温度、pH及干旱胁迫对沙地樟子松外生菌根菌生长影响

通过对采集于沙地樟子松人工林内的3种外生菌根真菌（牛肝菌Boletus sp.、乳菇Lactariussp.、高环柄菇Macrolepiota procera）进行纯培养,在不同温度、pH值和PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下,观测了外生菌根菌的生长发育状况.结果表明,3种外生菌根菌生物量在不同pH范围（3～7）内存在着显著差异（P＜0.05）;在低于5℃和高于37℃时,3种外生菌根菌均不能生长,其最适生长温度分别为：牛肝菌,25℃高环柄菇,25～28℃,乳菇,25～30℃;在低浓度PEG胁迫处理条件下（10%,-0.20MPa）,3种外生菌根菌的生长均有所增加,当PEG胁迫达到30%（-1.53 MPa）时,3种外生菌根菌的生长均受到抑制.与上述结果比较,沙地樟子松人工林地土壤的实际pH值在外生菌根菌的最适生长范围内;林地最高气温值远远超过3种外生菌根菌的最适生长值的时间在每年的生长季都会出现;在极端干旱年份（如1996年）,林地土壤的实际含水量在生长季节（5～9月）远远低于抑制外生菌根菌生长的土壤含水量,可能影响到外生菌根菌的生存.因此,可以推断,沙地樟子松人工林地的外生菌根菌的生长与发育,在干旱胁迫及高温作用下受到很大程度的影响,如果仅从微生物角度分析,外生菌根菌在干旱和高温条件下不能生长或已经死亡是导致沙地樟子松人工林衰退的一个原因.     

树木外生菌根菌与环境因子关系研究进展

土壤、气候和立地因子等环境因子影响树木外生菌根菌的种类及数量。本文通过查阅大量国内外文献 ,综述了外生菌根菌与土壤、季节气候及立地因子等环境因子的相互关系 ,探讨了环境因子对外生菌根菌的影响 ,揭示了外生菌根菌研究中所关注的环境因子问题。同时 ,提出了外生菌根菌与环境因子关系今后研究的主要内容与方向 ,旨在为森林生态系统的可持续经营和退化森林生态系统的恢复、改造等提供科学依据。     

外生菌根缓解植物酸雨胁迫的机理研究进展

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,是酸雨污染的主要受体,酸雨对生态系统产生着巨大的影响。菌根是菌根真菌与植物营养根的共生体。外生菌根真菌与宿主植物间互惠互利,在森林生态系统中,外生菌根在维持生态系统的养分平衡和改善树木营养等方面有重要的作用。本文综述了国内外关于菌根和酸雨关系的研究,酸雨能抑制外生菌根的形成,降低其活力;但另一方面,外生菌根能够缓解酸雨造成的植物危害,提高植株对酸雨的耐受力。外生菌根主要通过以下几方面缓解酸雨胁迫:(1)菌根形态结构的物理屏蔽作用;(2)增加养分吸收,增加御酸能力;(3)增强酶活性,提高植物生存能力;(4)产生有机酸或其他物质。     

内蒙古地区山杨外生菌根形态解剖学特征研究

对内蒙古地区山杨的10种外生菌根的外部形态、颜色、分枝情况、菌索及外延菌丝的有无、菌套表面质地、是否透明、有无囊状体等结构进行了描述,结合菌套菌丝排列图式、菌套表面结构及菌丝和菌索内部结构等特征对其进行了归纳总结,并参阅有关文献进行了分类.结果表明:(1)10种菌根类型的划分基础主要是依据真菌组织学特征来加以区别,同时这10种菌根类型与其它地区对杨树外生菌根分类结果相符,符合真菌区系学分布特征.(2)树种与外生菌根共生专一性是一种双向选择模式.就山杨来说,决定其形成不同共生菌根类型的主要因子是不同环境因子影响下的真菌区系组成和树木根系发育状况.     

