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1.
In 1971, first bone bank was established at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery in Catholic University of Korea. The first
clinical case was reported at the Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Association in 1973. Subsequently, more than 60 surgical bone
banks were established in the university and teaching hospitals throughout country. In 1990, the Korea Biomaterial Research
Institute (KBRI) organised the IAEA/RCA training course on tissue banking. In this course students from 17 countries participated.
In 1994 the first collaboration for cadaver tissue recovery was performed. It is important to single out that the various
religious groups in Korea have favourable attitudes towards tissue donation, which contributes to the success of the tissue
banking programs in the country. The demands of allograft were getting increased in the Korean medical and dental society.
Currently, 62 hospital based bone banks, 5 processing tissue banks, 1 regional tissue bank and more than 30 tissue distributors
are working in Korea. Based on the U.S.A. usage of more than 1,000,000 grafts per year, 100,000–200,000 grafts will be needed
in Korea. Those findings indicate a greatly increased need for training of tissue bank operators. The Korean society will
need at least 20–30 tissue bank operators for training in every year. The National Training Centre (NTC) for tissue bank operators
and medical personal using the IAEA Curriculum in the Korean languages was established in 2003. From 2004 to 2006, NTC have
been trained 40 tissue bank operators. They have produced at least 10,000 tissues per year. These figures indicate a cost
saving of US$ 10 million. Within 5 years, NTC will train 100 tissue bank operators. These individuals and their respective
banks will provide an increasing number of high quality grafts to the communities they serve at a cost far less than if they
were acquired from abroad. 相似文献
2.
Morales Pedraza J Sánchez Noda EO Rodríguez Cardona RL Otero I 《Cell and tissue banking》2009,10(2):149-152
The first multi-tissue bank was founded at Havana in 1958. At that time, freeze-drying was used at the bank as a method of
preserving, as well as Cobalt 60 irradiation to sterilise bone tissue, heart valves and others. The impact of the IAEA program
in tissue banking activities in Cuba can be summarised as follows: (a) Increase in the production of sterilised tissues using
ionising radiation (bone, pig skin and amnion) for medical treatment in the tissue bank of the Hospital Frank Pais; (b) increase
of the quality of the productions of bone tissues, pig skin and amnion; (c) reduction in the import of tissues by increasing
the local production of tissues; (d) sustainability in the number of donors through the implementation of a public and professional
awareness campaign; (e) training of six persons in the Regional Training Centre of Buenos Aires; (f) qualification of one
person in the administration of a tissue bank and in the implementation of a Quality System. The amount of tissues produced
and sterilised using the ionising radiation techniques in the established banks was 25,510 units. The amount of patients treated
with sterilised tissues produced by the established banks was 2,448. 相似文献
3.
The tissue bank “Rosa Guerzoni Chambergo” (RGCTB) located at the Child’s Health Institute was inaugurated in 1996, with the
financial and technical support of the IAEA program on radiation and tissue banking. Since 1998, the biological bandage of
fresh and lyophilised pigskin, amnion and bone tissue is processed routinely in this bank. In all cases, the tissue is sterilised
with the use of Cobalt-60 radiation, process carried out at the Laboratories of Irradiation of the Peruvian Institute of Nuclear
Energy (IPEN). The tissue bank in the Child’s Health Institute helped to save lives in an accident occurred in Lima, when
a New Year’s fireworks celebration ran out of control in January 2002. Nearly 300 people died in the tragic blaze and hundreds
more were seriously burned and injured. Eight Lima hospitals and clinics suddenly were faced with saving the lives of severely
burned men, women and children. Fortunately, authorities were ready to respond to the emergency. More than 1,600 dressings
were sterilised and supplied to Lima surgeons. The efforts helped save the lives of patients who otherwise might not have
survived the Lima fire. Between 1998 and September 2007, 35,012 tissue grafts were produced and irradiated. Radiation sterilised
tissues are used by 20 national medical institutions as well as 17 private health institutions. The tissue bank established
in Peru with the support of the IAEA is now producing the following tissues: pigskin dressings, fresh and freeze-dried; bone
allografts, chips, wedges and powdered, and amnion dressings air-dried. It is also now leading the elaboration of national
standards, assignment being entrusted by ONDT (Organización Nacional de Donación y Transplantes; National Organisation on
Donation and Transplant). This among other will permit the accreditation of the tissue bank. In this task is also participating
IPEN. 相似文献
4.
