有一定的正向指导意义。     

分子伴侣共表达对嗜热环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶异源可溶性表达的影响

【目的】通过优化表达条件,提高嗜热环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGTase)的可溶性表达和胞外酶活性。【方法】构建含cgt基因的重组表达质粒p ET-28a(+)-omp A-cgt,筛选最适诱导温度,并构建5种分子伴侣共表达系统(p KJE8、p KJE7、p Gro7、p Tf16和p G-Tf2,5种分子伴侣质粒分别与重组表达质粒p ET-28a(+)-omp A-cgt共表达),筛选最适分子伴侣质粒,优化共表达条件。【结果】通过SDS-PAGE分析和测定胞外酶活,CGTase基因在大肠杆菌中实现表达,且具有一定量的重组CGTase分泌至胞外;25°C诱导时CGTase的可溶性表达和在胞外上清中的酶活都最高;分子伴侣质粒p KJE8使酶的胞外活性提高了48.6%,效果最为显著;当L-阿拉伯糖浓度为0.5 g/L时,分子伴侣质粒p KJE8使酶的胞外活性提高了68.5%。【结论】通过优化表达条件及使用分子伴侣共表达系统提高了环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的可溶性表达和胞外酶活,为该酶进一步相关研究奠定了基础。     

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶在天然产物糖基化修饰中的应用

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase,CGTase)是一种可催化淀粉或多糖中α-1,4键断裂并环化形成环糊精(cyclodextrins,CDs)的α-淀粉酶.CGTase在工业上主要用于制造环糊精,近年来利用其转糖基作用改造天然产物的性质取得了令人瞩目的研究进展,正成...     

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的酿酒酵母表面展示及其生产2-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基抗坏血酸

摘要:【目的】将环状芽孢杆菌251(Bacillus circulans 251)来源的环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase,CGTase)展示在酿酒酵母( Saccharomyces cerevisiae)细胞表面,构建全细胞催化剂生产2-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基抗坏血酸(2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid,AA-2G),以提高AA-2G 的产量。【方法】将CGTase编码基因cgt连接到载体质粒pYD1中的a凝集素(a-agglutinin)Aga2p亚基基因的下游构建表面展示重组质粒pYD1-cgt,转化酿酒酵母EBY100获得重组菌EBY100-pYD1-cgt,对发酵条件(培养基、诱导温度和诱导剂半乳糖浓度)进行优化;同时先后对重组菌的发酵产酶以及表面展示CGTase的酶促合成AA-2G的条件进行了优化;进一步又比较了表面展示的CGTase与E.coli BL21发酵所得的游离CGTase在酶促制备AA-2G过程中副产物的积累情况。【结果】展示CGTase的酿酒酵母重组菌株以YPG培养基作为发酵培养基,诱导剂半乳糖初始添加浓度为20 g/L,经25 ℃诱导48 h后,表面展示CGTase最大酶产量为0.5 U/mL;表面展示CGTase 40 ℃条件下的温度稳定性比游离酶有所提高,pH稳定范围变宽。对表面展示的CGTase制备AA-2G转化条件的优化发现,其最适温度最适pH分别为30 ℃和4.5,转化48 h达到平衡,表面展示的CGTase制备AA-2G的产量较游离酶提高了37%。【结论】对于CGTase,a凝集素系统是一个有效的展示系统,构建的酿酒酵母全细胞催化剂用于酶促制备AA-2G时,产生的副产物葡萄糖可能被酵母细胞利用,从而降低了葡萄糖与VC的竞争作用使AA-2G的产量增加,该全细胞催化剂具有良好的应用前景。     

