干旱及镉污染对巨菌草生理和镉富集特征的影响

巨菌草因具有生长迅速、生物量大等优点而成为重金属污染修复的良好材料,干旱是影响其生长和修复能力的主要原因。该研究采用盆栽实验方法,探讨了干旱处理(25%土壤田间持水量)、镉处理(3mg·kg~(-1))及其交互处理对巨菌草生长、光合、抗氧化酶活性、活性氧含量、镉积累与分配特征的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,干旱处理、镉处理及其交互处理对巨菌草生物量积累和光合作用均有一定抑制作用,但各处理巨菌草的耐性系数均较高;叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在各处理下均不同程度升高,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性在交互处理下显著升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在镉处理和交互处理下显著降低。(2)与单一处理相比,无论从生物量积累,还是叶片活性氧引起的细胞膜受损伤程度(用MDA表示)来看,交互处理并没有引起更严重的负面效应。(3)镉和交互处理下巨菌草各器官的镉含量均显著增加,且主要积累在根部;与镉处理相比,交互处理显著降低巨菌草的镉富集量,但未显著降低其地上部镉富集量。研究发现,巨菌草具有较强的耐旱性和抗镉污染的能力,干旱与镉交互处理并不会造成更严重的叠加负面影响,但会显著降低巨菌草地下部的镉富集量;在受到干旱及镉污染交互影响的区域种植巨菌草具有良好的修复前景。     

水生维管束植物受镉污染后的生理变化及受害机制初探

镉污染后的水生维管束植物其叶绿素a/b值随水体镉浓度的增加而下降,叶绿素含量与镉浓度呈极显著的负相关。叶细胞膜透性与镉浓度呈极显著的正相关。不同抗性种叶片可溶性糖含量均随镉浓度增加而升高,但抗性种的增加率要小得多。镉对根系脱氢酶的活性产生抑制,且随镉浓度升高,活性相应下降。对过氧化物酶同工酶谱也产生明显的影响。这些在环境监测中可作为生理指标。凝胶层析表明,具有抗性的凤眼莲的可溶性成分中,存在着高分子镉复合物(>70,000)、分子量为13,300的镉复合物和低分子量镉螯合物及游离态镉。不抗种的紫背萍缺乏第二种镉复合物。     

镉超积累植物及植物镉积累特性转基因改良研究进展

植物提取修复技术是一项既经济又环保的土壤镉(Cd)污染修复技术,该技术的关键是筛选Cd超积累植物或利用基因工程手段改良植物以提高其Cd积累能力。人们已发现遏兰菜等7种Cd超积累植物及美人蕉等潜在的Cd超积累植物。还发现了许多与Cd耐受和积累能力有关的基因:(1)编码与Cd积累、耐受有关酶的基因,如细菌中的ACC(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid),植物中的PCS(Phytochelatin Synthase)基因;(2)编码金属结合蛋白的基因:MT(Metallothionein)、转运蛋白(P-type ATPase、ABC型转运器)基因;(3)其它相关基因:Hvhsp17、PvSR2(Phaseolus vulgaris stress-related gene number 2)等。并将其中的一些基因转入到其它生物中,提高了其对Cd的耐受性和积累量,为实现Cd污染土壤修复的目标奠定基础。     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明： 施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛（MDA）的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响水

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

微藻去除重金属镉的抗性机理研究进展

与水体中重金属去除的传统方法相比,生物吸附法是一种更具经济效益和环境效益的技术。微藻由于自身的廉价性和高吸附性已成为高效生物吸附剂的材料来源。要评价微藻在镉(Cd)去除方面的应用潜力,解析微藻抗重金属的机理是必要条件。因此,本文从抗Cd微藻种类,Cd对微藻光合作用、生长及结构的影响,胞外吸附的机理,胞内积累的机理,以及基因调控水平,阐述了目前微藻抗Cd的研究进展,以期为后续的研究提供理论帮助。     

植物修复在抗生素污染治理中的应用研究进展

抗生素的环境污染问题日益严峻,如何对抗生素污染的水体和土壤进行有效的原位处理已然成为亟待解决的问题.植物修复是具有处理成本低、二次污染可控、易于后续处理、不破坏土壤和河流生态环境等优势的绿色、原位修复技术,已被证明是可用于抗生素污染治理的处理技术之一.因此,通过文献搜索和总结分析,作者们对植物修复在抗生素污染治理中的应...     