The impact of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) program on radiation and tissue banking in India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The banking of tissues such bone and skin began in India in the 1980s and 1990s. Although eye banking started in 1945 there
was little progress in this field for the next five decades. As part of the IAEA/RCA program to use ionising radiation for
the sterilisation of biological tissues in Asia and the Pacific Region, the Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH) in 1986 decided to
set up a tissue bank in Mumbai funded by the Government of India. The TMH Tissue Bank became operational in January 1988,
and stands as a pioneering effort in the country to provide safe, clinically useful and cost-effective human allografts for
transplantation. It uses the IAEA International Standards on Tissue Banking. All the grafts are sterilised terminally by exposure
to a dose of 25 kGy of gamma radiation, which has been validated as recommended by the IAEA Code of Practice for the Radiation
Sterilisation of Tissues Allografts: Requirements for Validation and Routine Control. The TMH Tissue Bank is registered with
the Maharashtra State Health Authorities, and in May 2004, it became India’s first Tissue Bank to receive ISO 9001:2000 certification
of its Quality Management System. From 1989 to September 2007, the TMH Tissue Bank has supplied 11,369 allografts to 310 surgeons
operating in 69 hospitals in Mumbai and 56 hospitals in other parts of India. These numbers have been limited by difficulties
with the retrieval of tissues from deceased donors due to inadequate resources and tissue donation policies of hospitals.
As the Government of India representative in the IAEA program, the TMH Tissue Bank has promoted and co-coordinated these activities
in the country and the development of tissue banks using radiation sterilisation of tissue grafts. Towards this end it has
been engaged in training personnel, drawing up project proposals, and supporting the establishment of a Tissue Retrieval Centre
in Mumbai. Currently it networks with the Zonal Transplant Co-ordination Centre of the Government of Maharashtra, and the
newly instituted National Deceased Donor Transplantation Network, which will work with the Government of India to set up rules
and regulations for organ and tissue donation and transplantation. 相似文献
5.
National Blood Service (NBS) Tissue Services (TS) operates living donor and deceased donor tissue banking programmes. The
living bone donor programme operates in collaboration with 91 orthopaedic departments across the country and collects bone
donations, in the form of surgically removed femoral heads (FHs), from over 5000 patients per annum undergoing total hip replacement.
Bone donated via the living programme constitutes approximately 55% of the total bone donated to NBS. Non-NBS tissue banks,
primarily in hospital orthopaedic departments, also bank donated bone for the UK. A survey of information received from 16
collaborating orthopaedic centres, between April 2003 and August 2004, identified 709 excluded donors. The total number of
donations banked from these sites was 1538. Donations can be excluded before collection if there are contraindications noted
in a potential donor’s medical history before their operation. Donors may also be excluded after collection of the FH, for
instance because of reactive microbiology tests for blood borne viruses, or if the donation storage conditions or related
documentation have not met stringent quality requirements. In this survey, bone or joint conditions were the major reasons
for excluding potential donors before donation (154 of 709 exclusions, 22%), followed by a current or a past history of malignancy
(139 of 709 exclusions, 20%). Local staffing and operational difficulties sometimes resulted in potential donors being missed,
or specific reasons for exclusion not being reported (117 exclusions). These out numbered exclusions due to patient refusal
(80 exclusions). A small number (< 5) appear to have been excluded erroneously. There was considerable local variation in
the reasons given for exclusion and certainly under-reporting. A survey of donations discarded after collection in the same
period highlighted that 43% were donor related; 110 of 370 did not provide a follow-up blood sample. More than 30% were due
to delays in forwarding blood samples to the microbiological laboratory for testing, resulting in deterioration of the sample
quality. Training to ensure that standards are complied with and a firm evidence base for exclusion criteria, applied uniformly,
will help focus donor identification efforts on individuals meeting rational criteria so that fewer potential donations are
lost. 相似文献
6.
