小菜蛾的耐热性

小菜蛾是世界范围内十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫.临界高温(critical thermal maxi-mum,CTMax)是昆虫耐热性的常用指标.采用动态加热方法,利用自行组装的装置测定了小菜蛾的临界高温,以此作为其耐热性指标,研究发育阶段、饲养温度、世代、性别和热激对小菜蛾耐热性的影响.结果表明:25℃下饲养的小菜蛾4龄幼虫的CTMax均值为50.31℃,显著高于1龄幼虫(43.03℃)、2龄幼虫(46.39℃)、3龄幼虫(49.67℃)以及雌性成虫(45.76℃)和雄性成虫(47.73℃);不同饲养温度(20、25和30℃)下成虫耐热性无显著差异;30℃下饲养1代、3代及6代的不同世代成虫CTMax也无显著变化;所有处理雌雄成虫的CTMax无显著差异;40℃下45 min热激可使5日龄雄成虫的CTMax值从45.51℃增加到46.49℃.     

印楝素乳油x对-小菜蛾种群的控制作用

通过室内外系统试验探讨了印楝素乳油对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella种群的控制作用.结果表明,其控制作用主要表现在对成虫产卵的显著忌避作用、对幼虫的拒食作用以及对生长发育的影响和减少幼虫危害力等方面.印楝素乳油0.005 mL/L处理对成虫的忌避率为78.3%,对幼虫的选择性和非选择性拒食率分别为71.8%和62.9%,幼虫总取食量是对照的59.0%,使小菜蛾种群趋势指数(I值)降为2.4,干扰作用控制指数(1lpc)为0.1079.采用状态空间分析法就印楝素乳油施用后小菜蛾种群数量动态的模拟分析亦表明,其显著的控制作用表现在种群发展初期对成虫的忌避作用.     

印楝素乳油对小菜蛾种群的控制作用

通过室内外系统试验探讨了印楝素乳油对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella种群的控制作用。结果表明,其控制作用主要表现在对成虫产卵的显忌避作用。对幼虫的拒食作用以及对生长发育的影响和减少幼虫危害为等方面,印楝素乳油0.005mL/59.0%,使小菜蛾种群趋势指数（I值）降为2.4干扰作用控制指数（IIPC）为0.1079,采用状态空间分析法就印楝素乳油施用后小菜蛾种群数量动态的模拟分析亦表明,其显的控制作用表现在种群发展初期对成虫的忌避作用。     

萜类化合物对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食活性

采用叶碟浸液法测试从松节油合成的26个不同结构萜类化合物样品对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)4龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果显示,编号为2,4,8,13,27,31的6个化合物,即诺卜醇、诺卜丙基醚、内型异莰烷基甲醇丙酸酯、4-(1-甲基乙烯基)-1-环己烯-1-乙醇丙酸酯、羟基香茅醛丙酸酯、羟基香茅醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛具有较高的拒食活性。处理有效成分为0.01g/mL时,这6个化合物24h拒食率为70%～100%。其中2,4,8号3个化合物拒食活性最高,处理有效成分为0.01g/mL和0.001g/mL时,24h拒食率分别为98.33%,99.80%,100.00%和85.60%,83.90%,66.97%;并且持效性较好,72h拒食率分别为92.67%,89.97%,98.73%和63.20%,63.30%,45.93%。     

云南弥渡小菜蛾发生及防治

通过田间调查 ,查明弥渡县小菜蛾年发生 1 0～ 1 2代 ,发生危害期有 9个月 ,一般有两个发生高峰期 ,即 4～ 6月和 9～ 1 0月 ,春季危害比秋季重 ;其发生影响因素主要有温度、降雨、十字花科蔬菜种植面积以及寄生蜂的种类和数量。针对小菜蛾发生规律及影响因素 ,提出了相应的防治措施。     

Toxic activity of a protein complex purified from Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 to Plutella xylostella larvae

Abstract Xenorhabdus nematophila, a Gram‐negative proteobacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and associated symbiotically with soil entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae, is pathogenic to a wide range of insects. A protein complex with insecticidal activity was isolated from the cells of X. nematophila HB310 strain using methods of salting out and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Seven polypeptides ranging 50～250 kDa were well separated from the protein complex (named Xnpt) by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐PAGE, five of which are identified as XptA2, xptC1, XptB1, GroEL and hypothetical protein by matrix‐assisted laser desorption‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS). Xnpt showed high oral virulence to larvae of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) as its median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) against second and third instar larvae were 331.45 ng/mL and 553.59 ng/mL at 72 h, respectively. The histological analysis of Xnpt‐fed DBM larvae showed extensive histopathological effects on the midgut. Biochemical analysis indicated that Xnpt markedly inhibited the activities of three important enzymes in the midgut. Overall, our data showed that the protein complex isolated from X. nematophila HB310 induced the antifeedant and death of insects by destroying midgut tissues and inhibiting midgut proteases activities.     