亚位点?7处突变对碱性芽胞杆菌CGT酶产物特异性的影响

为了研究来源于碱性芽胞杆菌的γ-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGT酶)具有较高产物特异性的作用机理,对其氨基酸序列和模拟结构进行了分析,确定其亚位点7处氨基酸的缺失可能影响其产物特异性。运用重叠PCR的方法,在其亚位点7处添加缺失的6个氨基酸,造成插入突变。将突变基因与pET-20b(+)连接并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达。以可溶性淀粉为底物进行酶转化,HPLC分析转化产物中的环糊精含量。结果表明,相对于野生型γ-CGT酶,突变酶转化生成的3种环糊精中,γ-环糊精所占的比例从76.0%降至12.5%,α-、β-环糊精分别从8.7%和15.2%提高至37.5%和50%。分析其可能机理为:与α-、β-CGT酶相比,野生型γ-CGT酶的亚位点7处缺失6个氨基酸,该构象为葡萄糖的结合提供了更大的空间,从而更适合γ-环糊精的生成;而在其亚位点7处插入6个氨基酸,造成插入突变后,葡萄糖链结合的空间变小,这种构象不利于γ-环糊精的生成。     

固定化天冬氨酸酶制备(R)-3-氨基丁酸

从芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.YM55-1基因组中克隆得到天冬氨酸酶基因,以pET-28a(+)为载体构建天冬氨酸酶基因的表达载体pET-28a(+)-Asp,将天冬氨酸酶基因进行定点突变,在E.coli BL21(DE3)系统中实现了天冬氨酸酶的异源表达。利用重组的天冬氨酸酶,以氨水、(NH_4)_2SO_4为辅料,将底物巴豆酸转化为(R)-3-氨基丁酸。将天冬氨酸酶的工程菌制备成固定化细胞,通过反应条件的优化研究,提高底物的转化率。结果表明:天冬氨酸酶最适pH为9.0,最适反应温度为40℃。在此反应条件下,加入30 g/L固定化细胞,转化22 h,(R)-3-氨基丁酸质量浓度达到220 g/L,对映体过量值e.e._s≥99.95%,底物转化率达到98%,固定化细胞重复使用次数不低于24次。     

Immobilisation of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus circulans</Emphasis> ATCC 21783 on purified seasand

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from Bacillus circulans (ATCC 21783) was immobilised on a silica-based support: purified seasand. Although adsorption of 98% was achieved, considerable desorption was encountered. This problem was minimised by crosslinking the adsorbed enzyme with glutaraldehyde. The immobilised enzyme after crosslinking could be used repeatedly for cyclodextrin (CD) production in a batch process. The activity retention was 80% at the end of the eighth cycle. The immobilised enzyme showed a shift in the pH optimum towards the alkaline side and also an improvement in the pH stability compared to the free enzyme. It catalysed the formation of β-CD as a major product. A significant amount of α-CD production was also observed on prolonged incubation. Electronic Publication     

Organic solvent and pH induced alteration of product specificity of CGTase

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase [CGTase, E.C.2.4.1.19] is an extracellular enzyme, which catalyzes the formation of α−, β−, γ− CDs from starch. Their proportions of formations depend on enzyme sources and reaction conditions. To understand what determines the product specificity of CGTases, we examined the alteration of product specificity of CGTase fromBacillus macerans by organic solvents and pH. At acidic pH range less than pH 6 where the enzyme was unstable, the ratio of α−/β-CD production was increased 4 times more than that at neutral pH range. As we increased the concentration of 2-butanol, α−/β-CD ratio was proportionally increased but/ratio remained constant. The α−/β-CD ratio of products was increased in the reaction media which yielded low products.     

利用高效阴离子色谱快速检测筛选环糊精糖基转移酶产生菌>

利用高效阴离子色谱快速直接地检测微生物发酵液中的环糊精成分,尤其是大环环糊精的组成,进而创造了一种能快速准确地从土壤中筛选产环糊精糖基转移酶菌种的方法。共分离了149个产胞外淀粉水解酶的微生物菌株,利用高效阴离子交换色谱共检测了其中11株菌,其中6株主要产CD6 ,5株主要产CD7,主要产CD8的没有。在直接鉴定产生环糊精糖基转移酶菌株的过程中,也可以定量检测各种环糊精包括大环糊精（CD大于8）的含量。     