In 1986, the National Nuclear Energy Agency (Batan) in Jakarta started the research and development for the setting up of
a tissue bank (Batan Research Tissue Bank/BRTB) by preserving fresh amnion or fetal membranes by lyophilisation and then sterilising
by gamma irradiation. During the period of 1990 and 2000, three more tissue banks were set up, i.e., Biomaterial Centre in
Surabaya, Jamil Tissue Bank in Padang, and Sitanala Tissue Bank in Tangerang. In 1994, BRTB produced bone allografts. The
banks established under the IAEA program concentrated its work on the production of amnion, bone and soft tissues allografts,
as well as bone xenografts. These tissues (allografts and xenografts) were sterilised using gamma irradiation (about 90%)
and the rest were sterilized by ETO and those products have been used in the treatment of patients at more than 50 hospitals
in Indonesia. In 2004, those tissue banks produced 8,500 grafts and 5,000 of them were amnion grafts for eye treatment and
wound dressing. All of those grafts were used for patients as well as for research. In 2006, the production increased to 9,000
grafts. Although the capacity of those banks can produce more grafts, we are facing problems on getting raw materials from
suitable donors. To fulfill the demand of bone grafts we also produced bone xenografts. The impact of the IAEA program in
tissue banking activities in Indonesia can be summarised as follows: to support the national program on importing substitutes
for medical devices. The price of imported tissues are between US$ 50 and US$ 6,000 per graft. Local tissue bank can produce
tissues with the same quality with the price for about 10–30% of the imported tissues. 相似文献
7.
Meana A Martinez R Cañal P Arriaga MJ Román FS Llames S Orós C Moreno A Fernandez C 《Cell and tissue banking》2006,7(3):203-206
In order to transport and cryopreserve human tissues, it is essential to have an easy-to-use recipient where tissues can be
kept in sterile conditions. Here we show the results obtained by using Macopharma’s tissue freezing bags, an aluminium-polyethylene
multilayer bag, in our tissue bank of the Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias. Five hundred and twenty-seven
cancellous bone homografts were obtained from hospitals located 120 km around our Bank. The homografts were submitted to bacteriological
controls and sent to our bank in these bags. They were stored at −70 °C and sent in dry ice to about 50 hospitals, where the
tissue was bacteriologically controlled and grafted. Furthermore, the behaviour of these bags at −140 °C (vapour nitrogen)
or −196 °C (liquid nitrogen) was tested. Our results indicate that Macopharma aluminium-polyethylene bags are suitable for
the transporting and cryopreserving of cancellous bone homografts. These bags could also be used for keeping tissues in nitrogen
containers. 相似文献
8.
The National University Hospital (NUH) Tissue Bank was established in October 1988. The National University of Singapore (NUS)
was officially appointed by IAEA to be the IAEA/NUS Regional Training Centre (RTC) for RCA Member States for training of tissue
bank operators on September 18, 1996. In the first five years since its establishment the National University Hospital Tissue
Bank concentrated its work on the sterile procurement and production of deep frozen femoral heads and were used in patients
for bone reconstruction. The cost of producing these tissues were about SGD$ 250 per femoral head although cost fees were
initially charged at SGD$ 50 per femoral head. The most important activity carried out by Singapore within the IAEA was training.
Between November 1997 and April 2007, a total of nine courses were conducted by RTC with a total of 180 tissue bank operators
registered, 133 from Asia and the Pacific region (13 countries, including 2 from Iran), 14 from Africa (Zambia, Libya, Egypt,
Algeria, and South Africa), 6 from Latin America (Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Uruguay), 9 from Europe (Greece, Slovakia,
Poland, and Ukraine), and 2 from Australia. The last batch (ninth batch) involved 20 students registered in April 2007 and
will be due to sit for the terminal examination in April 2008. 相似文献
9.
