施肥对垂穗披碱草根系中丛枝菌根真菌的影响

采用传统染色与克隆测序的方法,研究了8年不同施肥(氮磷)梯度对垂穗披碱草根系中丛枝菌根(AM)侵染率和AM真菌群落的影响.结果表明: 随施肥浓度升高, 垂穗披碱草根系单位根长AM总侵染率从67.5%下降至7.3%,丛枝侵染率从5.2%降至0.1%.根系共检测出24个AM真菌分子种,但随着施肥浓度上升,AM真菌的平均物种丰富度从6种下降至2.6种.不同施肥处理对AM真菌群落结构有显著影响,土壤速效磷和根系氮含量与AM真菌群落呈极显著相关.氮磷有效性随施肥梯度逐渐上升,且与AM侵染率和AM真菌物种丰富度呈显著负相关.施高浓度氮磷肥对AM共生体有明显的抑制作用,导致AM真菌物种多样性丧失.     

Benthic oxygen respiration, ammonium and phosphorus regeneration in surficial sediments of the Sacca di Goro (Northern Italy) and two French coastal lagoons: a comparative study

During 1994 net sediment-water fluxes of oxygen, ammonium and inorganic phosphorus as well as sediment profiles of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and iron were determined in three shallow eutrophic environments. Investigations were conducted monthly from March to December at five stations in the Sacca di Goro (Po River Delta, Italy). In the late summer, samples were collected from a single site in the Prévost lagoon (French Mediterranean coast) and three stations in the Bassin d'Arcachon (French Atlantic coast). In the Sacca di Goro, water-sediment exchanges of O₂, NH ₄ ⁺ and PO ₄ ^3– were estimated by means of core incubation in the dark. Benthic fluxes for the French lagoons were in part determined experimentally using benthic chambers and in part from the literature.In general in the Sacca di Goro the highest oxygen uptake and nutrient release rates were found at the central sites, affected by macroalgal growth. At the sampling site adjacent to the freshwater inlet, sediment-water exchanges were principally influenced by tidal activity. In terms of organic matter and nutrient levels, sediments from the Sacca di Goro and from the Prévost lagoon, both colonised by the floating macroalga Ulva rigida C. Agardh, were similar. Sediments from the inner sheltered site in the Bassin d'Arcachon, invaded by the rooted macrophyte Ruppia cirrhosa (Pet.) Grande, showed the highest total N and P content (363 ± 157 µmol N cm^–3 and 15 ± 2 µmol P cm^–3 as average values in the top 10 cm of sediment), but were low in pore water ammonium and orthophosphate probably due to the high sequestering capacity of the system and/or efficient coupling between bacterial nutrient regeneration and assimilation by the plant roots. In addition the outer tidal stations in the Bassin d'Arcachon, invaded by rooted macrophytes, were low in pore water nutrients. A different trend was evident in the Prévost lagoon where the concentrations of exchangeable inorganic phosphorus and ammonium were appreciable (0.28 ± 0.07 µmol P cm^–3 and 2.4 ± 1.4 µmol N cm^–3 as average values in the top 10 cm of sediment). High amounts of dissolved organic nitrogen were found in the pore water at all the sites investigated showing the key role of the organic nitrogen in the recycling of nitrogen in these systems.The hypothesis that iron is a key factor in controlling phosphorus release is discussed since the Sacca di Goro, which is subject to dystrophic crises, is richer in iron than the Bassin d'Arcachon, which is a more buffered system.     