东北红松纯林菌根外生菌根真菌群落与环境因子的相关性

外生菌根是木本植物根系与真菌形成的共生结构,外生菌根真菌在红松等外生菌根树种的定植与森林生态系统的保持方面起到至关重要的作用。明确菌根系统内外生菌根真菌群落组成是揭示菌根共生机制的前提条件。本研究利用Illumina Hiseq测序平台对生长季内红松纯林内根围土壤及菌根样品ITS2区进行高通量测序,分析其外生菌根真菌群落结构随季节的变化规律,同时通过统计学的方法分析了红松根系微生态中外生菌根真菌群落结构组成变化与其他生物因素、非生物因素的相关性。结果如下：（1）从6月份到10月份,5个月的菌根样品测序共得到741个真菌OTUs,利用FUNGuild数据库分析,其中85个OTUs归类为外生菌根真菌,优势属（相对丰度>5）为蜡壳菌属Sebacina、乳牛肝菌属Suillus、Meliniomyces、红菇属Russula、棉革菌属Tomentella、须腹菌属Rhizopogon和缘腺革菌属Amphinema。6月份菌根中外生菌根真菌的多样性最大,显著高于其他月份。（2）红松林外生菌根真菌群落组成受到土壤pH、有效磷含量、有效钾含量和土壤有效氮含量的影响,它们与外生菌根真菌优势属相对丰度呈现正相关或负相关。（3）根围土壤内真菌是影响红松根系外生菌根真菌相对丰度的另一重要因素,其中,包括普可尼亚属Pochonia、产丝齿菌属Hyphodontia、镰刀菌属Fusarium、Collembolispora、枝穗霉属Clonostachys、Apodus、鹅膏属Amanita在内的土壤真菌与根内外生菌根真菌的相对丰度呈线性关系。同时,超过85%的根内外生菌根真菌与同一取样地的土壤共有,可以认为侵染和扩散是红松根内外生菌根真菌群落形成的主要方式,同时兼有植物根系的选择,因为根内并不包括所有土壤中存在的外生菌根真菌,其机制需要进一步人工模拟试验验证。     

外生菌根与植物抗重金属胁迫机理

外生菌根是外生菌根真菌和植物营养根形成的共生体,能够增加植物对污染胁迫的抵抗能力。本文综述了20多年来国内外研究外生菌根增加植物抗重金属毒害的成果,指出了外生菌根在植物抗重金属毒害中的积极作用,并概括其抗性的主要机理为：外延菌丝的吸收作用;菌根分泌物的调节与螯合作用;菌根菌套或哈蒂氏网吸收过滤有毒金属;菌根菌套的疏水性作用。在研究外生菌根抗重金属毒害机理的基础上,提出了该领域今后的研究前景。     

菌根真菌在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用

在陆地生态系统中,土壤、植被与大气之间有着可观的碳交换通量,陆地生态系统碳循环也和全球气候变化密切关联。菌根真菌可与绝大多数陆地植物建立菌根共生关系,通过矿质养分-碳交换连接起生态系统地上与地下部分,深度参与和影响陆地生态系统的碳循环过程。该文从碳的输入,土壤有机质的形成、稳定和分解等4个关键环节分别论述了菌根真菌在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用。研究表明,菌根真菌在陆地生态系统碳的输入过程中扮演关键角色,其通过改善植物矿质营养,参与植物逆境响应,影响植物的光合作用强度,以及调控植物多样性与生产力之间的关系等多种途径,维持或提高植被初级生产力;大气中的CO₂被植物固定后,一部分碳经由菌丝网络输送到土壤中,随后经微生物的分解和转化,与矿物结合或被团聚体包裹而被稳定在土壤中;同时,菌根真菌通过影响根际激发效应和菌丝际生物化学过程,如分泌特定胞外酶,与菌丝际微生物互作,驱动芬顿反应,以及与腐生微生物竞争等,调控土壤有机质的分解和转化过程。考虑到菌根真菌对环境和气候变化的敏感性,该文还探讨了全球变化因子对菌根真菌介导的碳循环过程的影响。最后,该文对未来研究方向进行了展望,并提...     

病原菌及菌根菌维持森林植物多样性机制的研究进展

森林植物物种与土壤微生物之间的相互作用决定森林生物多样性。尤其是土壤中的病原菌、菌根菌等微生物在森林物种多样性保护中起到重要作用。Janzen-Connell假说和植物-土壤反馈模型是利用植物与土壤微生物之间的相互作用关系解释森林物种多样性机制的重要模型。本文针对土壤真菌解释森林物种多样性机制进行了综合评述，介绍了病原菌和菌根菌各自在森林实生苗更新的作用机制，探讨病原菌及其菌根菌两者对森林物种多样性的相对重要性，森林实生苗与土壤微生物之间相互作用的变化规律，总结了近年来国际森林物种多样性机制的研究。提出了病原菌和菌根菌两者共同在生态系统中的作用，并探讨未来的研究方向。     

