铜对鱼类慢性毒性研究进展

重金属铜既是生物体自身所必需的元素,也可造成污染。       

鱼类神经行为毒性研究进展

神经行为毒性是神经科学、神经药理学和神经毒理学的重要研究内容,对评价生态系统质量和研究有害因素或药物在生物神经系统作用机制具有重要理论和应用价值。鱼类中枢神经系统发达,对水环境中化合物极为敏感,其神经系统能够对各种刺激产生综合协调的应答反应,影响其运动功能、应激反应以及学习/记忆,改变游泳行为和社会行为,产生神经行为异常,诱发神经行为毒性效应。近年来,许多研究者开展了一系列以鱼类为受试对象的神经行为毒性研究,表明鱼类是开展神经行为毒性研究的重要物种,其成果在生态环境监测和评价、渔业生产、神经系统机制探究及药物开发等方面得到了广泛应用。鱼类作为神经行为毒性研究的物种,补充经典哺乳动物模型的不足,提供了高通量体外细胞分析和经典哺乳动物模型之间的关键模型。文章从鱼类生物学特征、实验鱼类品系和全基因组测序3个方面阐明鱼类是开展神经行为毒性研究的重要物种,综述了微塑料及其吸附污染物、有机污染物2类典型污染物和酒精、咖啡因、苯二氮卓类药物、选择性血清素再吸收抑制剂4类药物对鱼类的游泳行为和社会行为影响,探讨鱼类产生剂量或时间依赖性的神经行为毒性效应,并对未来研究方向进行了分析展望,以期为神经行为毒...     

微囊藻毒素对鱼类的毒性效应

湖泊富营养化导致的蓝藻水华已成为国内外普遍关注的环境问题,它所带来的主要危害之一是产生的藻毒素对鱼类的影响。在已发现的藻毒素中,微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)的分布广、毒性大、危害严重,而备受关注。阐述了MCs对鱼类的影响。微囊藻毒素能干扰胚胎的发育,降低孵化率,增加畸形率,影响存活率,胚胎孵化受微囊藻毒素影响还具有剂量依赖效应;野外室内实验均表明鱼类暴露于微囊藻毒素后不仅可在肝脏中富集还可在肌肉、肠道等组织器官中快速积累;对鱼类进行组织病理检测发现MCs可导致肝脏、肾脏、心脏、脑、鳃等组织受损;MCs在鱼体中的解毒过程可能开始于由谷胱甘肽S-转移酶催化的还原型谷胱甘肽的结合反应;MCs还可影响鱼类的生长、行为和血清生化指标,此外,还具有一定的免疫毒性。MCs的转运机制和分子作用机制以及在食物链中传递过程中对人类造成的潜在影响可能成为今后研究重点。     

氯硝柳胺控释剂对鱼类的毒性及回避试验的进一步研究

我们研制的氯硝柳胺控释剂具有长效灭螺、减轻对鱼类及环境危害的优点。为了对其毒性做深入的评价 ,1 995年对该控释剂对鱼类的毒性等作了进一步的试验。1　材料和方法1 1　药物 :氯硝柳胺控释剂由我所药物室研制并监制 ,西南民族学院兽药厂中试产品。1 2　仪器 :日本岛津ＵＶ -2 65ＦＳ型自动记录分光光度计 ;鱼类回避槽ＴＬ -86型 ,无锡有机玻璃厂生产 ,中国水产科学院淡水渔业研究中心研制。1 3　鱼类 :5种食用鱼购自四川省农科院水产研究所。当年繁殖的鱼苗 ,体长 5 3 -1 4 5ｃｍ ,重 5-1 8 6ｇ ,试验前在室内饲养 3天。1 4　方法 …     

微囊藻毒素对鱼类毒性影响的研究进展

微囊藻毒素 (Microcystins,简称MC)是一些有毒蓝藻,如微囊藻、颤藻和鱼腥藻等,产生的一种具有肝毒性的环状七肽。       

长江下游重点江段水质污染及对鱼类的毒性影响

通过对长江下游安庆,南京,镇江和长江口4江段水质及其对鱼类毒性影响的调查发现,长江下游江段主航道的水质符合国家地面II类标准,但近岸的污染带水质受到一定程度的污染,其主要污染物为石油烃类和挥发酚等,这些污染物对鱼类有一定的毒性影响,可引起鱼类的急性中毒,并可诱导鱼类产生微核,同时在上述几个江段内的鱼体内可检出较高的污染物残留,这表明长江下游江段已受到不同程度的污染,这种污染对区域性渔业有影响。     