小菜蛾在温带地区越冬研究进展

小菜蛾是世界性重要害虫。在热带和亚热带地区冬季的十字花科植物上能正常发育繁殖,可见到各种虫态。但在温带冬季十字花科植物不能生长的地区,小菜蛾的越冬成为一个重要生态学问题。综述了亚洲、北美洲和欧洲小菜蛾越冬的研究进展。小菜蛾在日本的北海道、本州岛的北陆和东北大部分地区不能越冬,越冬北限相当于冬季积雪覆盖时间为60d的区域;在中国,小菜蛾不能在寒冷的东北地区越冬,在长江中下游以南地区冬季可见各虫态,但越冬北限尚不清楚;小菜蛾在冬天气候温和的韩国以及澳大利亚东南部继续发生;北美洲的加拿大西部和安大略地区大量的试验证明小菜蛾不能成功越冬,在美国南部小菜蛾冬季可正常发生,北部小菜蛾的越冬尚未见系统研究报道,但确认春季从南部运输的受小菜蛾感染的甘蓝等种苗是美国北部的重要虫源。小菜蛾在欧洲各地越冬的系统研究未见报道,没有证据表明在英国小菜蛾会发生有显著意义的越冬。目前小菜蛾越冬研究主要采用冬季直接试验观察和基于耐寒性试验的越冬预测两种方法。冬季直接试验观察法包括:(1)利用人工饲养的小菜蛾在田间各种潜在的越冬场所的越冬试验;(2)在秋播、野生或残留的十字花科植物上进行冬季种群的系统抽样调查;(3)越冬前后在前茬为十字花科植物的田块广泛搜寻普查小菜蛾的存活个体。基于耐寒性试验的越冬预测法:在获取小菜蛾越冬场所温度的基础上设计低温处理模式,试验低温处理后小菜蛾的存活率及后续发育和生殖。将试验数据和各地气温或小气候相结合,对小菜蛾在的越冬可能性进行推断。     

Biological control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella: A review

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is one of the most destructive cosmopolitan insect pests of brassicaceous crops. It was the first crop insect reported to be resistant to DDT and now, in many crucifer producing regions, it has shown significant resistance to almost every synthetic insecticide applied in the field. In certain parts of the world, economical production of crucifers has become almost impossible due to insecticidal control failures. Consequently, increased efforts worldwide have been undertaken to develop integrated pest management (IPM) programs, principally based on manipulation of its natural enemies. Although over 130 parasitoid species are known to attack various life stages of DBM, most control worldwide is achieved by relatively few hymenopteran species belonging to the ichneumonid genera Diadegma and Diadromus, the braconid genera Microplitis and Cotesia, and the eulophid genus Oomyzus. DBM populations native to different regions have genetic and biological differences, and specific parasitoid strains may be associated with the specific DBM strains. Therefore, accurate identification based on genetic studies of both host and parasitoid is of crucial importance to attaining successful control of DBM through inoculative or inundative releases. Although parasitoids of DBM larvae and pupae are currently its principal regulators, bacteria-derived products (e.g., crystal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis) and myco-insecticides principally based on Zoophthora radicans and Beauveria bassiana are increasingly being applied or investigated for biological control. Viruses, nematodes and microsporidia also have potential as biopesticides for DBM. When an insect pest is exposed to more than one mortality factor, there is the possibility of interactions that can enhance, limit, or limit and enhance the various aspects of effectiveness of a particular control tactic. This paper reviews the effectiveness of various parasitoids and entomopathogens against DBM, interactions among them, and their possible integration into modern IPM programs.     