Seasonal changes of osmotic pressure, symplasmic water content and tissue elasticity in the blades of dune grasses growing in situ along the coast of Oregon

Abstract Midday water potentials of blades of the dune grasses Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link and Elymus mollis Trin. ex Spreng. growing in situ declined over the summer growing period, indicating a trend of increasing water stress. An analysis of the water relations characteristics of these blades using pressure-volume techniques demonstrated that both species increased bulk osmotic pressure at full hydration () and, therefore, bulk turgor as an acclimation response. In A. arenaria, however, the increase of osmotic pressure (+ 0.35 MPa) was entirely the result of decreasing symplasmic water content. The increase of osmotic pressure (+ 0.54 MPa) observed in E. mollis blades was due to solute accumulation (72% of Δ) and to a lesser degree, decreased symplasmic water content (28% of Δ). Osmotic adjustment in E. mollis blades was accompanied by a significant decrease in tissue elasticity (_max went from 12 to 19 MPa). The elastic properties of A. arenaria blades remained constant over the same period and had a maximum modulus (10 MPa) that was always less than that of E. mollis, As estimated from Höfler plots, these seasonal adjustments of osmotic pressure and differences in tissue elasticity enabled plants in situ to maintain turgor pressure in the range of 0.5–0.6 MPa at the lowest water potentials of mid-August. Laboratorygrown plants exhibited the species-specific differences in osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, and tissue elasticity observed in field plants. Although certain alterations of leaf structure were expected to coincide with the observed changes and species-specific differences in symplasmic water content and tissue elasticity, these could not be detected by measurements of specific leaf weight or the ratio of dry matter to saturated water content.     

The seasonal dynamics of amino acids and other nutrients in Alaskan Arctic tundra soils

Past research strongly indicates the importance of amino acids in the N economy of the Arctic tundra, but little is known about the seasonal dynamics of amino acids in tundra soils. We repeatedly sampled soils from tussock, shrub, and wet sedge tundra communities in the summers of 2000 and 2001 and extracted them with water (H₂O) and potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) to determine the seasonal dynamics of soil amino acids, ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrate (NO₃^–), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and phosphate (PO₄^2–). In the H₂O extractions mean concentrations of total free amino acids (TFAA) were higher than NH₄⁺ in all soils but shrub. TFAA and NH₄⁺ were highest in wet sedge and tussock soils and lowest in shrub soil. The most predominant amino acids were alanine, arginine, glycine, serine, and threonine. None of the highest amino acids were significantly different than NH₄⁺ in any soil but shrub, in which NH₄⁺ was significantly higher than all of the highest individual amino acids. Mean NO₃^– concentrations were not significantly different from mean TFAA and NH₄⁺ concentrations in any soil but tussock, where NO₃^– was significantly higher than NH₄⁺. In all soils amino acid and NH₄⁺ concentrations dropped to barely detectable levels in the middle of July, suggesting intense competition for N at the height of the growing season. In all soils but tussock, amino acid and NH₄⁺ concentrations rebounded in August as the end of the Arctic growing season approached and plant N demand decreased. This pattern suggests that low N concentrations in tundra soils at the height of the growing season are likely the result of an increase in soil N uptake associated with the peak in plant growth, either directly by roots or indirectly by microbes fueled by increased root C inputs in mid-July. As N availability decreased in July, PO₄^2– concentrations in the K₂SO₄ extractions increased dramatically in all soils but shrub, where there was a comparable increase in PO₄^2– later in the growing season. Previous research suggests that these increases in PO₄^2– concentrations are due to the mineralization of organic phosphorus by phosphatase enzymes associated with soil microbes and plant roots, and that they may have been caused by an increase in organic P availability.     

氮添加对多伦草原土壤微生物呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响

人类活动导致氮和磷输入到草原生态系统,对土壤有机碳循环产生影响,但是土壤微生物呼吸(Soil microbial respiration,Rs)及其温度敏感性(Q₁₀)对于氮沉降和磷有效性增加的响应还存在争议。因此,依托多伦草原氮添加样地(0、50 kg N hm^-2 a^-1和100 kg N hm^-2 a^-1),并添加磷进行室内恒温培养(10℃和15℃),研究氮添加和磷有效性增加对Rs及其Q₁₀的影响。结果发现:氮添加显著降低胞壁酸含量和显著增加真菌丰富度(Fungal richness, F-richness)。与N0处理相比,N50和N100处理使累积呼吸量显著降低了61.2%和67.1%,但Q₁₀显著升高了32.7%和50.8%;磷有效性增加没有对累积呼吸量及其Q₁₀产生显著影响。逐步回归结果表明,F-richness和pH值分别是累积呼吸量及其Q₁₀最重要的影响因子。研究表明氮添加...     