底泥中重金属对水生生物的影响：Ⅰ.铅的不同形态对鱼类的毒性

本文报道了模拟江河底泥中的铅对鲫鱼、鲤鱼等的生物效应,从生物富集、生物化学、超微结构、组织病理、血相等方面研究了底泥铅的不同化学形态的生物学效应。实验结果表明,当底泥中“亲和态”铅为95.23mg/kg时,染毒20—50d,相继发生一系列病理变化,随着实验浓度的增加,时间的延长,病变就愈加严重;底泥铅的“亲和态”浓度与生物效应关系呈正相关。     

氨氮对鱼类毒性的影响因子及气呼吸型鱼类耐氨策略

氨氮广泛存在于养殖水体中,在氨氮过高的养殖环境下可能会导致鱼类的大量死亡。从生态、环境及养殖效益角度来看,研究氨氮对鱼类的毒性以及鱼类应对环境或体内高氨浓度的策略均具有重要意义。某些鱼类具有其特殊的策略来降低氨毒性,使得这些种类能适应极高的环境或体内氨浓度。这些耐氨策略主要为(1)合成谷氨酰胺、(2)合成尿素排出、(3)增强机体排泄、(4)Rh蛋白促进氨解毒、(5)降低周围环境pH、(6)NH_3挥发和体表碱化、(7)降低体内氨生成、(8)特定氨基酸代谢生成丙氨酸、(9)组织高氨耐受性。鱼类的氨耐受策略较多而且是可变的,主要受特定种类的生活习性和栖息环境影响。文章综述了氨氮对鱼类的毒性机理以及鱼类的应对策略,为相关的研究提供基础资料。     

黄磷对鲤鱼鲫鱼毒性效应的初步研究

通过纯黄磷,黄磷废水,黄磷废渣3种不同形态含元素磷物质对鲤鱼、鲫鱼的毒性试验,观察和测定了黄磷对鱼类生态、生理、组织学的毒性效应症状。     

The toxicity of crude oil for the marine alga Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve in relation to nutrient limitation

The toxicity of crude oil in relation to nutrient limitation was studied in Skeletonema costatum cultures. The addition of 100 mg/l of crude oil, although slightly toxic for the algae grown in complete media, was eventually lethal for the algae growing in phosphorus and nitrogen limited media, indicating the importance of those two nutrients for the algal resistance to oil pollution problems. Less severe effects of crude oil were observed in the silicon limited media, suggesting that the adsorptive properties of silica play an important role in the uptake and intracellular distribution of hydrocarbons. Chl a and carbon uptake were found to be more sensitive parameters for assessing hydrocarbon toxicity than cell counting.     

Physiological response of 10 phytoplankton species exposed to macondo oil and the dispersant,Corexit

Culture experiments were conducted on ten phytoplankton species to examine their biological and physiological responses during exposure to oil and a combination of oil and dispersant. The species tested included a range of taxa typically found in the Gulf of Mexico such as cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, and diatoms. Cultures were exposed to Macondo surrogate oil using the water accommodated fraction (WAF), and dispersed oil using a chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF) and diluted CEWAF, to replicate conditions following the Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico. A range of responses were observed, that could broadly class the algae as either “robust” or “sensitive” to oil and/or dispersant exposure. Robust algae were identified as Synechococcus elongatus, Dunaliella tertiolecta, two pennate diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Navicula sp., and Skeletonema grethae CCMP775, and were largely unaffected by any of the treatments (no changes to growth rate or time spent in lag phase relative to controls). The rest of the phytoplankton, all centric diatoms, exhibited at least some combination of reduced growth rates or increased lag time in response to oil and/or dispersant exposure. Photophysiology did not have a strong treatment effect, with significant inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency (F_v/F_m) only observed in the CEWAF, if at all. We found that the effects of oil and dispersants on phytoplankton physiology were species‐dependent, and not always detrimental. This has significant implications on how oil spills might impact phytoplankton community structure and bloom dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico, which in turn impacts higher trophic levels.     

Biological upgrading of heavy crude oil

Heavy crudes (bitumen) are extremely viscous and contain high concentrations of asphaltene, resins, nitrogen and sulfur containing heteroaromatics and several metals, particularly nickel and vanadium. These properties of heavy crude oil present serious operational problems in heavy oil production and downstream processing. There are vast deposits of heavy crude oils in many parts of the world. In fact, these reserves are estimated at more than seven times the known remaining reserves of conventional crude oils. It has been proven that reserves of conventional crude oil are being depleted, thus there is a growing interest in the utilization of these vast resources of unconventional oils to produce refined fuels and petrochemicals by upgrading. Presently, the methods used for reducing viscosity and upgradation is cost intensive, less selective and environmentally reactive. Biological processing of heavy crudes may provide an ecofriendly alternative or complementary process with less severe process conditions and higher selectivity to specific reactions to upgrade heavy crude oil. This review describes the prospects and strengths of biological processes for upgrading of heavy crude oil.     

