铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统研究进展

群体感应系统是一种细胞密度依赖的基因表达系统,其广泛存在于细菌性病原体中,是细菌细胞通讯方式的一种。群体感应系统可利用细菌释放的信号分子不断监控周围细菌的密度。当细菌密度达到阈值时,群体感应系统网络将启动,参与调控生物被膜、细菌毒力等特定基因的表达,从而使临床抗感染治疗失败。而通过抑制群体感应系统,可一定程度上治疗铜绿假单胞菌引起的感染。本文通过查阅近年国内外相关文献,对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统研究进展进行总结,为临床铜绿假单胞菌治疗提供新的方向,即群体感应系统抑制剂有可能成为治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染的新策略。     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的研究进展

细菌的群体感应也称自身诱导,是指细菌通过产生和感应信号分子浓度的变化来监测其群体密度,协调群体行为的过程.自身诱导物随着细菌密度增高而增高,当自身诱导物达到某一阈值后,会与一些转录调节子结合,从而诱导或抑制多种基因的表达.群体感应系统内由多种信号分子和效应蛋白组成复杂的调节网络,调控包括细菌毒力因子产生与释放、生物膜形成、接合反应等,从而影响细菌的致病过程.本文主要对铜绿假单胞菌的群体感应系统及其与宿主关系、群体感应抑制剂等方面的研究进展进行综述.     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应抑制剂研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌是一种常见的机会致病菌,可在人群中引起严重的急性和慢性感染,是病人在医院期间发生感染的第三大致病菌。铜绿假单胞菌多种毒力因子的分泌以及生物被膜的形成都是受一种被称为群体感应(Quorum Sensing,QS)的胞间信号传导系统调控的。QS使细菌能够根据细胞密度变化进行基因表达的调控。通过抑制QS来治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染是一个很有前景的发展方向。本文将就近年来铜绿假单胞菌群体感应抑制剂的研究进展进行综述。     

植物精油对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的抑制作用研究进展

群体感应（quorum sensing,QS）是细菌个体与个体之间的一种交流机制,广泛存在于细菌中。铜绿假单胞菌是人类的一种条件致病菌,它具有至少3种QS系统,即las、rhl和pqs系统,且各系统之间存在着级联调控关系,它们共同作用调控着该菌众多毒力基因的表达和毒力因子的产生。近年来,通过抑制铜绿假单胞菌的QS系统以控制其毒力和致病力,成为一种新型的铜绿假单胞菌感染防控策略。植物精油是一种天然的群体感应抑制剂（quorum sensing inhibitors, QSI）,多种精油活性化合物都能抑制铜绿假单胞菌的QS系统,而且尚未发现细菌对其产生耐药性。基于此,梳理了铜绿假单胞菌QS系统的组成及其级联调控关系,简要介绍了植物精油的QS抑制机制和抑制活性,并重点综述了萜烯类化合物、芳香族化合物、脂肪族化合物、含硫含氮化合物4类精油化合物对铜绿假单胞菌QS系统抑制作用的研究进展,以期为从天然化合物中发现和筛选安全、高效的细菌QSI的相关研究提供参考,并为致病菌的防控奠定理论基础。     

基于铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的潜在抗菌中草药筛选研究CSCD

铜绿假单胞菌借助体内的群体感应系统,促进多种毒力因子的表达,产生耐药性,已成为治疗临床感染的一大难题,寻找新的抗菌药物迫在眉睫。本文选取广西常见中草药2733味,建立活性成分库。将库中的小分子与群体感应通路中较为重要的5个耐药相关蛋白进行柔性对接,从中筛选中草药,最终得到小分子配体17个,对应得到可作为潜在群体感应抑制剂的中药材7味,分别是五倍子、苎麻根、羊蹄甲、火炭母、叶下珠、水松、多花野牡丹。相关耐药株抑菌试验证实了所选中药的有效性。     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统缺陷株生物膜形成和结构定量分析