In Malaysia, tissue banking activities began in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Tissue Bank in early 1990s. Since then a few
other bone banks have been set up in other government hospitals and institutions. However, these banks are not governed by
the national authority. In addition there is no requirement set by the national regulatory authority on coding and traceability
for donated human tissues for transplantation. Hence, USM Tissue Bank has taken the initiatives to adopt a system that enables
the traceability of tissues between the donor, the processed tissue and the recipient based on other international standards
for tissue banks. The traceability trail has been effective and the bank is certified compliance to the international standard
ISO 9001:2008. 相似文献
10.
The Tissue Banking Project in Chile started as an idea in 1996. Before 1996 in Chile there were only a few small bone banks
working with their own standards of quality. The first tissue bank (LPTR) was established in 1998, with the technical and
financial support of the IAEA. Since 2001, the laboratory began to produce tissues for clinical use, starting with the processing
of 6 amniotic membranes, 2 femoral heads and 19 batches of pig skin. In 2002, the laboratory began the processing of human
skin. Five students from Chile have graduated from training courses carried out in Singapore and in Buenos Aires under the
IAEA training program since 1998. The amount of tissues produced and sterilized using ionizing radiation by the LPTR in the
last years was 320,000 cm2 of human skin, 553,600 cm2 of pig skin, 5,400 cm2 of amniotic membrane, 49 femoral heads, 3 large bones and 300 g of bovine bone. The patients treated with sterilized tissues
produced by the LPTR were 200 deep burns treated with human skin and pig skin, 40 bone transplants from femoral heads, 77
ophthalmologic patients treated with amniotic membrane and 150 bovine bone transplants for dental treatments. 相似文献
11.
The success of molecular research and its applications in both the clinical and basic research arenas is strongly dependent
on the collection, handling, storage, and quality control of fresh human tissue samples. This tissue bank was set up to bank
fresh surgically obtained human tissue using a Clinical Annotated Tissue Database (CATD) in order to capture the associated
patient clinical data and demographics using a one way patient encryption scheme to protect patient identification. In this
study, we determined that high quality of tissue samples is imperative for both genomic and proteomic molecular research.
This paper also contains a brief compilation of the literature involved in the patient ethics, patient informed consent, patient
de-identification, tissue collection, processing, and storage as well as basic molecular research generated from the tissue
bank using good clinical practices. The current applicable rules, regulations, and guidelines for handling human tissues are
briefly discussed. More than 6,610 cancer patients have been consented (97% of those that were contacted by the consenter)
and 16,800 tissue specimens have been banked from these patients in 9 years. All samples collected in the bank were QC’d by
a pathologist. Approximately 1,550 tissue samples have been requested for use in basic, clinical, and/or biomarker cancer
research studies. Each tissue aliquot removed from the bank for a research study were evaluated by a second H&E, if the samples
passed the QC, they were submitted for genomic and proteomic molecular analysis/study. Approximately 75% of samples evaluated
were of high histologic quality and used for research studies. Since 2003, we changed the patient informed consent to allow
the tissue bank to gather more patient clinical follow-up information. Ninety two percent of the patients (1,865 patients)
signed the new informed consent form and agreed to be re-contacted for follow-up information on their disease state. In addition,
eighty five percent of patients (1,584) agreed to be re-contacted to provide a biological fluid sample to be used for biomarker
research. 相似文献
12.
