Effect of Zinc Methionine or Zinc Sulfate Supplementation on Milk Production and Composition of Milk in Lactating Dairy Cows

Eighteen lactating dairy cows were used to compare the effects of organic and inorganic Zn supplements on milk production and chemical composition of milk. Animals received three diets in a randomized block design: basal diet with no supplemental Zn (control, 42 mg Zn/kg), basal diet plus 500 mg Zn/kg of dry matter (DM) as zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnS) and basal diet plus 500 mg Zn/kg of DM as zinc methionine (ZnM). Results showed that milk and fat-corrected milk yield in dairy cows were not significantly affected by Zn source although a numerical increase was observed. The percentages of protein, lactose, fat, solid nonfat, total solid, and density of milk were not significantly different between treatments. However, dairy cows that received ZnM tended to produce more milk and fat-corrected milk with a lower somatic cell count as compared to controls. The zinc concentration in milk in the ZnM and ZnS groups was higher (P < 0.05) than in milk from the control group, but there were no significant differences between ZnS and ZnM groups.     

Associations between newly discovered polymorphisms in the Bos taurusgrowth hormone receptor gene and performance traits in Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle

Variations in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene sequence are associated with performance traits in cattle. For example, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) F279Y in transmembrane exon 8 has a strong association with milk yield. In this study, 32 previously unreported, putative novel SNPs (31 in the 5′ non‐coding region) were identified by resequencing ～19 kb of the GHR gene in genomic DNA from 22 cattle of multiple breeds. A population of 848 Holstein–Friesian AI sires was subsequently genotyped for the 32 putative novel SNPs and seven published SNPs (including F279Y, one in exon 1A promoter and five in exon 10). Associations between each segregating SNP and genetic merit for performance were quantified in the 848 Holstein–Friesians using weighted animal linear mixed models. Six of the published SNPs and seven of the novel SNPs were associated with at least one of the traits – milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, somatic cell score, calving interval, survival and growth and size traits. Even when the allelic substitution effect (P < 0.001) of F279Y was accounted for, the allelic substitution effect of one of the novel SNPs (GHR4.2) in the 5′ non‐coding region of GHR was associated with a lactation milk yield of 37.46 kg (P < 0.001). GHR4.2 and F279Y were not in linkage disequilibrium (r² = 0.00, D’ = 0.04) in the 848 Holstein–Friesians, indicating that their association with milk yield was independent.     

Polymorphisms of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">IL8</Emphasis> gene correlate with milking traits,SCS and mRNA level in Chinese Holstein

To explore the relation of Interleukin-8 (IL8) gene polymorphism with immunity against mastitis in dairy cow, the polymorphism of IL8 gene was investigated in 610 Chinese Holstein cow from 30 bull families in a dairy farm in Shanghai using polymerase chain reaction–single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR–SSCP) technique, and milk yield, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, 305 day corrected milk yield, 305 day milk fat yield, 305 day milk protein yield and somatic cell score (SCS) were measured and analyzed, and the mRNA levels of IL8 genotypes in blood were detected by real-time PCR. The results showed that three genotypes, KK, KA and AA were detected with frequencies of 0.187, 0.451, and 0.362, respectively. The gene frequencies of K and A were 0.412 and 0.588, respectively. The significant association of the IL8 mutations with milk yield, 305 day milk protein yield, 305 day corrected milk yield and 305 day milk fat yield, SCS, and significant association with milk protein percentage were identified, while their association with milk fat percentage were not significant. KK had higher milk yield, 305 day milk protein yield, 305 day corrected milk yield and 305 day milk fat yield than AA or KA, and the least square mean of SCS of KK was significantly lower than that of AA or KA. AA had significant lower milk protein yield than KK or KA. The relative IL8 mRNA level of KK in blood was the highest. These findings demonstrated that IL8 genotype significantly correlated with mastitis resistance and the locus could be a useful genetic marker for mastitis resistance selection and breeding in Chinese Holstein.     