目的研究群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)系统在铜绿假单胞菌生物膜(biofilm,BF)形成中的作用。方法体外建立QS系统完整的铜绿假单胞菌野生型PAO1菌株与QS系统缺陷(lasI rhlI基因缺陷△lasI△rhlI)型菌株生物膜模型,通过SYT09/PI荧光探针标记,结合激光共聚焦显微镜摄取BF不同层面的图片,经图像结构分析(ISA)软件分析获得QS系统lasI rhlI缺陷株、PAO1菌株BF相关空间结构参数。结果培养第3天PAO1菌株可形成较厚、有孔状通道的成熟BF结构,而△lasI△rhlI菌株仅形成明显稀薄的早期BF结构,△lasI△rhlI菌株的3 dBF厚度为(6.62±0.31)μm,PAO1菌株为(21.64±0.57)μm(t=0.205,P0.05),区域孔率(areal porosity,AP)分别为0.902±0.006、0.970±0.003;平均扩散距离(average diffusion distance,ADD)和结构熵(textural entropy,TE)在△lasI△rhlI菌株分别为1.571±0.019和6.586±0.110;在PAO1菌株分别为1.467±0.015和5.213±0.111,△la-sI△rhlI菌株AP较PAO1菌株低(t=0.335,P0.05);而ADD、TE较PAO1菌株高(t=0.289,t=0.300,P0.05)。结论lasI rhlI基因缺陷明显影响铜绿假单胞菌的BF形成能力,QS系统在铜绿假单胞菌BF形成中发挥重要作用。     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统介导的呼吸道病原菌种间互作研究进展

细菌性慢性呼吸道感染是严重威胁人类健康和制约社会经济发展的常见疾病。呼吸道环境和结构的复杂性导致慢性感染病灶常常定植着多种病原菌,如铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa、金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus、大肠埃希氏菌Escherichia coli、肺炎克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella pneumoniae、鲍曼不动杆菌Acinetobacter baumannii和白色念珠菌Candida albicans等。这些病原菌在慢性呼吸道感染的发展过程中进化出了合作、竞争、共生等复杂的种间关系,通过形成相对稳定的群落系统使多种病原菌成为一个整体来应对呼吸道各种苛刻的生存条件,从而导致呼吸道感染针对性治疗的失败或病情反复。目前国际上关于病原菌种间互作关系的研究正处于起步阶段,临床证据表明铜绿假单胞菌的定植与慢性呼吸道感染的发生、发展息息相关,并且该菌可以利用群体感应系统来主导与其他病原菌的互作与共存。因此,本文围绕群体感应系统综述了铜绿假单胞菌与其他常见呼吸道感染病原菌的种间关系和互作机理,可加深人们对病原菌种间互作与慢性呼吸道感染相关疾病关联性的认识,并为进一步临床治疗方案的改进、疾病控制和新型抗感染药物的研发提供新视角、新方向。     

桦褐孔菌发酵鸭跖草提取物对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的影响

【背景】群体感应在铜绿假单胞菌感染中常引起对抗生素的耐药性,因此迫切需要寻找新型抑制剂。【目的】研究桦褐孔菌发酵鸭跖草提取物(fermented Commelina communis extract,FCC)对铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)群体感应系统的影响及其原因。【方法】采用微量稀释法测定FCC对PA的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC),通过微量法测定FCC对生物膜形成、以及毒力因子(绿脓素、LasA蛋白酶及鼠李糖脂)合成的影响,利用高效液相色谱(high performance liquidchromatography,HPLC)法分析发酵前后化学物质的变化,采用福林酚(Folinand Ciocalteu's phenolreagent,Folin-Ciocalteu)法测量FCC和未发酵鸭跖草提取物(unfermented Commelina communis extract,UCC)的总酚含量。【结果】发酵前后提取物的MIC分别为16 g/L和64 g/L,FCC抑制了生物膜的形成,降低了毒力因子的产生,发酵提取物的化学组分在发酵过程中产生了很大的变化,发酵后提取物总酚含量相较于未发酵增加了219.97%。【结论】桦褐孔菌固体发酵具有增强鸭跖草提取物抗PA群体感应的作用,通过抑制群体感应系统产生抑菌作用。     

