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1.
木兰科(Magnoliaceae)的起源、进化和地理分布   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
木兰科为亚洲-美洲间断分布科,全世界有15属,246种,主要分布于亚洲东南部的热带、亚热带地区,从喜马拉雅至日本,向南达新几内亚及新不列颠;少数种类分布于北美东南部、中美至南美巴西.中国有11属,约99种.木兰科的现代分布中心在东亚-东南亚地区.根据木兰科的化石记录、系统发育和现代分布,推测其起源时间为早白垩纪,甚至更早.起源地可能在中国的西南地区,并由此向外辐射,向东经日本、俄罗斯远东地区经白令陆桥进入北美;向西经西亚、欧洲,通过格陵兰进入北美,然后到达南美;向南经印度支那、马来西亚,直至新几内亚.东亚-北美间断分布的形成是受第四纪冰期的影响;南美的木兰科是从北美迁移而来.  相似文献   

2.
木兰科(Magnoliaceae)的起源、进化和地理分布   总被引:31,自引:1,他引:30  
木兰科为亚洲-美洲间断分布科,全世界有15属,246种,主要分布于亚洲东南部的热带、亚热带地区,从喜马拉雅至日本,向南达新几内亚及新不列颠;少数种类分布于北美东南部、中美至南美巴西.中国有11属,约99种.木兰科的现代分布中心在东亚-东南亚地区.根据木兰科的化石记录、系统发育和现代分布,推测其起源时间为早白垩纪,甚至更早.起源地可能在中国的西南地区,并由此向外辐射,向东经日本、俄罗斯远东地区经白令陆桥进入北美;向西经西亚、欧洲,通过格陵兰进入北美,然后到达南美;向南经印度支那、马来西亚,直至新几内亚.东亚-北美间断分布的形成是受第四纪冰期的影响;南美的木兰科是从北美迁移而来.  相似文献   

3.
中国木兰科植物的叶结构及其油细胞的比较解剖学研究   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
利用组织透明法、石蜡切片法及薄切片法对木兰科10属82种1亚种植物叶片的结构和油细胞的 分布密度、结构及其在叶肉中的分布进行了比较研究。鹅掌楸亚科和木兰亚科在叶结构上的主要区别是:鹅掌楸亚科两种植物叶的部分下表皮细胞乳突状,且整个细胞外壁只形成一个乳突,而在木兰亚科植物中有单列多细胞或单细胞的表皮毛,却未发现乳突;鹅掌楸亚科植物叶主脉维管组织环分隔呈束状,且其外包被的纤维也排列成束状,而木兰亚科的80种1亚种植物中,叶主脉维管组织连成轮状,其外面也由一圈连续的纤维环所包围。从而支持木兰科中木兰亚科和鹅掌楸亚科两个亚科的划分。并且,从叶主脉的演化趋势来看,鹅掌楸亚科较木兰亚科进化。另外,木莲属植物叶片的结构与木兰属具有明显差异,因而进一步证明木莲属是不同于木兰属的一个独立的属。油细胞是木兰科植物叶片解剖的显著特征,在叶肉中的分布可划分为3种类型:(A)主要分布于栅栏组织;(B)主要分布于海绵组织;(c)均匀散布于整个叶肉中。油细胞的大小及其在叶中的分布与叶厚、栅栏组织层数、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度间的比值以及下皮层的有无、表皮毛的类型、叶脉的结构等特征相结合,可作为属、甚至种的鉴别特征。  相似文献   

4.
壳斗科的地质历史及其系统学和植物地理学意义   总被引:42,自引:1,他引:42  
在收集整理现有壳斗科化石资料的基础上,讨论了壳斗科及其各属的起源时间、地史分布和地史 演替过程以及这些化石资料在系统学和植物地理学上的意义。白垩纪尚无壳斗科可靠的大化石记录, 微化石需要进一步研究才能确定亲缘关系以及古新世壳斗科已经分化出两个类群。从以上这些事实推 论壳斗科起源于白垩纪晚期,而壳斗科现代各属出现的时间应不晚于古新世。最早发现的壳斗科化石和现代栗亚科和水青冈亚科在形态结构上非常相似,这一事实表明,壳斗科分为两个亚科的观点更接近客观事实。在水青冈亚科中,三棱栎类的化石最早出现;在栎属中,青冈亚属更接近祖先类群;在地史中全缘栎类较具齿栎类出现早,粗齿的落叶栎类出现最晚。三棱栎属、栲属和石栎属的化石在老第三纪出现于北美和欧洲的事实说明,北美、欧洲和东亚在老第三纪时有一个相通的壳斗科植物区系。南美的三棱栎是通过北美进入南美的。中国横断山、欧洲地中海沿岸和北美西北部有一类形态特征相似、亲缘关系相近的硬叶栎类,它们之间有相同的地质演替历史,它们现代分布边界可能就是古地中海的边界。美洲的栎类有两个来源,常绿硬叶栎类是通过古地中海沿岸而经北美-欧洲陆桥到达的,落叶栎类则是在中新世以后通过白令海峡到达的。  相似文献   