The role of the bovine growth hormone receptor and prolactin receptor genes in milk, fat and protein production in Finnish Ayrshire dairy cattle

We herein report new evidence that the QTL effect on chromosome 20 in Finnish Ayrshire can be explained by variation in two distinct genes, growth hormone receptor (GHR) and prolactin receptor (PRLR). In a previous study in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle an F279Y polymorphism in the transmembrane domain of GHR was found to be associated with an effect on milk yield and composition. The result of our multimarker regression analysis suggests that in Finnish Ayrshire two QTL segregate on the chromosomal region including GHR and PRLR. By sequencing the coding sequences of GHR and PRLR and the sequence of three GHR promoters from the pooled samples of individuals of known QTL genotype, we identified two substitutions that were associated with milk production traits: the previously reported F-to-Y substitution in the transmembrane domain of GHR and an S-to-N substitution in the signal peptide of PRLR. The results provide strong evidence that the effect of PRLR S18N polymorphism is distinct from the GHR F279Y effect. In particular, the GHR F279Y has the highest influence on protein percentage and fat percentage while PRLR S18N markedly influences protein and fat yield. Furthermore, an interaction between the two loci is suggested.     

Polymorphisms of <Emphasis Type="Italic">STAT5A</Emphasis> gene and their association with milk production traits in Holstein cows

The STAT5A gene was studied as a candidate gene for five milk production traits (milk yield at 305 days, protein percentage, fat percentage, lactose percentage and dry matter percentage) in Holstein cows. According to the sequence of bovine STAT5A gene, two pairs of primers (P1 and P2) were designed to detect polymorphisms of STAT5A gene in 401 Holstein cows by PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP. The results showed that the products amplified by primers P1 and P2 displayed polymorphisms. For P1, three genotypes (AA, AG, and GG) were detected, and the frequency of AA/AG/GG was 0.252/0.486/0.262, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed a single nucleotide substitution A–G at 14217 bp (GenBank NC_007317) of bovine STAT5A gene while compared GG genotype with AA genotype. The differences of the least squares means for the four milk production traits (milk yield at 305 days, fat percentage, lactose percentage and dry matter percentage) between AA, AG and GG were not significant (P > 0.05). Least squares mean of protein percentage for AG or GG was significantly higher than that for AA (P < 0.05); the difference of the least squares mean for protein percentage was not significant between AG and GG (P > 0.05). For P2, three genotypes (CC, CT, and TT) were detected in Holstein cows, and the frequency of CC/CT/TT was 0.751/0.234/0.015, respectively. Sequencing revealed an insertion CCT at 17266 (NC_007317) of bovine STAT5A gene while compared CC genotype with TT genotype. The differences of the least squares means for the three milk production traits (protein percentage, lactose percentage and dry matter percentage) between CC, CT and TT were not significant (P > 0.05). Least squares mean of milk yield at 305 days for TT or CT was significantly higher than that for CC (P < 0.05); the difference of the least squares mean for milk yield at 305 days was not significant between TT and CT (P > 0.05). Least squares mean of fat percentage for CC or CT was significantly higher than that for TT (P < 0.05); the difference of the least squares mean for fat percentage was not significant between CC and CT (P > 0.05). The results preliminarily indicated that allele G of A14217G polymorphic site of STAT5A gene is a potential DNA marker for improving protein percentage in dairy cattle, 17266indelCCT polymorphic site of STAT5A gene is a potential DNA marker for improving milk yield at 305 days and fat percentage in dairy cattle.     

Effects of a ruminally protected B-vitamin supplement on milk yield and composition of lactating dairy cows