Effect of inoculation on the biodegradation of wathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil

Summary Enrichment cultures from oil-contaminated beach material from Prince William Sound, Alaska, generated both a mixed bacterial community of indigenous, oil-degrading marine microorganisms and a pure culture oil-degrader, strain EI2V. The mixed and axenic cultures were used in comparative shake flask studies of inoculation on biodegradation of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Within 12 h following inoculation of homogenized, oiled beach material with the mixed culture, total CO₂ production was increased 2-fold relative to a noninoculated control. Moreover, measurements of phenanthrene degradation (as determined by the release of¹⁴CO₂ from [9-¹⁴C]phenanthrene) showed a 2-or 3-fold greater degradation when inoculated with either strain EI2V or with the mixed culture, respectively. However, as medium was replaced by a simulated tidal cycle, the observed stimulation of CO₂ production decreased, and the addition of strain EI2V had no greater effect on total CO₂ production than the addition of inorganic nutrients alone. Chemical analysis of oil recovered after 7 days incubation also suggested that, while these cultures are capable of efficient biodegradation of Prudhoe Bay crude in liquid culture, inoculation of beach material with high numbers of these microorganisms had little effect on the rate and extent of biodegradation of weathered crude oil. Overall, the sustained stimulatory effect was no greater than that observed with the addition of inorganic nutrients alone.     

Enhanced crude oil biodegradation in soil via biostimulation

Research on feasible methods for the enhancement of bioremediation in soil contaminated by crude oil is vital in oil-exporting countries such as Kuwait, where crude oil is a major pollutant and the environment is hostile to biodegradation. This study investigated the possibility of enhancing crude oil bioremediation by supplementing soil with cost-effective organic materials derived from two widespread locally grown trees, Conocarpus and Tamarix. Amendments in soils increased the counts of soil microbiota by up to 98% and enhanced their activity by up to 95.5%. The increase in the biodegradation of crude oil (75%) and high levels of alkB expression substantiated the efficiency of the proposed amendment technology for the bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. The identification of crude-oil-degrading bacteria revealed the dominance of the genus Microbacterium (39.6%), Sphingopyxis soli (19.3%), and Bordetella petrii (19.6%) in unamended, Conocarpus-amended, and Tamarix-amended contaminated soils, respectively. Although soil amendments favored the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and reduced bacterial diversity, the structures of bacterial communities were not significantly altered.     

Individual to population level effects of South Louisiana crude oil water accommodated hydrocarbon fraction (WAF) on a marine meiobenthic copepod

Acute toxicities of crude oil and crude oil water accommodated hydrocarbon fraction (WAF) are relatively well documented, but data on the biological effects of chronic exposures to WAF on species and populations are scarce. South Louisiana Sweet crude oil was used to assess the effects of crude oil WAF on the copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis' survival, development and reproduction. Effects were evaluated using a 96-well microplate full life-cycle toxicity test, a test that allows tracking of individuals from the nauplius stage to sexual maturation and reproduction. Briefly, 24-h hatched nauplii were followed to adulthood (n_i = ≥ 120 nauplii/treatment) in individual glass-coated microplate wells containing 200 μL of seawater solution. Treatments consisted of 10%, 30%, 50% and 100% Louisiana WAF, with seawater used as control. Nauplii were monitored through development to adulthood, and sexually mature virgin copepods were mated pairwise in wells containing original rearing treatments. Nauplius-to-copepodite survival was reduced by 57% in exposures to 100% WAF, relative to controls (88 ± 3%), and copepodite-to-adult survival was reduced by 18% in the 50% WAF, relative to controls (98 ± 3%). Analysis of development curves showed that nauplii in the 10% WAF developed significantly faster into copepodites, while nauplii in the 50% WAF developed significantly slower than controls. Although the naupliar developmental rate in the 100% WAF was not significantly different from the control, these nauplii showed an average 1.4 day delay in development into copepodites. Similarly, copepodite development into mature females and males was significantly enhanced by 1.2 to 1.8 days and delayed by 1.9 to 2.2 days (p < 0.05) in the 10% and 50% WAFs, respectively, compared to controls. Although the copepodite developmental rate in the 100% WAF was not significantly different from the control, these copepodites still showed an average 1.5 and 2.1 day delay in development into females and males, respectively. Analysis of reproductive endpoints showed that fertility was the only endpoint negatively affected by WAFs; reproductive failure increased by 30% and 41% in exposures to 30% and 100% WAF, respectively, compared to controls (3.33 ± 4.71%). Leslie matrix population projections based on empirical microplate data indicated lower production rates through three generations of exposure to WAFs. Furthermore, a comparison between NIST and Louisiana crude oil WAFs using the same life-cycle approach indicated a greater chronic toxicity for the Louisiana WAF and an overall developmental delay in exposures to high WAFs (50% and 100% WAFs) from both crude oil types.     