5.
杉科植物的起源、演化及其分布   总被引:27,自引:3,他引:24  
本文根据对杉科的系统发育、现代分布和化石分布的研究,结合古地理和古气候资料,讨论了杉科的起源、演化和现代分布格局的成因。杉科基本上是一个亚热带科,我国长江、秦岭以南至华南一带是其现代分布中心。东亚中高纬度的东北地区可能是其起源中心和早期分化中心。起源时间为早侏罗纪或晚三叠纪。杉科植物的各种类型很可能在早白垩纪甚至晚侏罗纪就已分化出来。杉科植物于东亚起源后,在当时劳亚古陆尚未完全解体、气候分带现象尚不甚明显的情况下跨越欧亚大陆散布到北美,并扩散到南半球。自晚白垩纪,白令陆桥和北大西洋陆桥对其在北半球的散布发挥了重要作用。杉科植物目前虽处于衰退状态,但在地质史上却曾经经历过极其繁盛的时代。在中生代中晚期和早第三纪,杉科植物种类繁多,广布于北半球,向北扩散到北极圈内的高纬度地区,是当时的大科。大多数现存属曾分别有过3个或2个分布中心:水松属、落羽杉属和北美红杉属在东亚、北美西部和欧洲;水杉属在东亚和北美西部;柳杉属、杉木属,很可能也包括台湾杉属在东亚和欧洲;巨杉属在欧洲、北美和东亚。在晚白垩纪和第三纪,现存属特别是水松属、落羽杉属、水杉属、北美红杉属和巨杉属,曾是北半球森林植被的重要组成成分。南半球也曾有少量种类,分布亦远较现代普遍。杉科在白垩纪的多样性达到鼎盛,具所有的现代属和大量的化石器官属,但在以后漫长的历史发展过程中,由于地质变迁、气候变化,大量类群绝灭。晚第三纪全球性的气温下降迫使杉科逐渐从高纬度地区撤出。第四纪冰期气候的剧烈恶化使杉科分布区进一步显著退缩至中、低纬度地区,最后在欧洲全部消失,仅在东亚、北美及澳大利亚的少数几个植物 “避难所”中残存下来。现今各属多分布于环太平洋地区极为狭窄的局部范围,在分布区内呈现出孤立或星散的残遗分布式样。杉科现存各属均为古老的孑遗或残遗类群。  相似文献   

6.
综述了中国木兰科10属的次生木质部解剖学特征,包括导管分子,纤维管胞和木射线。同时,进一步讨论了其系统演化。这10属分为两亚科,即:木兰亚科(Magnoliodeae),包括木兰族(Magnolieae)和含笑族(Michelieae Law),木兰族有木莲属(Maglietia Bl.)、华盖木属(Manglietiastrum Law)、木兰属(Magnolia L.)、拟单性木兰属(Parakmeria Hu et Cheng)、单性木兰属[Kmeria(Pierre) Dandy]、长蕊木兰属(Alcimandra Dandy)共六属;含笑族有含笑属(Michelia L.)、合果木属(Paramichelia Hu)、观光木属(Tsoongiodendron Chun)共三属。鹅掌楸亚科[Liriodendroideae(Bark) Law],仅鹅掌楸属(Liriodendron L.)一属。大量的木材解剖学研究表明,木兰科的原始性很明显,但也有一些进化特征。可以通过属间的差别来分析本科的系统演化。木兰科的系统演化可简单总结为:木兰亚科[木兰族(木莲属,华盖木属,拟单性木兰属,单性木兰属→木兰属,长蕊木兰属)→含笑族]→鹅掌楸亚科。  相似文献   