It is not clear if B vitamins supplied to the small intestine of dairy cows from dietary and rumen microbial sources are provided in sufficient quantity to maximize animal performance. Our objective was to determine effects of adding a ruminally protected B vitamin blend supplement, containing biotin, folic acid, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine, to the diet of high producing dairy cows on their productivity. Two dairy facilities located in California (USA) were used, one with mid lactation Holstein cows (Experiment 1) and the other with early lactation Holstein cows (Experiment 2). In each Experiment, cows were randomly assigned to treatment in a 2 × 2 crossover design with 28 d (Experiment 1) or 35 d (Experiment 2) experimental periods. In Experiment 1, milk and milk fat yield were unaffected by treatment, although milk fat proportion was lower (37.1 versus 36.3 g/kg; P<0.01), but milk protein yield was higher (1.21 versus 1.24 kg/d; P=0.02) in cows fed B vitamins. In Experiment 2, milk (39.60 versus 40.46 kg/d; P=0.02), milk fat (1.40 versus 1.47 kg/d; P<0.01) and milk protein yield (1.10 versus 1.16 kg/d; P<0.01), as well as milk energy output (113.2 versus 117.8 MJ/d; P<0.01) were all higher with B vitamin feeding. Body condition score (BCS) increased more with B vitamin feeding in Experiment 2, but was unaffected in Experiment 1. Body locomotion score (BLS) increased with B vitamin feeding in both experiments (P=0.01 and < 0.01, respectively), possibly an indication of reduced locomotory ability. Overall, productivity of high producing lactating dairy cows responded positively to feeding a mixture of ruminally protected B vitamins, although differences in the extent of the positive responses between experiments perhaps suggests that early lactation cows, with lower DM intake to milk yield ratios, may be more responsive to ruminally protected B vitamins than mid lactation cows, with higher DM intake to milk yield ratios.     

Effects of DGAT1 and GHR on milk yield and milk composition in the Chinese dairy population

Previous studies have demonstrated that the p.Lys232Ala substitution in the acylCoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase ( DGAT1 ) gene and the p.Phe279Tyr mutation in the growth hormone receptor ( GHR ) gene are the causative quantitative trait loci underlying milk yield and composition on BTA14 and BTA20 respectively. To examine their applications in the genetic improvement of Chinese dairy cattle productivity, we herein investigated the effects of the DGAT1 p.Lys232Ala and GHR p.Phe279Tyr mutations on milk, fat and protein yield, as well as fat and protein percentage in the milk of 1222 Holstein cows. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP for DGAT1 or primer-introduced restriction analysis (PCR-PIRA) for GHR . With a mixed animal model, the significant associations of the DGAT1 p.Lys232Ala substitution with 305-day milk, fat and protein yield were identified ( P  =   0.0001). The DGAT1 allele that encode lysine at position 232 was associated with increased 305-day milk fat yield, but with decreased 305-day milk and protein yield, whereas the GHR p.Phe279Tyr mutation was found to be significantly associated with protein percentage ( P  =   0.0014). The allele substitution effect of p.279Phe by p.279Tyr may lead to a significant increase in protein percentage. Our findings indicate that DGAT1 p.232Ala and GHR p.279Phe could be used to increase milk yield and protein yield of Chinese Holstein cows.     

中国荷斯坦牛IL8基因遗传多态性与泌乳性状以及体细胞评分的关联

以上海某奶牛场30个公牛家系的610头中国荷斯坦牛为试验材料,采用聚合酶链式反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)技术对Interleukin-8(IL8)基因的遗传多态性进行了分析,采用混合动物模型分析了IL8基因突变位点与测定日产奶量、测定日乳脂率、测定日乳蛋白率、305d校正产奶量、305d乳脂量、305d乳蛋白量及测定日体细胞评分7个性状的相关性,寻找可用于生产实际的分子标记。共检测到KK、KA和AA3种基因型,频率分别为0.187、0.451和0.362,等位基因K和A的频率分别为0.412和0.588。该位点突变对测定日产奶量、305d乳蛋白量、305d校正产奶量和305d乳脂量以及体细胞评分影响达到极显著水平(P0.01),对测定日乳蛋白率的影响达到显著水平(P0.05),对测定日乳脂率影响不显著(P0.05)。多重比较表明:KK基因型对测定日产奶量、305d校正产奶量、305d乳蛋白量和305d乳脂量极显著高于AA和KA基因型(P0.01)。KK基因型的体细胞评分(SCS)最小二乘均值极显著低于KA、AA基因型(P0.01)。对于测定日的乳蛋白率AA基因型显著低于KA、KK型(P0.05)。IL8基因遗传突变对中国荷斯坦牛泌乳性状和乳房炎抗性有较大的遗传效应,可用于中国荷斯坦牛的分子标记辅助选择。     