固定化脂肪酶催化毛油合成生物柴油

本研究开发了一种用石油醚提取毛油的工艺,研究了以提取的毛油和甲醇为原料,用固定化Candida sp.99-125脂肪酶催化合成脂肪酸甲酯(FAMEs)的可行性。同时考察了磷脂对固定化酶活性、反应起始速率、固定化酶使用批次的影响以及毛油和精炼油对固定化酶使用批次等的影响。研究结果表明,用磷脂质量分数为1%的石油醚悬液浸泡过的脂肪酶比仅用石油醚浸泡过的脂肪酶初始转酯化速率显著下降。当大豆油中无磷脂时,15min时FAMEs的产率为26.2%;磷脂质量分数为5%时,FAMEs降为12.4%。当大豆油中磷脂质量分数小于1%时,固定化酶使用10个批次,FAMEs产率无明显变化。固定化脂肪酶催化石油醚浸提得到的大豆和小桐子毛油,经过10个批次反应FAMEs产率都保持在70%以上,该固定化酶直接催化毛油生产生物柴油具有良好的工业化前景。     

石油烃污染对海洋浮游植物群落的短期毒性效应

海上溢油和船舶含油废水排放等石油污染给海洋生态环境带来严峻考验。为了解石油污染对海洋浮游植物的短期群落效应, 于实验室对采自浙江省乐清湾海域的四季浮游植物进行了14天的微宇宙实验研究。通过测定不同浓度原油水溶性成分(water accommodated fraction, WAF)胁迫下浮游植物群落各种类的细胞密度, 发现原油WAF对浮游植物群落的种类数、多样性、均匀度和优势种组成及优势度均有极显著影响。原油污染组的种类数均低于对照组, 多样性指数也总体上低于对照组, 但均匀度指数无明显规律。WAF对各季节浮游植物群落优势种的影响存在季节、浓度梯度和种类差异: 1)在高浓度WAF (≥2.28 mg·L^-1)胁迫下, 各季节浮游植物群落中中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的优势度均呈升高趋势, 除秋季外, 长菱形藻(Nitzschia longissima)在其余季节的优势度均显著下降, 另外秋季实验中微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)的优势度呈先升高后下降的趋势, 秋冬季斜纹藻(Pleurosigma sp.)和念珠直链藻(Melosira moniliformis)的优势度呈下降趋势; 2)在低浓度WAF (≤1.16 mg·L^-1)胁迫下, 除秋季中肋骨条藻仍为绝对优势种外, 其余季节该种微藻的优势度均呈下降趋势, 春、夏季长菱形藻的优势度逐渐升高, 而冬季则是念珠直链藻的优势度不断增加。原油WAF影响下, 可能r策略种将逐渐取代k策略种, 导致浮游植物群落趋于小型化。     

固定化脂肪酶催化毛棉籽油制备生物柴油

研究了固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM和Novozym435催化毛棉籽油和乙酸甲酯制备生物柴油的过程。通过向反应体系中添加甲醇,可减少乙酸的抑制,明显提高生物柴油得率,确定最佳反应条件为:正己烷作溶剂,乙酸甲酯与油摩尔比9:1,添加油重3%的甲醇、油重10%的LipozymeTLIM和5%的Novozym435复合使用,温度55°C,反应8h,生物柴油得率达到91.83%。最后探索了酶催化毛棉籽油合成生物柴油的动力学,得到动力学方程。     

Degradation of crude oil in the rhizosphere of Sorghum bicolor

Dissipation of petroleum contaminants in the rhizosphere is likely the result of enhanced microbial degradation. Plant roots may encourage rhizosphere microbial activity through exudation of nutrients and by providing channels for increased water flow and gas diffusion. Phytoremediation of crude oil in soil was examined in this study using carefully selected plant species monitored over specific plant growth stages. Four sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes with differing root characteristics and levels of exudation were established in a sandy loam soil contaminated with 2700 mg crude oil/kg soil. Soils were sampled at three stages of plant growth: five leaf, flowering, and maturity. All vegetated treatments were associated with higher remediation efficiency, resulting in significantly lower total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations than unvegetated controls. A relationship between root exudation and bioremediation efficiency was not apparent for these genotypes, although the presence of all sorghum genotypes resulted in significant removal of crude oil from the impacted soil.