Introduction: Here, we describe our Tissue Banking experiences of 4 years of activity in Mexico. Methods: Data of allografts provided by our Bank and bone retrievals performed by our teams between February of 2001 and August of
2004 were included. Results: There were 100 bone donors, a total of 1107 tissues were obtained with an average of 11 tissues by retrieval, samples from
all tissues were obtained during retrieval and cultured for bacterial contamination, 250 tissues were positives to bacterial
growth with an average of 22.58% of bacterial contamination of tissue by retrieval. A total of 4493 allografts were provided
and were utilized in 3643 patients. The allografts were used mainly by orthopedic surgeons (62%) and dentists (30%). The most
used allografts were morcellized cancellous bone 31%, pulverized 25% and chips of cancellous bone 20%. Among orthopedic patients
the most frequent procedures were related with spine degenerative diseases 39.09%, followed by non-pathological fractures
and its complications 28.67% and bone tumors and cystic bone lesions 11.59%. Conclusions: Sustained increase of allograft utilization in Mexico reflects a great necessity for them in our country. The increase in
public awareness about tissue donation has allowed an increase in tissue donations and retrievals. 相似文献
13.
No influence of collagenous proteins of Achilles tendon, skin and cartilage on the virus-inactivating efficacy of peracetic acid–ethanol 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sven Scheffler Susann Trautmann Mark Smith Ulrich Kalus Rüdiger von Versen Georg Pauli Axel Pruss 《Biologicals》2007,35(4):355-359
The risk of transmitting human pathogenic viruses via allogeneic musculoskeletal tissue transplants is a problem requiring effective inactivation procedures. Virus safety of bone transplants was achieved using peracetic acid (PAA)-ethanol sterilisation. Proteins are known to have an adverse effect on the virus-inactivating capacity of PAA. Therefore we investigated virus inactivation by PAA in collagenous tissues. Achilles tendon, skin and cartilage were cut into small pieces, lyophilised and contaminated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) or porcine parvovirus (PPV). The inactivating capacity of PAA-ethanol was investigated by determining virus titres in the supernatant or the tissue pellet at different time-points. In all virus-contaminated tissue samples treatment for 10 min with PAA-ethanol resulted in titre reductions by a factor of >10(3). PRV was rapidly inactivated below the detection limit (< or =2.8 x 10(1) TCID(50)/ml). After 240 min a reduction by a factor of >10(4) was obtained for PPV in all samples, but a residual infectivity remained. Collagenous proteins of Achilles tendon, skin and cartilage had no adverse effect on the virus-inactivating capacity of PAA. PAA-ethanol used in the production process at the Charité tissue bank can therefore be recommended for treatment of non-osseous musculoskeletal tissues. 相似文献
14.
15.
Marine epibenthic dinoflagellates have been collected from macroalgae, dead corals, seagrasses and sand in Malaysia and identified using light microscopy, including epifluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Examination of 62 samples revealed that Malaysia has rich diversity of benthic dinoflagellates, with 24 species representing 9 genera. Of these species, 8 were shown to be potentially toxic using the Anemia bioassay test i.e. Prorocentrum arenarium, P. lima, P. concavum, P. cf. faustiae, Gambierdiscus pacificus, Ostreopsis labens, O. ovata and Coolia sp. The diversity of potentially toxic species in Malaysian waters indicates that Malaysia may encounter problems with ciguatera and/or DSP. The highest species diversity was found at Sipadan Island with a total of 18 species identified. One of these is previously undescribed ( Prorocentrum sipadanensis sp. nov.). The most common species identified at all sampling sites were Prorocentrum lima and Ostreopsis ovata. Generally, the morphology of the species identified from Malaysian waters is similar to that reported in studies elsewhere. However, new features were also observed (e.g. a pyrenoid in Prorocentrum emarginatum and two different-sized pores in Ostreopsis labens ). The importance of SEM as a tool in taxonomic studies is stressed. 相似文献
16.
