植物中几丁质酶的作用

几丁质酶 (EC3.2 .1.14)是降解几丁质的糖苷酶。很多植物包括草本植物和木本植物都能产生几丁质酶 [1] 。由于几丁质酶在植物抗真菌病害中起着重要的作用 ,因而成为近年抗真菌病害研究的热点之一 [2 ] 。随着对几丁质酶研究的深入 ,发现该酶不仅与抗真菌病害有关 ,而且在植物发育、抗胁迫及共生固氮等方面都发挥着作用。1　参与植物的发育调控植物几丁质酶基因的表达具有组织特异性 ,参与了植物的发育调控 ,尤其在早期胚胎发育过程中。胡萝卜中 ,几丁质酶 EP3 参与控制早期胚胎发育 [3 ] 。在云杉体胚发育中 ,几丁质酶也起到了调控作用。…     

植物几丁质酶的研究进展

几丁质酶是植物抗真菌基因工程的热点之一。本文叙述了植物几丁质酶的特性、结构和功能、基因结构;按最新资料对以前的植物几丁质酶的分类系统进行了完善;概述了几丁质酶的分子进化的各家观点及其模型,并归纳了植物几丁质酶的生物学作用。     

植物几丁质酶的研究进展

自 1 92 1年Ｆｏｌｐｍｅｒｓ首次从细菌和放线菌中证实水溶性几丁质酶存在以来 ,研究者又相继在多种微生物、植物、动物中分离到几丁质酶。在高等植物中 ,几丁质酶分布于草本植物和木本植物或单子叶植物和双子叶植物 ,主要存在于植物的根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子及胚等部位 ,种子、花器、根中的几丁质酶含量一般高于其它器官[1] 。现以在玉米、水稻、小麦、大麦、棉花、油菜、甜橙等 70多种栽培植物和野生植物中检测到几丁质酶活性[2 ] 。1　几丁质酶的特性及分类定位1 1　几丁质酶的一般特性几丁质酶是一种糖苷酶 ,以几丁质 [(1 ,4) - 2…     

植物几丁质酶的生物功能

几丁质酶(ＥＣ3.2.1.14)是一种能降解几丁质(Ｎ乙酰氨基葡萄糖线性聚物)的糖苷酶。已经发现多种微生物、动物、植物都可产生几丁质酶。就植物而言,几丁质酶不仅存在于被子植物的双子叶植物和单子叶植物,而且也存在于裸子植物及蕨类植物中[1]。在植株中,几丁质酶可分布于根、茎、叶、花器、果实、种子诸器官。种子、根、花器中的几丁质酶含量一般较其它器官高。在正常情况下,植物中几丁质酶活性较低,但经诱导因子诱导,活性会迅速升高。真菌、细菌、病毒的侵染,真菌和植物细胞壁的组成成分,多糖等诱导物,伤害,乙烯,有机分子如水杨酸、氨基酸类…     

几丁质酶与植物防卫反应

几柄质酶广泛存在于自然界,亦普遍存在于高等植物中,但在植物体内,至今尚未发现几丁质酶作用的底物。最近的研究不断发现植物防卫反应诱导表达的基因中包含着编码几丁质酶的基因。许多研究已经表明,几丁质酶在植物体内的诱导与积累,对于增强植物防卫能力发挥着重要作用,而植物自身防卫反应是目前植物分子生物学研究的热点之一。     

植物几丁质酶的结构,基因及其表达

几丁质酶按其蛋白氨基酸序列结构的特征及同源性可分为六类,即：ＣｌａｓｓⅠ－Ⅵ。ＣｌａｓｓＩ在蛋白氨基酸结构上包括三个功能区域,Ｎ－端是富含半胱氨酸的几丁质结合工,约４０个氨基酸;Ｃ－端是酶的催化区,也是酶的主要功能区域,约３００个氨基酸;二者通过一个多变的交联区连接在一起。ＣｌａｓｓⅡ仅具有类似于ＣｌａｓｓⅠ的酶催化区域,而没有几丁质结构区和交联区。ＣｌａｓｓⅢ几丁质酶在氨基酸序列上与ＣｌａｓｓⅠ     

几丁质酶及其在植物遗传转化中的应用

介绍了几丁质酶的作用原理和主要性质,几丁质酶基因的主要来源和表达调控特点,阐述了几丁质酶基因在植物转化中的应用和存在的问题。     

植物几丁质酶的研究进展

几丁质酶是植物抗真菌基因工程的热点之一。本文叙述了植物几丁质酶的特性、结构和功能、基因结构;按最新资料对以前的植物几丁质酶的分类系统进行了完善;概述了几丁质酶的分子进化的各家观点及其模型,并归纳了植物几丁质酶的生物学作用 。     

昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物抗虫品种改良中的应用

几丁质是昆虫外壳和围食膜的重要组成成分 ,在适当的时期昆虫分泌适量的几丁质酶降解几丁质以保证昆虫的正常生长。植物几丁质酶能够抵御病原菌的入侵 ,但是对昆虫没有明显的效果 ,而昆虫几丁质酶基因在转基因植物中的组成型表达却对昆虫具有明显的抗性。本文综述了昆虫几丁质酶的特性 ,阐述了昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物抗虫方面应用的研究进展。     

谈谈植物中的几丁质酶

几丁质酶及其底物几丁质均广泛存在于自然界.由于几丁质酶及其降解产物在生物学、医学、化学、农业及环境科学等方面的潜在价值而越来越受到重视.着重介绍了几丁质酶的作用原理,植物的几丁质酶基因,植物中几丁质酶的特性以及几丁质酶在植物中的作用和在转基因植物中的应用.     

Purification,cDNA cloning,and characterization of LysM-containing plant chitinase from horsetail (Equisetum arvense)

Chitinase-A (EaChiA), molecular mass 36 kDa, was purified from the vegetative stems of a horsetail (Equisetum arvense) using a series of column chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of EaChiA was similar to the lysin motif (LysM). A cDNA encoding EaChiA was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and polymerase chain reaction. It consisted of 1320 nucleotides and encoded an open reading frame of 361 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that EaChiA is composed of a N-terminal LysM domain and a C-terminal plant class IIIb chitinase catalytic domain, belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 18, linked by proline-rich regions. EaChiA has strong chitin-binding activity, however, no antifungal activity. This is the first report of a chitinase from Equisetopsida, a class of fern plants, and the second report of a LysM-containing chitinase from a plant.     

Functional properties of a chitinase promoter from cabbage （Brassica oleracea var.capitata）

The 5‘-region of the chitinase gene cabch29,derived from Brassica oleracea var.capitata,has been sequenced and analyzed for cis-acting elements important in controlling gene expression in transgenic tobacco plants.Different 5‘-deletion fragments were linked to reporter gene β-glucuronidase (GUS) as translational fusions,and the expression of these chimeric genes was analyzed in vegetative organs and tissues.Sequences up to-651 showed some basal GUS activity with nearly equal levels in wounded and intact tissues.The addition of further upstream sequences(-651 to-1284) enhanced expression level,and the expression driven by this fragment was inducible by a factor of two to three-fold by wounding.Histochemical analysis of different tissue from transgenic plants that contain cabch29 promoter-gus fusion gene demonstrated woundinducible and tissue-specific cabch29 promoter activity in plants containing the 1308 base pair fragment.The location of GUS activity appears to be cell-specific,being highest in vascular cells and epidermal cells of stem,leaf and roots.Meanwhile,the temporal and spatial expression of cabch29-GUS fusion gene has been investigated.Among the different vegetative organs,a high level of GUS activity was observed in stem and a moderate one in roots;whereas,wounding stress led to a high level of GUS in stem and moderate one in leaf.     

植物几丁质酶的基因工程与分子生物学研究进展

植物几丁质酶具有广泛的生理活性,尤其在植物的抗病性方面具有重要作用,因而植物几丁喷酶基因工程或为目前抗真菌基因工程研究的热点。本介绍了植物几丁质酶基因结构的研究进展,综述了植物几丁质酶基因工程和微生物产几丁质酶转入植物的基因工程研究成果,概述了植物几丁质酶分子比较和分子进化研究,并展望了植物几丁质酶基因工程的应用前景。     

Distribution of lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase in the leaves of various plant species

The enzyme activity responsible for volatile C₆-aldehyde formation was accompanied by lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase in the green leaves of 28 plant species tested, but the level of each enzyme's activity varied. Lipoxygenase activity rather than hydroperoxide lyase activity appears to affect the overall C₆-aldehyde formation. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.712) between hydroperoxide lyase activity and the chlorophyll content of the green leaves; no correlation was found between lipoxygenase activity and chlorophyll content.     

Biosynthesis of chlorophyll from protochlorophyll(ide) in green plant leaves

Using spectral methods, the biosynthesis of protochlorophyll(ide) and chlorophyll(ide) in green plant leaves was studied. The main chlorophyll precursors in the green leaves (as in etiolated leaves) were photoactive photocholorophyll(ide) forms Pchl(ide)655/650(448) and Pchl(ide)653/648(440). The contributions into Chl biosynthesis of the shorter-wavelength precursor forms ,which were accumulated in darkened green leaves as well, were completely absent (of Pchl(ide) 633/628(440)) or insignificant (of Pchl(ide)642/635(444)).     

