“峨眉山藏猕猴行为生态学研究”获中国科学院自然科学一等奖

藏猕猴（Ｍａｃａｃａｔｈｉｂｅｔａｎａ）是我国特有高等灵长类动物。峨眉山藏猕猴种群具有生境垂直变异大、社会环境丰富、个体易于识别等特点。在中国国家自然科学基金、美国“ＷｅｎｎｅｒＧｒｅｎ人类学研究基金”、美国“全国地理学会”的资助下，昆明动物研究所...     

小鼠胸树突状细胞系自发分泌多种类型细胞因子

建成小鼠胸腺基质细胞系，命名为ＭＴＳＣ４，经鉴定分析认为是ＤＣ来源。在无外来刺激条件下，ＭＴＳＣ４细胞可自发分泌多种类型细胞因子，已检测到的有ＩＬ－１，ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－７，ＣＳＦ，ＩＦＮ及趋化因子（ＣＦ）等。其中ＩＬ－６，ＩＦＮ为较高水平分泌量，ＩＬ－１、ＣＦ为中等水平，ＩＬ－７、ＣＳＦ为较低水平分泌量。ＭＴＳＣ４不能自发分泌ＩＬ－３及ＴＮＦａ。ＭＴＳＣ４的建立有利于分析胸腺选择特别是阴性选择的机     

塞曼特罗(CIM)对瘘管猪血清代谢物、GPT和神经内分泌激素水平的影响

用４头装有长久性颈静脉导管的３月龄杂种小母猪,日粮添喂１μｇ／ｇＣｉｍａｔｅｒｏｌ（ＣＩＭ）,研究５天内血清有关代谢物、酶活性和激素水平的变化。服食ＣＩＭ后,小母猪血清脲氮明显降低,ＦＦＡ持续升高,ＧＰＴ活性上升,ＳＳ含量显著降低,β－内啡肽水平显著升高,胃泌素水平也略有升高。结果表明：ＣＩＭ显著增强小母猪蛋白质代谢,增加氮沉积,同时ＣＩＭ有显著的脂肪动员作用。ＣＩＭ的营养分重分配作用机理可能与调控生长的神经内分泌系统有关。     

塞曼特罗（CIM）对瘘管猪血清代谢物,GPT和神经内分泌激素水平的影响

用４头装有长久性颈静脉导管的３个月龄杂种小母猪,日糖添喂１μｇ／ｇ Ｃｉｍａｔｅｒｏｌ（ＣＩＭ）,研究５天内血清有关代谢物、酶活性激素水平的变化。服食ＣＩＭ后,小母猪血清脲氮明显降低,ＦＦＡ持续升高,ＧＰＴ活性上升,ＳＳ含量显著降低,β－内啡肽水平显著升高,胃泌素水平也略有升高。结果表明：ＣＩＭ显著增强小母猪蛋白质代谢,增加氮沉积,同时ＣＩＭ有显著的脂肪动员作用。ＣＩＭ的营养分重配作用机理可能与调     

《森林动态理论─—森林演替模型的生态学原理》一书简介

《森林动态理论─—森林演替模型的生态学原理》一书简介ＲＥＶＩＥＷＯＮ《ＡＴＨＥＯＲＹＯＦＦＯＲＥＳＴＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓ－ＴＨＥＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＩＭＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＳＯＦＦＯＲＥＳＴＳＵＣＣＥＳＳＩＯＮＭＯＤＥＩＳ》《森林动态理论》一书,是美国著名...     

人免疫缺陷病毒1型Rev单链抗体细胞内免疫抗病毒基因治疗研究

应用抗ＨＩＶ－１Ｒｅｖ单链抗体细胞内免疫方法,研究在人Ｔ细胞和周围血淋巴单核细胞内抗病毒复制的效果,探讨细胞内免疫抗ＨＩＶ－１基因治疗的可行性。克隆抗ＨＩＶ－１Ｒｅｖ单链抗抗体（ｓＦｖ）基因,以逆转录病毒为基因载体,将名装后的含靶基因的逆转录病毒转导至人ＣＤ４阳性Ｔ－细胞株ＣＥＭ和ＳｕｐＴ１,以及ＨＩＶ－１阴性自愿者的周围血淋巴单核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）,再分别用不同剂量（ＭＯＩ）的ＨＩＶ－１病毒株ＰＮ     