Association of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">DGAT1</Emphasis> gene polymorphism in bulls with cow milk performance

The substitution of lysine for alanine (K232A) in the acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, which is encoded by the DGAT1 gene, was tested for the significance for breeding evaluation of bulls of the holsteinized Black-and-White breed. The breeding value was estimated by the DYDC (daughter yield deviation to contemporaries) method with modification. The frequency of allele 232K in the bulls examined was 0.28, lower than in Holstein bulls (0.4–0.6). The greatest effect of the A232K substitution was observed for the percent fat milk yield (1.4σ) and milk yield (0.76σ), and a lower effect was established for the milk protein yield (0.47σ) and percent protein milk yield (0.44σ). In the case of milk fat yield, the effect was nonsignificant. A method was proposed for converting the data on fat yield in order to obtain significant results in this case as well. The effect of the A232K substitution was estimated at 154 kg for milk yield, 2.8 kg for milk protein yield, 0.079% for percent milk fat, and 0.015% for percent milk protein yield. The results are discussed in the context of multiple pleiotropic effects of the K232A substitution in the DGAT1 gene. It is proposed that the K232A substitution of the DGAT1 gene may be used as a golden standard in comparisons of the effect on milk production traits for the total gene set. This approach will allow a meta-analysis of the gene effects in spite of the different dairy cattle breeds and methods used to analyze their breeding value. In view of more than 30-year experience of using sperm of Holstein bulls, including those breeds in North America, it was noted that the effect of the A232K substitution on milk production traits agreed well with the data reported for the North American commercial population of Holstein cattle.     

Genetic polymorphism of αs1- and αs2-caseins in Hungarian Milking Goats

The aim of this study was to perform an initial characterization of milk quality and to determine genetic polymorphism at the CSN1S1 and CSN1S2 locus in two herds of local dairy goats (Hungarian Milking). The fat, protein and lactose level of milk samples in Hungarian Milking Goats were compared to other local goat breeds worldwide and it was concluded that the mean milk production of the Hungarian goats should be improved. The presence of the A, B, C + D, E, F and O alleles of CSN1S1 locus and A + B + C + E, D, F and O alleles of CSN1S2 locus were genotyped for by PCR-AS and PCR-RFLP methods in 103 goats. The strong B allele of CSN1S1 is more frequent in the local Hungarian Milking than in the imported Alpine and Saanen goats. The relatively high incidence of the O allele of CSN1S2 gene is also characteristic for the Hungarian Milking Goats and those special allele distribution patterns could be used to develop selection strategies to breed specialised lines of Hungarian local breeds.     

Sequence Variations in the Bovine Growth Hormone Gene Characterized by Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (Sscp) Analysis and Their Association with Milk Production Traits in Holsteins

Sequence variations in the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene were investigated by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of seven amplified fragments covering almost the entire gene (2.7 kb). SSCPs were detected in four of these fragments and a total of six polymorphisms were found in a sample of 128 Holstein bulls. Two polymorphisms, a T->C transition in the third intron (designated GH4.1) and an A->C transversion in the fifth exon (designated GH6.2), were shown to be associated with milk production traits. GH4.1(c)/GH4.1(c) bulls had higher milk yield than GH4.1(c)/GH4.1(t) (P <= 0.005) and GH4.1(t)/GH4.1(t) (P <= 0.0022) bulls. GH4.1(c)/GH4.1(c) bulls had higher kg fat (P <= 0.0076) and protein (P <= 0.0018) than GH4.1(c)/GH4.1(t) bulls. Similar effects on milk production traits with the GH6.2 polymorphism were observed with the GH6.2(a) allele being the favorable allele. The average effects of the gene substitution for GH4.1 and GH6.2 are similar, with +/-300 kg for milk yield, +/-8 kg for fat content and +/-7 kg for protein content per lactation. The positive association of GH4.1(c) and GH6.2(a) with milk production traits may be useful for improving milk performance in dairy cattle.     