川西亚高山岷江冷杉外生菌根形态随海拔梯度的分化

外生菌根真菌是一类有助于植物生长及应对环境变化的重要共生真菌类群。深入认识外生菌根特征有助于理解植物对环境变化的响应规律。本研究在四川省卧龙自然保护区巴郎山脉设置海拔2850、3000、3194、3413和3593 m 5个样地,利用中心象限法进行土块样品(10 cm×10 cm×10 cm)采集,通过分析各海拔每土块中岷江冷杉外生菌根形态个数、形态多样性及养分获取类型等指标,研究岷江冷杉外生菌根形态特性随海拔的变异特征及土壤环境因子的作用。结果表明: 1) 菌根形态为橘黄色或橘色、单轴羽状分支或不分支、菌套表面光滑、无或少见外延物、根尖直筒型或膨大的菌根类型是卧龙自然保护区岷江冷杉外生菌根的主要形态类型。该形态类型在研究区内的侵染率最高,为12.4%;2) 随着海拔的升高,岷江冷杉外生菌根形态多样性下降,每土块内的形态个数减少;3) 单因素方差分析结果表明,不同海拔上无外延菌丝或极少外延菌丝的紧密接触类型(CE)和短距离养分获取类型(SDE)外生菌根侵染率有显著差异,CE类型外生菌根侵染率随着海拔的升高而增加;4) 土壤环境因子对岷江冷杉外生菌根形态在海拔上的变异有一定的影响,冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤全氮含量、全磷含量、土壤温度、土壤含水率、pH值及酸性磷酸酶活性对岷江冷杉外生菌根形态在海拔上的变异有显著影响,其中土壤全氮含量和土壤温度的影响最大,分别解释了岷江冷杉形态特征变异的5.4%和4.9%。本研究揭示了岷江冷杉外生菌根形态形成在海拔上的差异,为进一步研究亚高山针叶树种菌根策略对环境变化的响应机制提供了科学依据。     

外生菌根对干旱胁迫的响应

从外生菌根真菌、外生菌根共生体以及外生菌根的间接作用等方面阐述外生菌根如何抵制干旱胁迫,并对未来我国外生菌根的研究提出了建议。干旱可以抑制外生菌根真菌的生长并降低其群落中真菌的多样性,干旱胁迫下外生菌根真菌子实体可以利用深度30cm以下的土壤水,子实体的表面积和体积比可作为筛选抗旱真菌的一个重要因子;在遭受干旱胁迫时,外生菌根共生体可以发生形态变化来应对干旱,同时增加了植株水分的吸收并改善了植物的光合作用、活性氧以及激素等相关代谢;外生菌根对植物生长的促进作用、增加土壤碳汇以及对其他根际微生物生长的促进作用等对宿主植物应对干旱胁迫有利。未来我国外生菌根研究应加强对干旱区优良菌-树组合的筛选工作,同时加大对乡土外生菌根真菌资源的调查力度,未来研究应重点向分子生物学领域推进。     

丛枝菌根真菌对植物生长影响的研究

菌根是自然界中一种极为普遍和重要的共生现象,其中分布最为广泛的菌根类型就是丛枝菌根,可以增强植物从土壤中获取水分的能力,改善植物根系对磷、镉等矿质元素及养分的吸收,从而促进植物的生长。本文综述了丛枝菌根真菌对植物生长影响的概况。有关丛枝菌根真菌对植物水分和矿质营养的利用,尤其是磷素营养的研究较为深入,而对植物光合特性的研究较少,这些研究工作为深入理解菌根真菌与植物的相互关系提供基础资料。     

Strong differences in Quercus robur-associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities along a forest-city soil sealing gradient

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EM) that associate with tree roots in a symbiotic relationship may be crucial in mediating tree health in urban environments, but research on the effects of urbanization on EM communities is very limited so far. Here, we compared EM communities of adult pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur) between urban and forest environments, and assessed the effect of soil sealing around the trees on their EM community composition and EM diversity. We sampled 32 oak individuals across 4 sampling classes (Street, Lane, Park and Forest), and we characterized their EM communities using 454 amplicon pyrosequencing. The EM communities were not nested but they were significantly different between all sampling classes, with a very strong community differentiation between forest and urban trees. There were indications that EM richness declined with increasing sealed soil surface, with a significant effect of sampling class on estimated EM richness and diversity. We also identified indicator EM of the different sampling classes. The most important soil factor affecting EM community composition was pH, followed by plant available phosphorus, total nitrogen content and organic matter. Our results may have important implications when developing EM inocula for managing tree health in urban environments.     