Sune Hansen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(1):50-58
Background, Goal and Scope The palm oil industry is one of the leading industries in Malaysia. With a yearly production of more than 13 million tons
of crude palm oil (CPO) and plantations covering 11% of the Malaysian land area it is an industry to be reckoned with, also
when it comes to environmental impacts. One way to describe and present the environmental impacts is through a life cycle
assessment, LCA. This assessment aims to introduce the concept of LCA and perform a screening LCA on crude palm oil production
in Malaysia including the stages of plantation, transport and milling. The assessment is largely based on general data and
is thus meant to function as an indication of the environmental threads posed by CPO production and as a guideline to CPO
producers and local universities on how to perform an LCA on a palm oil scenario. Due to the general data background the results
of this report should not be quoted directly for decision making. The Functional Unit, to which all masses and emissions in
this assessment have been adjusted, is the production of 1000 kg of CPO in Malaysia.
Method Initially an overview of palm oil production was obtained and the outlines and borders of the assessment were determined
along with the specific goal and scope of the assessment. The data for the assessment was collected from three different sources:
- 1. Earlier studies and statistics on palm oil production in Malaysia
- 2. Studies on similar processes, when palm oil related processes were not available
- 3. General data from the SimaPro 5 database
- The European Eco-Indicator 99 method and European databases included in the LCA software SimaPro 5 have been used for the
impact calculations.
Results and Discussion The impact processes related to the plantation are the on-site energy use (mainly diesel) and the production of artificial
fertilizer. Pesticide use contributes a minor impact due to widely used integrated biological poet management. For transportation
the only impact is from combustion of diesel and at the mill the boiler is the sole significant contributor – positively through
electricity production and negatively by emissions from the boiler. Impacts from POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) are not dealt
with in the main assessment, but touched upon in alternative scenarios. The results clearly show that fertilizer production
is the most polluting process in the system followed by transportation and the boiler emissions at a tie. The most significant
impacts from the system are respiratory inorganics and depletion of fossil fuels, of which the boiler emission is the main
responsible for the prior and fertilizer production and transportation are responsible for the latter. It is also evident
from the results that crude palm oil production is a significant environmental impact generator in Malaysia due to the vast
production quantities. Alternative scenarios revealed that there are significant impact savings to be made by introduction
of environmental investments, both regarding the overall impacts and in particularly regarding CO2 emissions.
Conclusion A screening LCA was successfully conducted on the Malaysian crude palm oil production thus promising potentials for the palm
oil industry to conduct their own inventories and assessments using specific company data.
Crude palm oil production in Malaysia is responsible for app. 3.5% of the total environmental impacts in the country and must
thus be given attention to reduce impacts. Alternatives such as optimized use of organic fertilizer, environmentally friendlier
artificial fertilizer production, rail transport, approved filters at the mill boiler stack and biogas harvest from POME digestion
must thus be promoted in the industry.
Recommendation . The Malaysian palm oil industry should take steps towards introducing LCA. Exhaustive inventories are likely to open the
eyes of many companies towards implementing environmental investments and improve the international competitiveness. In order
to retrieve results with a greater accuracy in the future, databases must be created containing life cycle data from Malaysian
scenarios and normalization and weighting factors must be designed to reflect Malaysian conditions. The Malaysian authorities
must create incentives through increased tariffs on electricity and diesel and/or financial support for cleaner technology
investments. 相似文献
17.
There is relatively little known about the supply for allograft tissues in Canada. The major aim of this study is to quantify
the current or “Known Supply” of human allograft tissue (bone, tendons, soft tissue, cardiovascular, ocular and skin) from
known tissue banks in Canada, to estimate the “Unknown Supply” of human allograft tissue available to Canadian users from
other sources, and to investigate the nature and source of these tissue products. Two surveys were developed; one for tissue
banks processing one or more tissue types and the other specific to eye banks. Thirty nine sites were initially identified
as potential tissue bank respondent sites. Of the 39 sites, 29 sites indicated that they were interested in participating
or would consider completing the survey. A survey package and a self-addressed courier envelope were couriered to each of
29 sites. A three week response time was indicated. The project consultants conducted telephone and email follow-up for incomplete
data. Unknown supply was estimated by 5 methods. Twenty-eight of 29 sites (97%) completed and returned surveys. Over the past
year, respondents reported a total of 5,691 donors (1,550 living and 4,141 cadaveric donors). Including cancellous ground
bone, there were 10,729 tissue products produced by the respondent banks. Of these, 71% were produced by accredited banks
and 32% were ocular tissues. Total predicted shortfall of allograft tissues was 31,860–66,481 grafts. Through estimating Current
supply, and compiling additional qualitative information, this study has provided a snapshot of the current Canadian supply
and shortfall of allograft tissue grafts. 相似文献
18.