Novel SNPs in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">ATP1B2</Emphasis> gene and their associations with milk yield,milk composition and heat-resistance traits in Chinese Holstein cows

Genetic association analysis was applied to examine the effect of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase beta 2 subunit (ATP1B2) gene on rectal temperature, milk traits, K⁺ levels and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKA) activity in the red blood cells of 1001 Chinese Holstein cows under normal and heat-stress conditions. We detected two novel single nucleotide polymorphisms, G2258A and C2833T, in the second and fourth introns, respectively, of ATP1B2. G2258A significantly affected milk fat content (P < 0.05) and 305-day milk yield (P < 0.01), but not milk protein content. C2833T significantly affected milk protein content (P < 0.01) and 305-day milk yield (P < 0.05), but not milk fat content. Calculated gene substitution effects suggested that A to G substitution in G2258A, and T to C substitution in C2833T, positively affected milk fat content, 305-day milk yield and somatic cell score, but negatively affected milk protein content. We also detected significant variation in milk fat content, milk protein content, 305-day milk yield and somatic cell scores (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) among the nine ATP1B2 haplotypes. Under heat-stress, the C2833T polymorphism was significantly related to rectal temperature (P < 0.01), red blood cell K⁺ levels, NKA activity and milk yield (P < 0.05). Cows with the TT genotype showed the desirable characteristics of low rectal temperature and red blood cell K⁺, low decline rate in milk yield and red blood cell NKA activity. This study suggests that the ATP1B2 single nucleotide polymorphism C2833T is a genetic marker of heat-resistance traits in Chinese Holstein cows.     

Novel SNPs of butyrophilin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">BTN1A1</Emphasis>) and milk fat globule epidermal growth factor (EGF) 8 (<Emphasis Type="Italic">MFG</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">E8</Emphasis>) are associated with milk traits in dairy goat

Butyrophilin (BTN1A1) and milk fat globule epidermal growth factor (EGF) 8 (MFG-E8) genes are both milk fat globule membrane proteins. BTN1A1 plays a key role in the secretion of milk lipid and production which has effects on performance traits, while the MFG-E8 is vital for the development of the mammary gland and phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. Therefore, BTN1A1 and MFG-E8 gene are candidate genes for quantitative traits in mammalian animals with respect to milk performance traits. The objective of this study is to investigate variations in goat BTN1A1 and MFG-E8 gene and analyze their associations with growth trait and milk performance. In this study, the goat BTN1A1 gene showed a novel single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): XM_001494179:g.8659C>T, resulting in a missense mutation: CTT (Leu)>TTT (Phe) at position 377 aa of the BTN1A1 (526 aa); the goat MFG-E8 gene showed four novel SNPs: NC_007319: g.843delA, 6417delC, 14892T>C and 14996A>C, only the 14892T>C result in a synonymous mutation. The associations between genotypes and production traits were analyzed. Significant statistical results implied that HinfI locus of BTN1A1 gene is associated with milk fat yield (P = 0.004), total solid (P = 0.002), solid-non fat (P = 0.018) and first milk yield (P = 0.030). The DA and EcoRV loci of MFG-E8 gene are associated with milk fat yield (DA locus: P = 0.000; EcoRV locus: P = 0.033) and total solid (DA locus: P = 0.002; EcoRV locus: P = 0.015) in the Xinong Saanen dairy goat.     

Genetic parameters for milk urea concentration and milk traits in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows

Milk urea concentration (MU) used by dairy producers for management purposes can be affected by selection for milk traits. To assess this problem, genetic parameters for MU in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle were estimated for the first three lactations. The genetic correlation of MU with milk production traits, lactose percentage, fat to protein ratio (FPR) and somatic cell score (SCS) were computed with two 5-trait random regression test-day models, separately for each lactation. Data used for estimation (159,044 daily observations) came from 50 randomly sampled herds. (Co)variance components were estimated with the Bayesian Gibbs sampling method. The coefficient of variation for MU in all three parities was high (40–41 %). Average daily heritabilities of MU were 0.22 for the first parity and 0.21 for the second and third lactations. Average genetic correlations for different days in milk in the first three lactations between MU and other traits varied. They were small and negative for protein percentage (from ?0.24 to ?0.11) and for SCS (from ?0.14 to ?0.09). The weakest genetic correlation between MU and fat percentage, and between MU and lactose percentage were observed (from ?0.10 to 0.10). Negative average genetic correlation with the fat to protein ratio was observed only in the first lactation (?0.14). Genetic correlations with yield traits were positive and ranged from low to moderate for protein (from 0.09 to 0.33), fat (from 0.16 to 0.35) and milk yield (from 0.20 to 0.42). These results suggest that the selection on yield traits and SCS tends to increase MU slightly.     