Phylogenetic congruence between subtropical trees and their associated fungi

Recent studies have detected phylogenetic signals in pathogen–host networks for both soil‐borne and leaf‐infecting fungi, suggesting that pathogenic fungi may track or coevolve with their preferred hosts. However, a phylogenetically concordant relationship between multiple hosts and multiple fungi in has rarely been investigated. Using next‐generation high‐throughput DNA sequencing techniques, we analyzed fungal taxa associated with diseased leaves, rotten seeds, and infected seedlings of subtropical trees. We compared the topologies of the phylogenetic trees of the soil and foliar fungi based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with the phylogeny of host tree species based on matK, rbcL, atpB, and 5.8S genes. We identified 37 foliar and 103 soil pathogenic fungi belonging to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla and detected significantly nonrandom host–fungus combinations, which clustered on both the fungus phylogeny and the host phylogeny. The explicit evidence of congruent phylogenies between tree hosts and their potential fungal pathogens suggests either diffuse coevolution among the plant–fungal interaction networks or that the distribution of fungal species tracked spatially associated hosts with phylogenetically conserved traits and habitat preferences. Phylogenetic conservatism in plant–fungal interactions within a local community promotes host and parasite specificity, which is integral to the important role of fungi in promoting species coexistence and maintaining biodiversity of forest communities.     

Host plants and edaphic factors influence the distribution and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting bodies within rainforests from Tshopo,Democratic Republic of the Congo

Ectomycorrhizal fungi constitute an important component of forest ecosystems that enhances plant nutrition and resistance against stresses. Diversity of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi is, however, affected by host plant diversity and soil heterogeneity. This study provides information about the influence of host plants and soil resources on the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting bodies from rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Based on the presence of fungal fruiting bodies, significant differences in the number of ectomycorrhizal fungi species existed between forest stand types (p < 0.001). The most ectomycorrhizal species‐rich forest was the Gilbertiodendron dewevrei‐dominated forest (61 species). Of all 93 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, 19 demonstrated a significant indicator value for particular forest stand types. Of all analysed edaphic factors, the percentage of silt particles was the most important parameter influencing EcM fungi host plant tree distribution. Both host trees and edaphic factors strongly affected the distribution and diversity of EcM fungi. EcM fungi may have developed differently their ability to successfully colonise root systems in relation to the availability of nutrients.     

菌根真菌在生态系统中的作用

 菌根是一种植物营养根与土壤真菌形成的共生体,在自然界中分布广泛。本文着重从以下几个方面介绍相关的研究进展：1) 菌根真菌作为生态系统的重要组成部分,具有不可忽视的生物量,并成为连接绿色植物和食真菌者食物链的重要一环;2) 菌根真菌通过参与凋落物的酶降解过程影响有机物的循环,通过促进生物固氮、加速土壤磷的风化、提高土壤溶液离子的有效性以及直接吸收等过程影响氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等元素的无机循环;3) 菌根真菌与土壤微生物间存在有益的或拮抗的相互作用,并可以直接或间接地影响根际生物区系的组成和数量;菌根真菌通过对宿主植物的有益作用而影响植物的种间竞争,通过菌根网络而形成的种团可以在同种或不同种植物间实现资源的重新分配和共享;由于对种间关系的作用和对食物链的影响,菌根真菌对群落的物种构成和多样性的维持具有重要的作用;菌根真菌是群落演替过程的指示者,也是这一过程的参与者和推动者,并且菌根真菌的存在也有利于提高土壤团聚体的稳定性及促进灰壤的形成;4) 菌根真菌的种类和数量可以指示生态系统中自然的或人类活动引起的变化,并可以在生态系统的保护、恢复或重建过程中发挥重要作用。文章的最后还介绍了最新的研究热点和发展趋势。     

Ectomycorrhiza: gene expression,metabolism and the wood-wide web

In the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between fungi and trees, the fungus completely ensheaths the tree roots and takes over water and mineral nutrient supply, while the plant supplies photosynthate. Recent work has focussed on gene expression in the two partners, on the effects of global change and nitrogen deposition rate on the symbiosis, and on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in connecting individual plants to form a 'wood-wide web'.     