木枣叶片再生植株及其变异系过氧化物酶同工酶分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了木枣叶片再生植株及其5种变异系过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶。结果表明：木枣叶片再生植株过氧化物酶同工酶由3个基因位点编码,位点1编码的是杂合三聚体酶,位点2和位点3编码的是纯合二聚体酶,其变异系中有不能表达位点2和位点3的植株,变异较大。也有完整表达3个基因位点的植株,且酶活性高。     

Breeding system of the threatened endemic Primula cusickiana var. maguirei (Primulaceae)

Maguire primrose (Primula cusickiana var. maguirei) is a threatened, narrow endemic found only along a 20‐km section within a single canyon in northern Utah, USA. Here we describe the breeding strategy of this perennial, distylous, primarily cliff‐dwelling species to test for reproductive constraints on the plants. Intermorph outcrossing treatments (i.e. between pin and thrum flowers) were the most successful hand pollinations performed, but those were usually inferior to natural pollination. Intramorph out‐crossing also was somewhat successful, but was consistently inferior to intermorph outcrossing. Seed‐set resulting from autogamy and geitonogamy treatments was least successful. Morph‐specific differences in seed set were observed for our hand pollinations, but not in natural pollination conditions. Our results suggest that pollinators play a crucial role by providing the pollen transfer necessary for maximal seed set in this rare and narrowly distributed distylous plant.     

导入β—1,3—葡聚糖酶及几丁质酶基因的转基因可育油菜及其？…

利用农杆菌转化法,将组成型表达β－１,３－葡聚糖酶及必丁质酶基因的双价值植物表达载体ｐＢＬＧＣ转化优质甘蓝型油菜品种Ｈ１６５,并得到了抗卡那毒素（Ｋａｎａｍｙｃｉｎ,Ｋａｎ）的再生植株。我们对所得到的抗Ｋａｎ的再生苗进行了初步分子生物学检测,结果表明,在Ｋ１５（Ｋａｎ １５ｍｇ／Ｌ）培养基上的绿苗中有３０％为ＰＣＲ阳性植株,而在Ｋ２５（Ｋａｎ １０ｍｇ／Ｌ）培养基上的绿苗有５３％的阳性率。对部分Ｐ     

重组毕赤酵母表达棘孢木霉几丁质酶Tachi1的酶学性质研究及表达条件优化

【目的】对转棘孢木霉几丁质酶基因tachi1的毕赤酵母工程菌GS-tachi1-K进行诱导表达,研究重组几丁质酶Tachi1的酶学性质,优化表达条件。【方法】对GS-tachi1-K进行甲醇诱导培养,纯化目的蛋白Tachi1进行几丁质酶酶学性质的研究;通过单因素和正交试验对GS-tachi1-K菌株产几丁质酶Tachi1表达条件进行优化。【结果】GS-tachi1-K表达的几丁质酶Tachi1表观分子量约为44 kDa,酶反应最适的温度和pH分别为50℃和5.5,具有较宽的温度、pH适用范围;50℃以下保持较高的酶活力,在碱性条件下稳定性较差;受Ag+、Hg2+、Cu2+、Fe2+和高浓度的SDS及β-巯基乙醇强烈抑制。该菌株的最佳表达条件为:pH为6.5,甲醇诱导浓度为0.5%,起始细胞浓度为OD600=2,甲醇诱导时间为180 h;几丁质酶Tachi1活力可达17.93 U/mL,蛋白表达量为6.19 g/L。【结论】成功实现了棘孢木霉新几丁质酶基因tachi1的毕赤酵母高效分泌表达,工程菌GS-tachi1-K具有高表达量和表达产物酶活性高两个特点,明确了几丁质酶Tachi1的酶学性质和最佳诱导表达条件,为该几丁质酶及其基因的深入研究和开发利用奠定了基础。     

小地老虎几丁质酶基因的克隆与序列分析

利用昆虫几丁质酶对几丁质的调控作用破坏几丁质新陈代谢的平衡来防治害虫, 在生物防治策略中具有很大的发展潜力。从处于预蛹期的小地老虎Agrotls ipsilon (Hufnagel)体中肠内提取总的RNA, 经反转录, 利用cDNA末端快速扩增技术（RACE）获得了几丁质酶基因的cDNA序列。该基因序列已经登录GenBank并获得登录号为EU035316。该序列长度为2 823个碱基, 含有一个1 674个碱基的开放读码框。开放读码框编码558个氨基酸残基, 预测的分子量为62.5 kDa, 等电点5.12。推导得到的氨基酸序列含有2个N-位糖基化位点,20个O-位糖基化位点, 含有2个几丁质酶所具有的保守序列：N-端的催化区和C-端的几丁质结合区。氨基酸序列与其他昆虫, 特别是鳞翅目昆虫的几丁质酶高度同源。