利用花粉辐射诱发普通小麦与大赖草染色体易位的研究

将小麦－大赖草Ｌｒ．２和Ｌｒ．１４染色体二体异附加系９４Ｇ１５和９４Ｇ４５即将成熟花粉经＾６０Ｃｏ－γ射线辐射处理,然后分别给普通小麦品种扬麦５号和绵阳１１授粉。辐射Ｍ１的ＰＭＣ ＭＩ期染色体Ｇｉｅｍｓａ Ｃ－分带和基因组ＤＮＡ荧光原位杂交处理后进行染色体配对分析,从１７株Ｍ１单株中筛选到５株ＰＭＣ ＭＩ期大赖草染色体与小麦配对的个体。根据这５株单株自交Ｍ２种子根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体Ｃ－分带和     

多叶猴耳环──猴耳环属一新种

多叶猴耳环──猴耳环属一新种文和群（广西植物研究所分类研究室,桂林５４１００６）ＰＩＴＨＥＣＥＬＬＯＢＩＵＭＭＵＬＴＩＦＯＬＩＯＬＡＴＵＭ－ＡＮＥＷＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＰＩＴＨＥＣＥＬＬＯＢＩＵＭＦＲＯＭＧＵＡＮＧＸＩ,ＣＨＩＮＡＷｅｎＨｅｑｕｎ（Ｇｕ...     

高原鼠兔氧比传导特征的实验研究

本实验采用国外新近提出的一项能综合评价机体气体交换系统中各氧降阶差时运氧能力的适应水平高低的重要指标──氧比传导（ＭＯ２－ＳＣ）,研究了高原鼠兔气体交换系统运氧能力的低氧适应特征及规律。结果表明,对照条件下,在吸入气（Ｉ）至肺泡气（Ａ）（Ｉ→Ａ）、Ａ至动脉血（ａ）（Ａ→ａ）、ａ至混合静脉血（ｖ）（ａ→ｖ）及Ｉ→ｖ各阶差中,以Ａ→ａ的ＭＯ２－ＳＣ运氧能力最大。低氧１５ｍｍ后,Ｉ→Ａ及ａ→ｖ的ＭＯ２－ＳＣ均显著升高,并以Ｉ→Ａ增加最为显著,该水平运氧能力是对照的２倍,增长１２０．９％;而Ａ→ａ及Ｉ→ｖＭＯ２－ＳＣ变化无显著性差异。低氧３０ｍｉｎ时,Ｉ→Ａ的ＭＯ２－ＳＣ继续显著增长,运氧能力是对照的２．７倍,增长１７０．７％,其余３个氧降阶差的ＭＯ２－ＳＣ无显著性改变。以上结果表明,高原鼠兔低氧代偿贮备较大,尤以肺泡气至动脉血阶差最为重要,而通气氧传导能力的增强也是高原鼠兔低氧适应的主要原因。     

乙酰胆碱在刺激SⅡ区影响C类纤维传入诱发的SⅠ区电反应…

电刺激猫大脑皮层体感Ⅱ区对隐神经Ｃ类纤维传入引起的体感Ｉ区诱发电位有抑制和易化作用。在ＳＩ区局部用阿托品能部分地阻断电刺激ＳⅡ区对Ｃ－ＣＥＰ的抑制作用,但对易化作用的影响不明显;而用六烃季铵能阻易化作用,但对抑制作用的影响却不明显,在ＳＩ区局部应用０．０１％乙酰胆碱对Ｃ－ＣＥＰ有易化作用,用０．１％ＡＣｈ则有抑制作用。结果提示,ＡＣｈ可能参与ＳⅡ区对ＳＩ区Ｃ－ＣＥＰ的影响,通过ＳＩ区的胆碱能Ｍ受体     