7.
黑龙江晚白垩世植物区系及东亚、北美区系的关系   总被引:19,自引:5,他引:19  
本文记载了黑龙江嘉荫县乌云组所产植物化石,计有53种,隶属39属、28科。其中蕨 类植物7种,裸子植物8种,被子植物38种(包括单子叶植物1种),10个种为新种。 乌云组植物化石的区系及植被的分析结果表明,在植物区系成分中,大多是亚热带至暖温 带分子,具少数温带成分,由此组成的群落有暖性针叶林,落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林等,共同组 成暖性针阔叶混交林,指示当时气候温暖潮湿,大约是暖温带向亚热带过渡的气候特点。再从 植物化石叶子外貌特征来分析,其中全缘叶占40%; 叶的体积以中型的占大多数,大型和小型 的均少数; 脉序以具掌状脉的占多数。这些特征说明,沉积时期亦为温暖潮湿的气候。 晚白垩世在东亚出观的35属化石中,其中27属和北美共有,约占总属数的77%,这种区 系组成的相似程度,表明其区系具有密切的亲缘关系。这种亲缘随着时间的推移,在进入第三 纪或向更晚发展的进程中而逐渐减弱。主要由于大陆漂移和板块运动,使欧亚、北美在第三纪 初完全分离,此后这两块大陆隔离发展,植物区系的相同分子逐渐减少,以至现在生存植物中 的相同属仅占总数的4.1%,其中草本植物还占有相当大的比例。 根据我国东北地区晚白垩纪所产植物化石及同时代南方所产化石,大致可把晚白垩世的 植物区(带)划分为三个:(1)暖温带至亚热带植物区,主要代表植物是Metasequoia,Trochoden- droides,Platanus,Ampelopsis,Protophyllum,Pterospermites,Menispermites; (2)亚热带至热 带植物区,植物有Brachyphyllum,Cinnamomum,Nectandra和棕榈科植物; (3)亚热带或干 旱植物区,兼有南北过渡的植物或呈干旱性的植物。 乌云组植物大化石共有33属,和东亚,北美同时代植物群对比,出现不少相同属种,其中 15个属种出现在苏联晚白垩世的察加扬组及东锡霍特阿林,11个属种出现在日本晚白垩世 的Kuji地区,若与加拿大晚白垩世植物群比较,有11个相同属种; 与阿拉斯加晚白垩世植物 对比,则有12个相同属种; 若与乌云组同属一区的太平林场组比较,相同属种更多。再从孢粉 组合成分看,和本区松辽盆地明水组相同的属有15个,并具有少数晚白垩世代表性的花粉如 鹰粉、沃氏粉和山龙眼粉,表明乌云组的时代和明水组接近。同时在乌云组大化石中绝灭类型约占70%,证实该植物群的古老性。其时代属于马斯特里赫特期至达宁期而不是古新世。  相似文献   

8.
吉林省延吉盆地早白垩世被子植物化石   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
吉林省延吉盆地大拉子组的被子植物化石约有10种。它们具有早白垩世较原始被子植物的形态特征,和北美早白垩世波托马克群的Ⅰ-Ⅱ带的植物分子相同,并与蒙古早白垩世(Neocomian)植物群有些接近,而与苏联、葡萄牙等地的早白垩世(Albian)的被子植物差别甚大,故大拉子组的时代可暂归于 Aptian。植物组合特征说明在早白垩世中期,北半球的欧亚和北美植物区系具有更为密切的关系。并从植物组合及沉积特征分析了古环境。  相似文献   

9.
木兰科植物鹅掌楸和合果木的化学成分及其分类学意义   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
作为木兰科植物亲缘关系与生理活性成分分布规律研究内容的一部分,对木兰科植物鹅掌楸及合果木的茎皮进行了化学成分的研究。从鹅掌楸茎皮醇提物中除了β-谷甾醇、胡萝卜甙、和蔗糖外还分离鉴定了5个已知化合物:epitulipinolide(1)、atherospermidine(2)、(+)-syringresinol-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(lirioderndrin,)3、(1S)-1,4-di-O-methylmy-oinositol(liriodendritol,4)和syringin(5);自合果木茎皮中除了β-谷甾醇外还分离鉴定了6个已知化合物:正二十四烷酸(6)、(-)-parthenolide(7)、(-)-dihydroparthenolide(8)、(-)-N-acetylanonaine(9)、肉桂酸(10)和(+)-syringaresinol(11)。基于化学成分研究结果,从化学分类学角度支持北美鹅掌楸与鹅掌楸亲缘关系十分接近或相似的论点,由于两种鹅掌楸化学成分与木兰科其他植物化学成分有不同相似之处,无必要独立成科,分亚科为好;合果木属Paramichelia似无分属的必要。  相似文献   