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的结构特征与催化机理

随着环糊精在食品、医药等领域的应用越来越广,生产环糊精所必需的环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGT酶)已经成为当今研究的热点。特别是近二十年来,国外对该酶进行了比较深入的研究。首先介绍了CGT酶的功能特性与结构特征。CGT酶是一种多功能型酶,能催化三种转糖基反应(歧化、环化和耦合反应)和水解反应,其中,能将淀粉转化为环糊精的环化反应是特征反应;作为α-淀粉酶家族的成员,CGT酶除了具有与α-淀粉酶相同的A、B、C结构域外,还存在D和E结构域。另外,对CGT酶的催化机理包括底物结合方式、转糖苷反应机理以及环化机理等进行了详细的讨论。     

Computer simulation of the cyclodextrin–phenylalanine complex

The results of the molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes of α-cyclodextrin-l-phenylalanine and β-cyclodextrine- L- phenylalanine in vacuo and in aqueous solution are presented. The trajectories of the insertion angle, rotation of the aromatic ring of the phenylalanine inside the macrocycle and the dihedral angle χ² (Cα–Cβ–Cγ–C_D2) describing the relative movement of the aromatic ring with respect to the polar region give detailed information of the dynamics of the complexes. It is found that the complex with α-cyclodextrin in water is not stable, in agreement with experimental data, while in all other situations studied the complex is stable within the computational limits. Comparing the different cases and the experimental evidence it comes out that a simulation of the complexes without an explicit treatment of the solvent gives unreliable results.     

Optimisation of growth medium for the production of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus stearothermophilus HR1 using response surface methodology

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) activity was observed when the bacterium was grown in the medium at various initial pH values, containing carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral salt sources at 50 °C for 24 h in the shake flasks. The optimisation of this growth medium was carried out using response surface methodology. The design contains a total of 32 experimental trials involving 10 star points and 6 replicates at the centre points. The design was employed by selecting sago starch, peptone from casein, K₂HPO₄, CaCl₂ and initial pH as five independent variables in this study. The optimal calculated values of tested variables for maximal production of CGTase were found to be comprised of: sago starch, 16.02 g/l; peptone from casein, 20 g/l; K₂HPO₄, 1.4 g/l; CaCl₂, 0.2 g/l and initial pH, 7.54 with a predicted CGTase activity of 14.20 U/ml. These predicted optimal parameters were tested in the laboratory and the final CGTase activity obtained was very close to the predicted value at 14.80 U/ml.     

Antiprion action of new cyclodextrin analogues

Background

Prion disorders are characterised by the accumulation of a misfolded isoform (PrP^Sc) of the host encoded prion protein (PrP^C). This paper examines the antiprion potential of cyclodextrin (CD) analogues and it identifies sulphated-β-cyclodextrin, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 2.4 μM, as having 31-fold greater antiprion activity than that previously reported for β-cyclodextrin (βCD).

Methods

Scrapie infected cells were treated with a range of βCD analogues. This enabled a CD structure to antiprion activity analysis to be carried out. The metachromatic activity of each of the cyclodextrins was determined, this test is employed to mimic complexation of glycosaminogylcans to a cell membrane.

Results

Sulphated-βCD had an IC₅₀ of 2.4 μM and it was the only CD found to have metachromatic activity. Its activity was equivalent to that of heparin and heparin sulphate, this may account for sulphated-βCD's superior antiprion action.

General significance

In solution heparin can form a helical structure with a hydrophobic interior, the hydrophobic interior of cyclic CDs is vital for CD molecule encapsulation. The controlled CD structure, however, restricts degradation by human enzymes; consequently sulphated-CDs could be ideal candidates in the search for prion therapeutics. Sulphated-CDs may open up avenues for the treatment of TSEs.     

利用环状糊精纯化淀粉水解酶类

环状糊精是由环状糊精葡萄糖基转移酶作用于淀粉所产生的一组非还原性环状低聚糖 ,最常见的有α,β和γ型 ,它们分别是由 6、7或 8个葡萄糖单元以α 1,4糖苷键联结而成的。由于其特殊的“内疏水外亲水”分子结构 ,使得环状糊精能与多种有机分子形成特殊结构的包合物 ;同时环状糊精还能与酶的活性 /非活性部位相互作用 ,所以以环状糊精为配体 ,利用亲和层析纯化水解淀粉的酶类