Potentiating effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki on pathogenicity of entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila K1 against diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Xenorhabdus nematophila is the symbiotic bacterium of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae. When the nematode enters a target insect, the symbiotic bacteria are released into the hemocoel. After inducing host immunosuppression, the bacteria multiply in the hemocoel and cause fatal septicemia. For optimal field application to control insect pests, culturing mass numbers of the nematodes would be costly. In this study, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was chosen as an alternative natural vector, which would be relatively economical for field application. Bt infection of gut epithelium would form a bacterial passage between the gut lumen and hemocoel, which facilitates the orally fed X. nematophila to infect the hemocoel. Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), used in this study was tolerant to Bt because only 10% mortality was noted in response to 2 times higher concentration than recommended for commercial B. t. kurstaki, although this species was susceptible only during early instars. The orally fed X. nematophila caused significant mortality to early instars of P. xylostella, but not late instars. When both X. nematophila and Bt were fed to late instars of P. xylostella, they showed significantly enhanced mortality, in which X. nematophila cells were recovered from the hemocoel of the treated P. xylostella. However, when only X. nematophila was fed, no cells were recovered from the hemolymph. This study suggests that X. nematophila can be applied to control P. xylostella in a mixture with Bt in the field without its nematode host.     

Stimulation of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) adenylate cyclase activity by a carbodiimide

1. DFCD or 3-(2,6-diisopropyl-4-phenoxyphenyl)-1-tert-butylcarbodiimide, a toxic metabolite of the thiourea acaricide/insecticide diafenthiuron, stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in preparations from heads of adult diamondback moths, Ptutella xylostella (L.).2. Depending upon assay conditions, DFCD gave a biphasic response with K_a, values of 0.025 and 1.25 μM for high and low affinity components, respectively, or a monophasic response with a K_a of 0.4 μM.3. Studies with potential agonists and antagonists suggested that octopamine-sensitive (K_a 7.5 μM) and dopamine-sensitive (K_a, 1.0μM) adenylate cyclases were present.4. At maximally effective concentrations, the activity of DFCD was nonadditive to that of octopamine or dopamine.5. It appeared that DFCD was binding to octopamine- and dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclases and that affinity of the carbodiimide was higher for the former than for the latter.6. These actions on biogenic amine-sensitive adenylate cyclases likely are involved in the toxicity of diafenthiuron to diamondback moths.     

Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema carpocapsae against the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.) in laboratory condition

In vitro studies were carried out on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella larvae using an insect entomopathogenic nematode isolate, Steinernema carpocapsae obtained from the Koppert company, the Netherlands. Larvae of P. xylostella were collected from cabbage farms around Mashhad city of Iran. During the study, the responses of larvae at 25?°C for three periods of 24, 48 and 72?h with different concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 third instar larvae of nematode (infective stage?=?IJs) per insect into 10?cm Petri dishes containing filter paper soaked with 1?ml of nematodes suspension were compared. Maximum mortality caused by S. carpocapsae nematode was 88% at 24?h, and it was 100% at 48 and 72 h. With increasing nematode population level and exposure time (ET in hour), mortality of P. xylostella larvae was increased. Based on probit analysis, LC₅₀ values of S. carpocapsae nematode in three test periods were 45.61, 12.02 and 40.80 IJs per insect, respectively. Initial ANOVA was performed for S. carpocapsae nematode. The effect of both nematode population levels (IJ) and ET on third instar larvae of the diamondback moth, P. xylostella and interaction between IJ and ET were significant. In general, it is recommended to apply this nematode in suitable condition for controlling diamondback moth.     

Three metabolites from an entomopathogenic bacterium,Xenorhabdus nematophila,inhibit larval development of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by inhibiting a digestive enzyme,phospholipase A2

Abstract An entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, has been known to induce significant immunosuppression of target insects by inhibiting immune‐associated phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂), which subsequently shuts down biosynthesis of eicosanoids that are critical in immune mediation in insects. Some metabolites originated from the bacterial culture broth have been identified and include benzylideneacetone, proline‐tyrosine and acetylated phenylalanine‐glycine‐valine, which are known to inhibit enzyme activity of PLA₂ extracted from hemocyte and fat body. This study tested their effects on digestive PLA₂ of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Young larvae fed different concentrations of the three metabolites resulted in significant adverse effects on larval development even at doses below 100 μg/mL. In particular, they induced significant reduction in digestive efficiency of ingested food. All three metabolites significantly inhibited catalytic activity of digestive PLA₂ extracted from midgut lumen of the fifth instar larvae at a low micromolar range. These results suggest that the inhibitory activities of the three bacterial metabolites on digestive PLA₂ of S. exigua midgut may explain some of their oral toxic effects.     