Nitrogen Uptake by Trees and Mycorrhizal Fungi in a Successional Northern Temperate Forest: Insights from Multiple Isotopic Methods

Forest succession may cause changes in nitrogen (N) availability, vegetation and fungal community composition that affect N uptake by trees and their mycorrhizal symbionts. Understanding how these changes affect the functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis is of interest to ecosystem ecology because of the fundamental roles mycorrhizae play in providing nutrition to trees and structuring forest ecosystems. We investigated changes in tree and mycorrhizal fungal community composition, the availability and uptake of N by trees and mycorrhizal fungi in a forest undergoing a successional transition (age-related loss of early successional tree taxa). In this system, 82–96% of mycorrhizal hyphae were ectomycorrhizal (EM). As biomass production of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees increased, AM hyphae comprised a significantly greater proportion of total fungal hyphae, and the EM contribution to the N requirement of EM-associated tree taxa declined from greater than 75% to less than 60%. Increasing N availability was associated with lower EM hyphal foraging and ¹⁵N tracer uptake, yet the EM-associated later-successional species Quercus rubra was nonetheless a stronger competitor for ¹⁵N than AM-associated Acer rubrum, likely due to the more extensive nature of the persistent EM hyphal network. These results indicate that successional increases in N availability and co-dominance by AM-associated trees have increased the importance of AM fungi in the mycorrhizal community, while down-regulating EM N acquisition and transfer processes. This work advances understanding of linkages between tree and fungal community composition, and indicates that successional changes in N availability may affect competition between tree taxa with divergent resource acquisition strategies.     

Neighboring trees regulate the root‐associated pathogenic fungi on the host plant in a subtropical forest

Root‐associated fungi and host‐specific pathogens are major determinants of species coexistence in forests. Phylogenetically related neighboring trees can strongly affect the fungal community structure of the host plant, which, in turn, will affect the ecological processes. Unfortunately, our understanding of the factors influencing fungal community composition in forests is still limited. In particular, investigation of the relationship between the phytopathogenic fungal community and neighboring trees is incomplete. In the current study, we tested the host specificity of members of the root‐associated fungal community collected from seven tree species and determined the influence of neighboring trees and habitat variation on the composition of the phytopathogenic fungal community of the focal plant in a subtropical evergreen forest. Using high‐throughput sequencing data with respect to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, we characterized the community composition of the root‐associated fungi and found significant differences with respect to fungal groups among the seven tree species. The density of conspecific neighboring trees had a significantly positive influence on the relative abundance of phytopathogens, especially host‐specific pathogens, while the heterospecific neighbor density had a significant negative impact on the species richness of host‐specific pathogens, as well as phytopathogens. Our work provides evidence that the root‐associated phytopathogenic fungi of a host plant depend greatly on the tree neighbors of the host plant.     

Sugar for my honey: carbohydrate partitioning in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis

Simple, readily utilizable carbohydrates, necessary for growth and maintenance of large numbers of microbes are rare in forest soils. Among other types of mutualistic interactions, the formation of ectomycorrhizas, a symbiosis between tree roots and certain soil fungi, is a way to overcome nutrient and carbohydrate limitations typical for many forest ecosystems. Ectomycorrhiza formation is typical for trees in boreal and temperate forests of the northern hemisphere and alpine regions world-wide. The main function of this symbiosis is the exchange of fungus-derived nutrients for plant-derived carbohydrates, enabling the colonization of mineral nutrient-poor environments. In ectomycorrhizal symbiosis up to 1/3 of plant photoassimilates could be transferred toward the fungal partner. The creation of such a strong sink is directly related to the efficiency of fungal hexose uptake at the plant/fungus interface, a modulated fungal carbohydrate metabolism in the ectomycorrhiza, and the export of carbohydrates towards soil growing hyphae. However, not only the fungus but also the plant partner increase its expression of hexose importer genes at the plant/fungus interface. This increase in hexose uptake capacity of plant roots in combination with an increase in photosynthesis may explain how the plant deals with the growing fungal carbohydrate demand in symbiosis and how it can restrict this loss of carbohydrates under certain conditions to avoid fungal parasitism.