维拉帕米对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应抑制作用的体外研究

考察维拉帕米对铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PA）群体感应（Quorum sensing, QS）的抑制作用。测定维拉帕米最小抑菌浓度(Minimal inhibit concentration,MIC) ;构建培养环境,考察维拉帕米对PA生长的影响,绘制生长曲线;毒力因子表达实验中,分别考察维拉帕米对PA弹性蛋白酶表达、蛋白水解酶表达和绿脓毒素表达的影响。结果表明,维拉帕米MIC₅₀为128 μg/mL,MIC₉₀为512 μg/mL,最低抑菌质量浓度范围为128~512 μg/mL时,具有较好抑菌活性;生长曲线表明,维拉帕米质量浓度为16 μg/mL时,开始抑制PA的生长,随着浓度的增加,抑制作用逐渐增大;当维拉帕米质量浓度为512、256、128、64、32、16 μg/mL时,明显抑制弹性蛋白酶表达（P<0.01）,质量浓度为8 μg/mL时,对弹性蛋白酶有一定抑制作用（P<0.05）,维拉帕米质量浓度为512、256、128、64、32 μg/mL时,明显抑制蛋白水解酶的活性和绿脓毒素的表达（P<0.01）,当质量浓度为16 μg/mL时,对蛋白水解酶活性和绿脓毒素的表达有一定抑制作用（P<0.05）;维拉帕米对QS的抑制有浓度依赖。维拉帕米对PA的QS有明显抑制作用,体外可明显抑制PA生长,可作为抗菌增效的潜在开发药物。     

铜绿假单胞菌中群体感应系统研究进展

群体感应系统(Quorum-sensing system,QS)是一个依赖于细胞数量的基因调控系统。系统中的自诱导物(Autoinducer或AI)随细胞的数量增加而变化,当细胞数达到一定数量时,系统中的自诱导物达到一定的域值时可以与一类转录调节蛋白结合,开始诱导或抑制数量众多的基因表达,使细菌表现多细胞特性的群体行为。同时,群体感应系统受到许多外界环境因素的影响,其调节途径是一个极其复杂的级联过程。此外,以群体感应系统为药物靶点来筛选新型抗菌药物越来越受到人们的重视。结合作者本人的工作及铜绿假单胞菌中群体感应系统的最新研究进展,对该系统在铜绿假单胞菌中的作用及其调控途径进行分析、探讨和总结。     

群体感应对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成的调控

生物被膜是一种与浮游细胞相对应的生长方式,由细菌和自身分泌的包外基质组成。铜绿假单胞菌是研究这一生长方式的模式生物。在过去十年,对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的研究已取得显著进展。群体感应(QS)的细胞沟通机制在铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成中发挥着重要作用。介绍生物被膜的特点,并重点讨论了QS和生物被膜之间的关系。     

A phage-encoded anti-activator inhibits quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Effects of quorum sensing autoinducer degradation gene on virulence and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The aiiA gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was cloned into the Pseudomonas/E. coli shuttle vector and transformed into Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1. Western blotting showed that the AiiA protein was expressed in PAO1. After induction by IPTG for 6 h and 18 h, expression of the aiiA gene in PAO1 completely degraded the quorum sensing autoinducers N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs): N-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) and N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL). The reduced amount of AHLs in PAO1 was also correlated with decreased expression and production of several virulence factors such as elastase and pyocyanin. AiiA expression also influenced bacterial swarming motility. Most importantly, our studies indicated that aiiA played significant roles in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and dispersion, as observed by the differences of the biofilm formation on liquid and solid surfaces, and biofilm structures under a scanning electron microscope. These authors contributed equally to this work Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30570020) and Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (Grant No. 2004ABA120)     

铜绿假单胞菌中III型分泌系统受Rhl和PQS群体感应系统调节

摘要：【目的】研究铜绿假单胞菌中群体感应系统（Quorum sensing, QS）与III型分泌系统（Type III secretion system, T3SS）的关系。【方法】通过基因敲除的方法破坏铜绿假单胞菌QS系统相关基因,将T3SS相关基因exoS、exoY、exoT、exsD-pscA-L启动子-报道子luxCDABE融合体整合到野生型菌株及QS系统突变菌株的染色体组上,通过检测启动子活性,比较这些基因在不同菌株中的表达情况。【结果】研究结果表明,T3SS中的exoS与exoT在pqsR基因突变体中的表达有明显的增强,Rhl系统对这四种基因的表达具有抑制作用,而Las系统存在与否对T3SS基本没有影响。【结论】铜绿假单胞菌中的Rhl系统和奎诺酮信号（Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal, PQS）系统对T3SS相关基因的表达具有重要的调节作用。     

Anti‐quorum sensing activity of Psidium guajava L. flavonoids against Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