小菜蛾化学生态学研究现状与展望

本文综述了几种植物吸引或阻抑小菜蛾成虫产卵或幼虫取食的效应。完整的、机械损伤的和菜粉蝶为害的甘蓝类蔬菜释放出数十种醇、醛、酯、酮、硫化物、羧酸类、异硫氰酸酯类和萜烯类挥发性化合物。机械损伤的甘蓝和小菜蛾、菜粉蝶及蜗牛为害的甘蓝释放的挥发物引诱菜粉蝶绒茧蜂。小菜蛾为害甘蓝释放的挥发物引诱菜蛾绒茧蜂。小菜蛾性信息素基本成分是顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醛和顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯乙酸酯。当顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醛、顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯乙酸酯和顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醇以 5∶5∶0 1或顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醛、顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯乙酸酯、顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醇和顺 -9-十四碳烯乙酸酯按70∶3 0∶1∶0 0 1比例制成的诱芯诱蛾效果较好。宜深入探究寄主植物—小菜蛾—菜蛾绒茧蜂间的通讯机制 ,开发高效诱芯。     

Benzylideneacetone, an eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor enhances baculovirus pathogenicity in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

Benzylideneacetone (BZA) is a monoterpenoid compound produced by an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila. BZA inhibits phospholipase A₂ to suppress biosynthesis of eicosanoids that mediate immune responses in insects. In response to per os infection of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, developed red spots on the midgut epithelium. The midgut exhibiting red spot formation suffered abnormal cell integrity, such as genomic DNA fragmentation and condensed spots in the nucleoplasm. The number of red spots increased with viral dose and incubation time after the viral treatment. BZA inhibited the formation of the midgut red spots in a dose-dependent manner. However, the inhibitory effect of BZA on the red spot formation was reversed by addition of arachidonic acid, suggesting that the red spot response may be mediated by eicosanoids. BZA treatment resulted in significant enhancement of AcMNPV occlusion body (OB) pathogenicity to P. xylostella.     

玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾致病力的时间-剂量-死亡率模型模拟

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是我国南方十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫,已对田间常用的化学杀虫剂产生了严重的抗性。为寻找有效的小菜蛾生物防治措施,本实验研究了一株分离自家白蚁的玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (SCAU-PFCF01)对小菜蛾2～4龄幼虫的致病力。实验采用浸液法,供试浓度为1×10³、1×10⁴、1×10⁵、1×10⁶和1×10⁷个孢子/mL。结果表明：随玫烟色拟青霉孢子浓度的升高,小菜蛾的感病死亡率增加,在浓度为1×10⁷ /mL时,小菜蛾2、3和4龄幼虫的累计死亡率分别为96%、85%和80%。玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾各龄幼虫的致病力与供试龄期有关,其感病的敏感顺序为2龄、3龄和4龄。用时间 剂量 死亡率模型（time-dose-mortality model,TDM）对各龄幼虫的致病力数据进行模拟,所建模型均顺利通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,表明模型拟合良好,并由模型估计出了该菌株对小菜蛾各龄幼虫的致死剂量与致死时间。2龄幼虫接种后第7天、3龄幼虫接种后第5天、4龄幼虫接种后第4天的LC₅₀估计值分别为1.17×10⁴、1.44×10⁴和5.21×10⁴ /mL,LC₉₀估计值分别为1.98×10⁶、3.82×10⁷和1.29×10⁸ /mL。玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的致死时间与浓度相关,供试各龄幼虫的LT₅₀值随着孢子悬浮液浓度的增加而递减,在1×10⁵～1×10⁷ /mL的范围内,2龄幼虫的LT₅₀值从3.16天降低到1.72天,3龄幼虫的LT₅₀从3.21天降低到1.83天,4龄幼虫的LT₅₀从3.69天降低到2.04天。即2龄幼虫致死所需的时间最短,其次为3龄幼虫,4龄幼虫致死所需的时间最长。结果显示了该株玫烟色拟青霉在小菜蛾的生物防治中具较强的应用潜力。     

Cloning and expression pattern of a hemolin homologue from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