Waldvogel HJ Bullock JY Synek BJ Curtis MA van Roon-Mom WM Faull RL 《Cell and tissue banking》2008,9(3):169-179
To further understand the neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and neuropathology of the normal and diseased human brain, it is essential to have access to human brain tissue where the biological and chemical nature of the tissue is optimally preserved. We have established a human brain bank where brain tissue is optimally processed and stored in order to provide a resource to facilitate neuroscience research of the human brain in health and disease. A donor programme has been established in consultation with the community to provide for the post-mortem donation of brain tissue to the brain bank. We are using this resource of human brain tissue to further investigate the basis of normal neuronal functioning in the human brain as well as the mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases. We have established a protocol for the preservation of post-mortem adult human brain tissue firstly by snap-freezing unfixed brain tissue and secondly by chemical fixation and then storage of this tissue at -80 degrees C in a human brain bank. Several research techniques such as receptor autoradiography, DNA and RNA analysis, are carried out on the unfixed tissue and immunohistochemical and histological analysis is carried out on the fixed human tissue. Comparison of tissue from normal control cases and from cases with neurodegenerative disorders is carried out in order to document the changes that occur in the brain in these disorders and to further investigate the underlying pathogenesis of these devastating neurological diseases. 相似文献
19.
For several decades, a dose of 25 kGy of gamma irradiation has been recommended for terminal sterilization of medical products,
including bone allografts. Practically, the application of a given gamma dose varies from tissue bank to tissue bank. While
many banks use 25 kGy, some have adopted a higher dose, while some choose lower doses, and others do not use irradiation for
terminal sterilization. A revolution in quality control in the tissue banking industry has occurred in line with development
of quality assurance standards. These have resulted in significant reductions in the risk of contamination by microorganisms
of final graft products. In light of these developments, there is sufficient rationale to re-establish a new standard dose,
sufficient enough to sterilize allograft bone, while minimizing the adverse effects of gamma radiation on tissue properties.
Using valid modifications, several authors have applied ISO standards to establish a radiation dose for bone allografts that
is specific to systems employed in bone banking. These standards, and their verification, suggest that the actual dose could
be significantly reduced from 25 kGy, while maintaining a valid sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10−6. The current paper reviews the methods that have been used to develop radiation doses for terminal sterilization of medical
products, and the current trend for selection of a specific dose for tissue banks. 相似文献
20.
A phylogeographic study of an economically important freshwater fish, the striped snakehead, Channa striata in Sundaland was carried out using data from mtDNA ND5 gene target to elucidate genetic patterning. Templates obtained from a total of 280 individuals representing 24 sampling sites revealed 27 putative haplotypes. Three distinct genetic lineages were apparent; 1)northwest Peninsular Malaysia, 2)southern Peninsular, east Peninsular, Sumatra and SW (western Sarawak) and 3) central west Peninsular and Malaysian Borneo (except SW). Genetic structuring between lineages showed a significant signature of natural geographical barriers that have been acting as effective dividers between these populations. However, genetic propinquity between the SW and southern Peninsular and east Peninsular Malaysia populations was taken as evidence of ancient river connectivity between these regions during the Pleistocene epoch. Alternatively, close genetic relationship between central west Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo populations implied anthropogenic activities. Further, haplotype sharing between the east Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra populations revealed extraordinary migration ability of C. striata (>500 km) through ancient connectivity. These results provide interesting insights into the historical and contemporary landscape arrangement in shaping genetic patterns of freshwater species in Sundaland. 相似文献