Nitrogen fixation is synchronized with carbon metabolism in Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula nodules under salt stress

Abstract

In the present work, the response to NaCl applied at the vegetative stage to Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus has been evaluated in order to ascertain whether the effect of salt stress on nitrogen fixation is due to a limitation on nodular carbon metabolism. Results show maximum sucrose synthase (SS) and alkaline invertase (AI) activities were obtained at the vegetative stage, when maximum nitrogenase activity was detected in both species. SS activity decreased with the salt treatment, providing evidence of the regulatory role of this enzyme for the carbon supply to the bacteroids. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities could account for higher nitrogen fixation efficiency detected in L. japonicus nodules and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activity compensated for the carbon limitations that occur under salt stress. These results support that nitrogenase inhibition in nodules experiencing salt stress is doubt to a carbon flux shortage, as result of carbon metabolism enzymes activities down-regulation.     

The Effect of Zostera noltii, Spartina maritima and Scirpus maritimus on Sediment Pore-water Profiles in a Temperate Intertidal Estuary

The objective of the present work was to study the effect of plants common in temperate latitudes (Zostera noltii, Spartina maritima and Scirpus maritimus) on sediment nutrient profiles, and to compare it to sand- and mud-flats without vegetation. The study focused on the organic matter contents, the concentration of dissolved inorganic nutrients (PO₄–P, NH₃–N, NO₃–N), an on the estimation of the total amount of these nutrients during day and night conditions and their potential net-fluxes. It was also hypothesised that in an estuarine system, different plants may have specific effects, and consequently different contributions to the system nutrient dynamics as a whole. Sediment profiles of loss on ignition (LOI) showed an increase of the organic matter contents from sand-flat, to Zostera, Spartina, mud-flat and Scirpus. Statistically, there were significant differences between sediment profiles of phosphate, ammonia and nitrate (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05), during day and night periods. These results suggest that there is an intense mobility of nutrients in the sediment, showing a day-night variation of nutrient concentrations in the pore-water. In the plants’ rhizosphere, the day-night variation of nutrients seemed dependent on plant biomass and penetration of the roots. Additionally, coupling between plant and sediment seems to be a species-specific process. In spring, Scirpus salt marsh reaches the maximum density and biomass, and despite the higher organic matter contents in the plant covered sediment, Scirpus acts as a sink of nutrients. In contrast, the top 10 cm of the sediment in the Spartina salt marsh and in the Zostera beds may contribute to the efflux of nutrients during the night period, especially phosphate.     

武汉东湖沉积物和沉积物间隙水中氮和磷的含量及其分布

武汉东湖的沉积物中氮(N)的平均含量上层(0—10厘米)为14．2毫克／克(干重,下同),下层(10-40厘米)为12．0毫克／克。磷(P)的平均含量上层为0．87毫克／克,下层为0.62毫克／克。沉积物中氮和磷的含量均有明显的垂直和平面分布上的差异,上层高于下层,水果湖区高于其它湖区。沉积物间隙水中总溶解氮的浓度高,平均为儿．52毫克／升,主要以氨氮的形态存在,占总溶解氮的61．3％。总溶解磷的浓度较低,平均为0．113毫克／升,其中正磷酸盐占55.8％。间隙水中氮和磷的浓度均有明显的季节变动,夏季和秋季的浓度高,冬季和春季浓度低。除氨氮外,间隙水中氮和磷的浓度比底层湖水中氮和磷的浓度高,但一般不超过5倍,表明沉积物和湖水之间溶解的营养物质交换十分强烈。     