Analysis of polymorphism within <Emphasis Type="Italic">POU1F1</Emphasis> gene in relation to milk production traits in dairy Sarda sheep breed

The ovine POU1F1 gene is localized on chromosome 1 and it contains five introns and six exons. In different mammalian species some mutations in different exons are associated with different production traits. The aim of our research was to study the POU1F1 gene nucleotide sequence to detect possible polymorphisms and their relationships with milk productive traits in Sarda breed sheep. The study had been conducted on 140 ewes, 4 or 5 years old coming from a farm located in Sardinia. All the animals were multiparous, lactating and in their third to fifth lactation. Individual milk yield had been recorded monthly and for each sample fat, protein, casein, lactose, and somatic cell count values were analysed. A jugular blood sample was collected from each ewe to perform genomic DNA extraction. PCR, SSCP and sequencing analysis were carried out to examine the six exons to highlight possible SNPs. One-way ANOVA was used to analyse association of variants with milk yield and/or its composition. Two novel SNP were found: 121 C>T in the 5′UTR of the fourth intron fragment and 249 G>A in the 3′UTR of the sixth exon fragment. The statistical analysis did not shown association between milk productive traits and the found polymorphisms. However, further investigations about the promoter region or the prophet genes, like the PROP-1, could clarify its exact role in regulating the productive traits in sheep.     

Use of beet pulp as a replacement for barley grain to manage body condition score in over-conditioned late lactation cows

The aim of this study was to determine whether increasing a lipogenic nutrient (beet pulp; BP) at the expense of a glucogenic nutrient (barley grain; BG) can decrease the body condition score (BCS) of fat cows in late lactation. Eighteen lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design. The cows were 171 ± 16.3 days in pregnancy, 289 ± 35.1 days in milk and 4.12 ± 0.351 BCS at the beginning of the study. Cows were assigned randomly to one of three dietary treatments containing: (1) 234.7 g/kg BG (without BP), (2) 148.7 g/kg BG (86 g/kg BP), or (3) 62.7 g/kg BG (172 g/kg BP). By adding BP, the starch (190.2, 151.0, and 123.3 g/kg DM) and NDFom (308.6, 319.3, and 337.9 g/kg DM) levels in the TMR changed. Substituting BG by BP didn’t affect yield of milk protein and lactose, but milk fat level and milk energy output increased as BP replaced BG. Adding BP caused BCS and back fat thickness to reduce. Plasma glucose and cholesterol decreased as BP substituted for BG. Results suggest that inclusion of BP in diets of fat cows during late lactation may slightly reduce BCS, and increase milk fat and energy levels, with no effect on milk yield.     

Production performance and milk composition of dairy cows fed extruded canola seeds treated with or without lignosulfonate

Eight multiparous Holstein cows averaging 538 kg of body weight and 62 days in milk were used in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 21-d experimental periods to determine the effects of feeding extruded versus non-extruded canola seed treated with, or without, 50 g/kg lignosulfonate on apparent whole tract digestibility, feed intake, milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile. Intake of dry matter (DM) and its components was similar among treatments. Extrusion had no effect on digestibility but decreased milk fat concentration. Lignosulfonate treatment of canola seeds decreased digestibility of DM and crude protein (CP). Milk production, milk concentrations of CP, lactose and total solids, and milk yields of CP and fat were similar among treatments. In general, there was no interaction between extrusion and lignosulfonate for milk fatty acid profile. Feeding extruded canola seeds increased milk fat concentration of trans11 18:1 to a greater extent without, than with, lignosulfonate treatment (150% versus 113%). Overall, it is clear that extrusion had more effects than lignosulfonate treatment on milk fatty acid profile, but changes were small and likely of little biological importance for human health.