10.
姜科植物地理   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9  
本文讨论了姜科的分类系统、起源、进化和地理分布.姜科为一还热带分布科,按Burtt[8]的系统分2亚科4族.全世界有52属,约1377种,其中姜亚科含48属,1268种.主要分布于热带亚洲.其现代分布中心在印度-马来西亚。闭鞘姜亚科含4属,109种,主要分布于热带美洲及非洲。本文在化石资料及现代分布资料的基础上,讨论了姜科的早期分化时间、地点及现代分布格局形成。化石记录表明.欧洲、北美及印度的白垩纪、早第三纪均发现过姜科的化石,据此姜科植物的起源时间应不晚于早白垩纪。姜亚科的早期分化中心推论在劳亚古陆的南部.欧洲和北美没有现代姜科的分布是因为第三纪冰期的影响.而亚洲热带地区现代姜科植物繁盛是因为气候适宜.且相对稳定所致.南美的姜亚科种类应是由非洲传人.而大洋洲的姜亚科种类则是由马来西亚传入.闭鞘姜亚科的早期分化中心推论在西冈瓦纳古陆.亚洲及大洋洲的闭鞘姜亚科的种类应是随印度板块飘向亚洲时传入。中国姜科植物有22属.209种(占全世界属的42%.种的15%).主要分布于马来西亚亚区(占全国属的90%).其次为中国喜马拉雅亚区(占全国属的68%)。最少为中国-日本亚区(占全国属的45%)。统计数字表明.马来西亚  相似文献   

11.
木兰科植物地理学分析   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12  
木兰科植物共7属的195种,间断分布于亚洲和美洲的热带至温带地区,在地史时期,木兰科植物几乎遍布整个北半球,其在欧洲和格陵兰等地的绝灭,可能是由于气温下降和第四纪冰川的破坏所致,中国南部和西南部及其邻近地区具有丰富的木兰科属种代表,众多的特有类群和该科最原始的成员,以及反映木兰科系统发育不同阶段的类型,是木兰科植物的现代分布中心,分化中心和保存中心,也可能是其起源中心,木兰科植物可能在侏罗纪就已起  相似文献   

12.
“Anilioidea” is a likely paraphyletic assemblage of pipe snakes that includes extant Aniliidae from equatorial South America, Uropeltoidea from South and Southeast Asia, and a fossil record that consists primarily of isolated precloacal vertebrae ranging from the earliest Late Cretaceous and includes geographic distributions in North America, South America, Europe, and Africa. Articulated precloacal vertebrae from the middle Eocene Bridger Formation of Wyoming, attributed to Borealilysia nov. gen., represent an unambiguous North American aniliid record and prompts a reconsideration of described pipe snakes and their resultant biogeographic histories. On the basis of vertebral apomorphies, the vast majority of reported fossils cannot be assigned to “Anilioidea”. Instead, most records represent stem taxa and macrostomatans erroneously assigned to anilioids on the basis of generalized features associated with fossoriality. A revised fossil record demonstrates that the only extralimital distributions of fossil “anilioids” consist of the North American aniliid record, and there is no unambiguous fossil record of Old World taxa. The occurrence of aniliids in the mid-high latitudes of the late early Eocene of North America is consistent with histories of northward shifts in equatorial ecosystems during the early Paleogene Greenhouse.  相似文献   

13.
Xin Wang   《Palaeoworld》2008,17(3-4):246
The Platanaceae holds a basal position in the phylogeny of eudicots and therefore is of great interest to angiosperm systematists. The fossil record of the family is found in strata ranging from the Cretaceous to Recent in America, Europe and Asia. The research on the Platanaceae in the Dakota Formation can be traced back to 19th century; however, mesofossils of reproductive organs of the Platanaceae were never reported in the Midwest of North America before. This paper reports several specimens of Friisicarpus (Platanaceae) from the Dakota Formation in Kansas, USA. It complements the existing fossil records, and provides more information on reproductive biology of the family. The comparison with similar fossils from eastern North America and Europe provides some hints on biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous.  相似文献   