Psidium guajava L., which has been used traditionally as a medicinal plant, was explored for anti‐quorum sensing (QS) activity. The anti‐QS activity of the flavonoid (FL) fraction of P. guajava leaves was determined using a biosensor bioassay with Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. Detailed investigation of the effects of the FL‐fraction on QS‐regulated violacein production in C. violaceum ATCC12472 and pyocyanin production, proteolytic, elastolytic activities, swarming motility and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was performed using standard methods. Possible mechanisms of QS‐inhibition were studied by assessing violacein production in response to N‐acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) synthesis in the presence of the FL‐fraction in C. violaceum ATCC31532 and by evaluating the induction of violacein in the mutant C. violaceum CV026 by AHL extracted from the culture supernatants of C. violaceum 31532. Active compounds in the FL‐fraction were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Inhibition of violacein production by the FL‐fraction in a C. violaceum CV026 biosensor bioassay indicated possible anti‐QS activity. The FL‐fraction showed concentration‐dependent decreases in violacein production in C. violaceum 12472 and inhibited pyocyanin production, proteolytic and elastolytic activities, swarming motility and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Interestingly, the FL‐fraction did not inhibit AHL synthesis; AHL extracted from cultures of C. violaceum 31532 grown in the presence of the FL‐fraction induced violacein in the mutant C. violaceum CV026. LC–MS analysis revealed the presence of quercetin and quercetin‐3‐O‐arabinoside in the FL‐fraction. Both quercetin and quercetin‐3‐O‐arabinoside inhibited violacein production in C. violaceum 12472, at 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. Results of this study provide scope for further research to exploit these active molecules as anti‐QS agents.     

Inhibitors of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum‐sensing regulator,QscR

QscR is a quorum‐sensing (QS) signal receptor that controls expression of virulence genes in the prevalent opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Unlike the previously reported LuxR‐type QS receptor proteins, that is, LasR and TraR, QscR can be obtained as an apo‐protein that can reversibly form an active complex in vitro with its cognate signal molecule, 3‐oxododecanoyl‐homoserine lactone (3OC12‐HSL), and subsequently bind to target promoter DNA sequences. To search for potential QS inhibitors, an in vitro gel retardation assay was developed using the purified QscR. Both the in vitro assay and the in vivo cell‐based assay using QscR‐overproducing recombinant strains were applied in the screening process. Furanones were chosen for testing the activity as QS inhibitors because they have been reported to strongly inhibit expression of QS‐related genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Among more than a hundred furanones tested, three compounds showed strong and dose‐dependent inhibitory effects on QscR in both assays. One compound in particular, designated as F2, could completely inhibit the 3OC12‐HSL‐dependent QscR activity in vitro at a concentration of 50‐fold molar excess over 3OC12‐HSL. However, with the furanones F3 and F4, which are structurally similar to F2 but with a nitro group instead of the amine moiety, significantly decreased activities were observed. These results suggest that (i) the in vitro assay is a sensitive and reliable tool for screening QS inhibitors, and (ii) furanones are potentially important QS inhibitors for many LuxR‐type receptor proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 106: 119–126. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Linoleic acid inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by activating diffusible signal factor‐mediated quorum sensing

Bacterial biofilm formation causes serious problems in various fields of medical, clinical, and industrial settings. Antibiotics and biocide treatments are typical methods used to remove bacterial biofilms, but biofilms are difficult to remove effectively from surfaces due to their increased resistance. An alternative approach to treatment with antimicrobial agents is using biofilm inhibitors that regulate biofilm development without inhibiting bacterial growth. In the present study, we found that linoleic acid (LA), a plant unsaturated fatty acid, inhibits biofilm formation under static and continuous conditions without inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. LA also influenced the bacterial motility, extracellular polymeric substance production, and biofilm dispersion by decreasing the intracellular cyclic diguanylate concentration through increased phosphodiesterase activity. Furthermore, quantitative gene expression analysis demonstrated that LA induced the expression of genes associated with diffusible signaling factor‐mediated quorum sensing that can inhibit or induce the dispersion of P. aeruginosa biofilms. These results suggest that LA is functionally and structurally similar to a P. aeruginosa diffusible signaling factor (cis‐2‐decenoic acid) and, in turn, act as an agonist molecule in biofilm dispersion.