资源获得性和种内竞争对垂穗披碱草生长繁殖的影响

研究了垂穗披碱草(E lym us nutans)在不同光照强度、不同土壤养分和不同密度下的生长和繁殖特性。结果表明增加施肥量使垂穗披碱草的新增分蘖百分数、分蘖大小、营养繁殖和有性繁殖输出及其效力明显增加,贮藏生长效力相对减少;提高光照强度增加新增分蘖百分数、营养繁殖输出、有性繁殖输出和效力以及贮藏生长效力,减少营养繁殖效力;低密度下新增分蘖百分数、分蘖大小和营养繁殖效力显著增加,高密度下营养繁殖输出、有性繁殖输出和效力以及贮藏生长效力较高。在高施肥×高光照、高施肥×高密度和高光照×高密度处理下,植物有性繁殖输出和营养繁殖输出显著高于其它处理。低密度条件下新增分蘖百分数较高,高密度条件下有性繁殖效力较高。三因子互作对性状无显著作用。营养繁殖效力与有性繁殖效力无显著相关,这两者与贮藏生长效力为负相关。以上结果说明丰富的资源(高施肥、高光照)有利于植物生长和繁殖,种内竞争水平对体内的资源分配会产生很大影响。这些特性既与环境因子有关,又与植物性状间的内在联系有关,共同决定该种群在群落中的动态和稳定性。     

Water and Nutrient Mass Balance of the Partly Meromictic Temperate Lake Verevi

Mass balances of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were calculated for Lake Verevi (area 0.126 km², maximum depth 11 m, mean depth 3.6 m), a sharply stratified small lake located in South Estonia within the borders of the town Elva. The lake has up to 10 small inflows but only three of them are nearly permanent. Accidental overflows from near-by oxidation ponds during high floods have been the major source of the nutrient load of the lake in the past. L. Verevi receives a significant part of its inflow from groundwater, which is difficult to measure. In dry years the outflow is temporary. During summer the lake is sharply thermally and chemically stratified. The spring turnover is often incomplete even in homothermal conditions, thus giving the lake some meromictic features. The influx of nitrogen exceeded the outflux at any supposed proportion (20%, 50%, 80%) of surface runoff. The lake retained 45–90% of the nitrogen influx by sedimentation and/or by denitrification. The largest nitrogen losses with loss rates more than 10 kg N d⁻¹ occurred in May and June. The calculated phosphorus retention rate became strongly negative during mixing periods. From June to November, phosphorus release from the sediment exceeded sedimentation by 205 kg in 1991 and by 79 kg in 1993. Earlier stagnation and absence of a full spring turnover in the 2000 has slowed down the recovery of the lake because less phosphorus is flushed out. However, the stronger stratification and significantly smaller phosphorus content in the epilimnion limits biological activity and as a result improves the water quality of the surface layer.     

Importance of sediments in understanding nutrient cyclings in lakes

Inorganic and organic nutrients are continuously transported to lake bottoms by sedimentation. By various biological, physical, chemical and mechanical processes quantities of certain nutrients can be brought back to the free water again. This cycling between the sediments and water may occur according to various schemes dependent on lake type and bottom conditions. Lake morphology, temperature regimes, trophic level and sediment type can all strongly influence the size of nutrient pools and rates of turnover.The various activities of bacteria, benthic algae, macrophytes, benthic invertebrates and fish, in conjunction with influences of temperature, pH-values, Eh-values, water content, organic matter and elemental sediment composition, lead to the extremely complex nature of nutrient cycling. Three essential components of aquatic ecosystems are discussed, namely carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.The objective of this paper is to illustrate in condensed form the heterogeneous nature of nutrient cycling processes. In addition, the importance of sediments in understanding nutrient cycling is discussed from a water management perspective.