14.
Aim To determine the origins of the host–parasite association between among yellow perch (Perca flavescens[Mitchill]) and the parasites Crepidostomum cooperi Hopkins, Proteocephalus pearsei La Rue and Urocleidus adspectus Beverly Burton. Of secondary interest are the parasites Bunodera luciopercae (Muller) and Proteocephalus percae (Muller) predictably associated with the Eurasian perch. Location The areas considered are the Holarctic, since the upper‐Cretaceous, and contemporary North America. Methods Published and new information from host and parasite phylogenies, palaeontology, palaeogeography and plate tectonics and host biology is incorporated to assess the origins of yellow perch and several of its parasites. This information is used to determine the origins for these host–parasite associations. Results Cladistic analysis suggests a Laurasian origin for Percidae and Perca, and that Perca is sister to the other genera in the family. Parasite phylogenies support a North American origin for the three species associated with yellow perch and a Laurasian origin for B. luciopercae. Proteocephalus pearsei and P. percae are not sister taxa. The fossil record for Perca dates to the Miocene in Europe and the Pleistocene in North America. North America and Europe were connected across the North Atlantic since at least the upper Cretaceous with separation complete by the Miocene. Europe was separated from Asia by the Obik Sea from the late Cretaceous until the Oligocene. Western cordillera orogeny and its accompanying high rates of water flow and Pleistocene glaciation represent barriers to Perca dispersal. Main conclusions The origin of Perca in North America dates at least to the late Oligocene when North America and Europe were connected across the North Atlantic and Europe and Asia were separate landmasses, and does not result from Pleistocene dispersal across Beringia from Asia. The present disjunction of Perca species in North America and Europe is due to the vicariant separation of North America and Europe. Based on the available information, yellow perch and its parasites have a North America origin. The association between yellow perch and the parasites in all cases is a consequence of host switching from other sympatric host species in North America and is not explained by co‐speciation. Even the association between the host‐specific Urocleidus adspectus and yellow perch originated with a host switch and is not due to co‐speciation. The basis for this host switching is geographical and ecological sympatry, especially shared feeding habits, with other North American fish hosts.  相似文献   

15.
Turtles are key components of modern vertebrate faunas and their diversity and distributions are likely to be affected by anthropogenic climate change. However, there is limited baseline data on turtle taxonomic richness through time or assessment of their past responses to global environmental change. We used the extensive Triassic–Palaeogene (252–223 Ma) fossil record of terrestrial and freshwater turtles to investigate diversity patterns, finding substantial variation in richness through time and between continents. Globally, turtle richness was low from their Triassic origin until the Late Jurassic. There is strong evidence for high richness in the earliest Cretaceous of Europe, becoming especially high following the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum and declining in all continents by the end-Cretaceous. At the K–Pg boundary, South American richness levels changed little while North American richness increased, becoming very high during the earliest Palaeogene (Danian). Informative data are lacking elsewhere for this time period. However, the Selandian–Thanetian interval, approximately 5 myr after the K–Pg mass extinction, shows low turtle richness in Asia, Europe and South America, suggesting that the occurrence of exceptional turtle richness in the post-extinction Paleocene fauna of North America is not globally representative. Richness decreased over the Eocene–Oligocene boundary in North America but increased to its greatest known level for Europe, implying very different responses to dramatic climatic shifts. Time series regressions suggest number of formations sampled and palaeotemperature are the primary influencers of face-value richness counts, but additional factors not tested here may also be involved.  相似文献   

16.
17.
Sauropod dinosaurs have been found in sediments dating to most of the Cretaceous Period on all major Mesozoic landmasses, but this record is spatiotemporally uneven, even in relatively well-explored North American sediments. Within the 80 million-year-span of the Cretaceous, no definitive sauropod occurrences are known in North America from two ca. 20–25 million-year-long gaps, one from approximately the Berriasian–Barremian and the other from the mid-Cenomanian–late Campanian. Herein, we present an undescribed specimen that was collected in the middle part of the twentieth century that expands the known spatiotemporal distribution of Early Cretaceous North American sauropods, partially filling the earlier gap. The material is from the Berriasian–Valanginian-aged (ca. 139 Ma) Chilson Member of the Lakota Formation of South Dakota and appears to represent the only non-titanosauriform from the Cretaceous of North America or Asia. It closely resembles Camarasaurus and may represent a form closely related to that genus that persisted across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary.  相似文献   

18.
The paper examines recent information on the history of the ‘southern hemisphere’ conifer family Araucariaceae and gives supplementary notes to previously published monographs. Important data from the Mesozoic fossil record are presented and summarized to describe the ancient diversity and distribution of Araucariaceae. Information on the origin of the family and oldest fossil records of the present-day genera are assembled. Existing models on phylogenetic relationships within the family inferred from molecular data are compared with relationships between the genera determined from morphological data. Reasons for disappearance of representatives of this conifer family in the latest Cretaceous in North America and Europe are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

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