The interpretation of selection coefficients

Evolutionary biologists have an array of powerful theoretical techniques that can accurately predict changes in the genetic composition of populations. Changes in gene frequencies and genetic associations between loci can be tracked as they respond to a wide variety of evolutionary forces. However, it is often less clear how to decompose these various forces into components that accurately reflect the underlying biology. Here, we present several issues that arise in the definition and interpretation of selection and selection coefficients, focusing on insights gained through the examination of selection coefficients in multilocus notation. Using this notation, we discuss how its flexibility—which allows different biological units to be identified as targets of selection—is reflected in the interpretation of the coefficients that the notation generates. In many situations, it can be difficult to agree on whether loci can be considered to be under “direct” versus “indirect” selection, or to quantify this selection. We present arguments for what the terms direct and indirect selection might best encompass, considering a range of issues, from viability and sexual selection to kin selection. We show how multilocus notation can discriminate between direct and indirect selection, and describe when it can do so.     

STABILIZING SELECTION DETECTED FOR BRISTLE NUMBER IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Stabilizing selection, which favors intermediate phenotypes, is frequently invoked as the selective force maintaining a population's status quo. Two main alternative reasons for stabilizing selection on a quantitative trait are possible: (1) intermediate trait values can be favored through the causal effect of the trait on fitness (direct stabilizing selection); or (2) through a pleiotropic, deleterious side effect on fitness of mutants affecting the trait (apparent stabilizing selection). Up to now, these alternatives have never been experimentally disentangled. Here we measure fitness as a function of the number of abdominal bristles within four Drosophila melanogaster lines, one with high, one with low, and two with intermediate average bristle number. The four were inbred nonsegregating lines, so that apparent selection due to pleiotropy is not possible. Individual fitness significantly increased (decreased) with bristles number in the low (high) line. No significant fitness-trait association was detected within each intermediate line. These results reveal substantial direct stabilizing selection on the trait.     

The Coalescent Time in the Presence of Background Fertility Selection

Selection ultimately entails differential reproductive success over several generations. This can be measured as a correlation of the number of progeny an individual has with the number of progeny its parent had. This correlation could have a genetic or a cultural basis. The effect of such a correlation is to multiply the single generation sampling variance (Vdeltap) in the diffusion approximation for fixation time by (1-b)+bx(1+r)/(1-r), where bxrn is the correlation between the number of progeny of an individual and its ancestor n generations ago (e.g., b is the heritability and br is the resultant parent-offspring progeny number correlation if the progeny number is genetically determined). This results in a reduction of the fixation or coalescent time by division by this factor. Sex differences in this correlation have been observed, and this provides an explanation for the difference of coalescent times of y-chromosomes and mitochondria.     

动物的性选择

有性生殖为个体之间设置了一个冲突和竞争的环境,因为雌雄个体都希望最大限度地把自己的基因传递给后代。性选择保证了动物的繁殖成功。性选择可以分为性别内选择和性别间选择。性别内选择促使动物格斗器官或其他有利于在格斗中获胜的一些特征得到发展;性别间选择促使用来吸引异性的一些特征得到发展。雌性动物的配偶选择或与所选择的特征协同进化,或可以从选择中得到直接的利益。     

Alternative formulations of multilevel selection

Hierarchical expansions of the theory of natural selection exist in two distinct bodies of thought in evolutionary biology, the group selection and the species selection traditions. Both traditions share the point of view that the principles of natural selection apply at levels of biological organization above the level of the individual organism. This leads them both to considermultilevel selection situations, where selection is occurring simultaneously at more than one level. Impeding unification of the theoretical approaches of the multilevel selection traditions are the different goals of investigators in the different subdisciplines and the different types of data potentially available for analysis. We identify two alternative approaches to multilevel situations, which we termmultilevel selection [1] andmultilevel selection [2]. Of interest in the former case are the effects of group membership onindividual fitnesses, and in the latter the tendencies for the groups themselves to go extinct or to found new groups (i.e., group fitnesses). We argue that: neither represents the entire multilevel selection process; both are aspects of any multilevel selection situation; and both are legitimate approaches, suitable for answering different questions. Using this formalism, we show that: multilevel selection [2] does not require emergent group properties in order to provide an explanatory mechanism of evolutionary change; multilevel selection [1] is usually more appropriate for neontological group selection studies; and species selection is most fruitfully considered from the point of view of multilevel selection [2]. Finally we argue that the effect hypothesis of macroevolution, requiring, in selection among species, both the absence of group effects on organismic fitness (multilevel selection [1]), and the direct determination of species fitnesses by those of organisms, is untestable with paleontological data. Furthermore, the conditions for the effect hypothesis to hold are extremely restrictive and unlikely to apply to the vast majority of situations encountered in nature.     