Hemolin has been known to play a key role in insect innate immunity. In an attempt to examine expression pattern of the Hemolin gene in the diamondback moth, Plutellea xylostella, the full-length cDNA of Hemolin was cloned using 5′-RACE PCR technique. The cDNA contained a 5′ untranslated region of 48 nucleotides and a 3′ untranslated region of 198 nucleotides, including a stop codon (TAA) and a poly (A) tail. It consists of 1,401 bp with an open reading frame of 1,245 bp, encoding 414 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of PxHemolin has relatively low identities (35?42%) to various insect Hemolins. However, it has high three-dimensional structural similarity to Hemolin. Interestingly, analysis of spatial expression pattern of PxHemolin shows that it was highly expressed in the Malpighian tubule and the silk gland although it was also detected in fat body and gut. Furthermore, PxHemolin mRNA was highly induced 3 hr after immune-challenging with lipopolysaccharide and was gradually up-regulated after laminarin treatment. These data suggest that PxHemolin may play a role in innate immune responses although it remains to further elucidate the precise biological functions in P. xylostella.     

浙江临海小菜蛾成虫数量季节消长规律

在浙江临海相隔60km的2个十字花科蔬菜种植区,于2002~2005年利用性诱剂诱捕器每日对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)雄成虫进行诱集并计数。对两地成虫数量季节消长与种群基数、气温、雨量和日照等因子的相关性做了统计分析,建立了5个预测模型。应用这些模型可预测全年36个旬期的雄成虫数量变化,从而可预测春季高峰期并对全年的发生量和为害程度进行预警,这对提高当地小菜蛾监测预警与综合防治水平具有实践意义。     

小菜蛾对几种常用药剂的敏感性测定

采用叶片浸溃法,在2001年10月和2002年10月分别测定了福州上街蔬菜基地的小菜蛾,对10种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明,上街菜区小菜蛾对灭多威、杀虫双、辛硫磷、毒死蜱、杀灭菊酯和功夫菊酯等农药极不敏感,已不能有效控制小菜蛾的危害。而小菜蛾对氟啶脲、阿维菌素、氟虫腈和虫螨腈比较敏感。通过两次毒力测定比较(2002年10月的LC50;2001年10月的LC50),结果表明,大多数杀虫剂敏感性变化较小。但小菜蛾对阿维菌素敏感性明显下降,毒力倍数达6．65倍,对氟虫腈毒力倍数相差1．48倍。此外,2002年10月小菜蛾对功夫菊酯的LC50为2001年10月的2．02倍。用浸叶法和浸溃法测定多杀菌素、氟虫腈与虫螨腈推荐浓度对小菜蛾幼虫的毒杀作用。结果表明3种药剂浸叶法处理效果均较理想。     

颗粒体病毒对不同蔬菜上小菜蛾实验种群的控制作用

通过组建施用颗粒体病毒Plutella xylostellagranulosis virus(PxGV)后4种十字花科蔬菜上的小菜蛾Plutella xylostellaL.实验种群生命表发现:小菜蛾颗粒体病毒除了能引起幼虫感病死亡外,还能显著地降低成虫的产卵量,推迟产卵高蜂1~2 d,但对化蛹及雌蛾寿命无显著影响。在种群水平上,病毒对小菜蛾的控制作用综合表现为压低了小菜蛾种群增长趋势指数,在菜心、芥蓝、芥菜和小白菜上小菜蛾实验种群增长趋势指数在分别为13.7,12.3,10.7和22.7,病毒对小菜蛾种群的干扰作用控制指数(IIPC)分别为0.334,0.177,0.280和0.433,表明病毒对小菜蛾种群的控制能力受到寄主植物的影响,在芥蓝上控制能力最强,其次为芥菜和菜心,而小白菜最次。     

小菜蛾酪氨酸酶生物化学性质研究

采用时间动力学法对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella酪氨酸酶的最适反应条件、对抑制剂的敏感度以及发育期变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：小菜蛾酪氨酸酶反应的最适pH值为6.4,反应线性时间为0～2 min,在22℃和4℃下其活性分别可保持12 h 和72 h,在-20℃下至少可保持7 天。不同发育阶段小菜蛾酪氨酸酶活性的大小依次为预蛹＞4龄幼虫＞蛹＞1龄、2龄、3龄幼虫＞成虫。苯基硫脲（phenyl thiourea,PTU）对小菜蛾阿维菌素抗性品系和敏感品系酪氨酸酶活性的抑制中浓度（I₅₀）值分别为1.1796 μmol/L和1.2795 μmol/L,二者无明显差异。