CORRECTING FOR SAMPLING BIAS IN QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF SELECTION WHEN FITNESS IS DISCRETE

We show with a simulation that nonrepresentative sampling of two discrete fitness classes leads to biased estimates of selection. Systematic underestimation occurs if the selected class is overrepresented in the sample and overestimation if the unselected class is overrepresented. The bias is greater the stronger the selection intensity, the smaller the true fraction of individuals favored by selected, and the lower the sample size. We present a simple method that allows a posteriori statistical correction in cases of biased sampling given a separate estimate of the actual class representation, describe its practical implementation, and show that it works.     

Antler size and fluctuating asymmetry in red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags and probability of becoming a harem holder in rut

Red deer hinds play a significant role in selecting stags for mating. We tested the hypotheses that in red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) the probability of becoming a harem holder (and hence achieving reproductive success) occurs in stags bearing larger, branched antlers and showing low fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Eleven antler characteristics were measured; absolute and relative FA were calculated on 51 cast antler sets from 19 individually recognized stags. Probability of becoming a harem holder (PBHH) was originally analysed separately, i.e. for antler size and FA of each antler characteristic and calculated factors for both antler size and FA. If analysed separately, large antler size and low relative but high absolute FA increased PBHH. When we combined antler size and FA of antler characteristics in one model using antler size and FA factors, however, PBHH and achieving reproductive success were mainly dependent on increasing antler size and enhanced antler branching rather than on FA. We conclude that in contrast to antler size, FA is unlikely to play any significant role in sexual selection as an indicator of individual quality.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 87 , 59–68.     

Repeatability of size and fluctuating asymmetry of antler characteristics in red deer (Cervus elaphus) during ontogeny

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) has been suggested as a measure of the sensitivity of development to a wide array of genetic and environmental stresses. It has been also suggested that antlers in red deer could be important during social and rutting displays. We used antler measurements of 51 males that were measured over subsequent seasons, from 3–8 years of age, and analysed three antler traits: antler weight, length, and the number of antler tines (antler size). We calculated absolute and relative FA. All three size traits were highly significantly intercorrelated. By contrast to this, the FA of the three traits, did not show such relationships. With increasing age, antler size and FA also increased. When testing the repeatability of FA and antler size, there was a principal difference in the pattern between FA and antler size, with the latter being much more consistent than the former. This suggests that antler size, not FA, may be a good predictor of the bearer's quality in mate selection. This fits well with the good-genes hypothesis that the development of extravagant secondary sexual characters can be an honest advertisement of heritable male quality.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 91 , 215–226.     

Interspecific patterns of phenotypic selection do not predict intraspecific patterns

We estimated linear (β) and nonlinear (γ) selection gradients to quantify host plant‐mediated selection on the trait gall size in each of 22 unequally sampled subpopulations of the cynipid gall wasp Belonocnema treatae. We characterized the relationship between variation in subpopulation sample size and the magnitude of and the variance among selection gradients. We then tested the hypothesis that the intraspecific patterns we observed would follow two patterns that have emerged from published estimates of linear and nonlinear selection gradients compiled across species, namely that the average magnitude of β and γ and the variance among estimated β and γ decrease with increasing sample size. For both β and γ, intraspecific patterns of phenotypic selection in relation to sample size were not predicted by interspecific patterns. Thus, our results suggest that when selection is heterogeneous among subpopulations, variation in the biological basis for selection is more important in influencing estimates of selection than is variation in study size. Our study highlights the value of inspecting selection in relation to sampling effort at the level at which understanding the sources of variation in selection is most important, among populations within species.