鼠类种内个性差异对种子传播影响的研究进展

鼠类–植物种子互作关系是森林生态系统研究的重点之一,对森林生态系统结构和功能维持具有重要意义。许多研究关注了鼠类的行为习性、种群动态、群落结构、种间合作与竞争以及植物的种子特征和环境因素等对鼠类与植物种子取食和传播关系的影响。然而,从种群内个体差异的角度探讨鼠类种子传播作用的研究较少,鼠类种内特征(尤其是鼠类个性)为理解种子命运的巨大变化提供了另一种方法。近年来,动物的个性及其生态效应逐渐受到关注,但是将动物的个性与种子传播等生态服务联系起来的理论和研究案例较为少见,妨碍了人们对动物个性如何影响种子传播进而影响植物更新机制的理解。本文结合近年来动物个性研究进展,初步阐述了鼠类个性研究现状;介绍了测量鼠类个性的常用方法(如旷场实验、出现实验和洞板实验等)以及这些方法测量了鼠类哪些个性;着重讨论了鼠类个性对植物种子传播的影响,强调了鼠类单一个性(如勇敢性、活跃性和探索性等)与种子传播的关系;总结了鼠类个性介导种子传播的生态、进化和保护意义。在今后的研究中要设计适合的野生鼠个性测量方法,长期监测不同个性鼠类与种子传播的关系,实现理论预测和实证研究的整合。     

土壤镉污染对大蒜幼苗生长及根系抗氧化系统的影响

通过土培实验研究了镉污染胁迫对大蒜幼苗生长及根系抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:与对照组比较,土壤低浓度镉对大蒜幼苗生长略有促进作用,单株鲜质量、干质量、根长及地上部分高度略有增加,而根系活力、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物坡化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高,抗氧化防御酶系统仍保持平衡,表现在膜脂质过氧化产物(MDA)含量与对照组无明显差异;但随着土壤镉浓度的进一步增加,大蒜平均单株鲜质量、干质量、平均最大根长及地上部分高度均显著降低,同时,根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量增幅逐渐减弱,抗氧化防御酶系统平衡受到破坏,根系MDA含量显著上升.大蒜对镉吸收积累主要在根部,而向地上部分转运较少.     

持久性有机污染土壤的植物修复及其机理研究进展

随着人类对化学品的依赖程度越来越高,环境的有机污染状况也越来越严重.有机污染土壤的植物修复是指利用植物在生长过程中,吸收、降解、钝化有机污染物的一种原位处理污染土壤的方法,具有应用成本低、生态风险小、对环境副作用小等特点.本文综述了近年来国内外有机污染土壤的植物修复研究进展情况,重点介绍了多氯联苯、多环芳烃、农药和硝基芳香化合物等持久性有机污染物的植物修复,阐述了有机污染土壤植物修复的关键机制,并分析了该技术在实际工程应用中的局限性及应考虑的因素.最后,指出了今后该领域的重点研究方向.     

花生镉污染研究进展

花生既是世界主要的油料作物,又是重要的植物蛋白来源和食品加工原料.随着花生直接食用和食品加工的不断增加,国际上对花生籽粒Cd含量问题越来越关注.我国是世界上重要的花生生产国和出口国.近年来,花生Cd含量偏高已经成为制约我国出口贸易的重要因素.本文从花生籽粒Cd富集能力、花生Cd含量的种内差异、籽粒中Cd的分布规律、影响花生籽粒Cd积累的机制和降低花生籽粒Cd含量技术等方面,对花生Cd污染研究的现状与问题进行了论述.指出在花生Cd污染控制方面有2种策略可以考虑,一是降低花生对土壤Cd的吸收;二是控制Cd向籽粒的迁移富集.为此需要从3个方面加强对花生籽粒Cd积累机制的研究,即花生根系活性特征参数及其与籽粒Cd积累的关系;花生果荚Cd吸收机制及其对籽粒Cd含量的贡献;花生植株体内Cd迁移机制及其与籽粒Cd含量的关系.     

Boron mobility in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

In most plant families, boron (B) is phloem immobile. For plants such as peanut which bury their fruit, the mechanism for B delivery and the B source for fruit and seed growth remains enigmatic. Therefore, this study aimed to establish evidence of B retranslocation in peanut and to identify its importance in plant development. In a sand culture experiment, the increase in B contents in new organs after B withdrawal and the corresponding decline in B contents in older organs was evidence of B redistribution. In a foliar ¹⁰B experiment, the ¹⁰B abundance of treated-leaves decreased and ¹⁰B was detected in leaves and flowers formed after the application of foliar B. Application of ¹⁰B to the roots for a period also provided evidence for the retranslocation of ¹⁰B accumulated during the first growth period. The ¹⁰B abundance in older plant parts declined and ¹⁰B appeared in new organs (flowers, pegs, leaves) that had developed after the ¹⁰B supply had been replaced by ¹¹B. In the fourth experiment, foliar application of B reduced hollow heart, a symptom of B deficiency in seeds, in cv. TAG 24 from 39 to 8% and in Tainan 9 from 63 to 18%. These experiments all provide evidence for B retranslocation in peanut, but further work on the relative importance of the xylem and phloem pathways for B loading into the fruit is needed.     

Uptake and partitioning of cadmium by cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Cadmium has been found to accumulate in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) kernels to levels exceeding the current maximum permitted concentration in Australia of 0.1 mg kg^-1. Little is known of the mechanisms of Cd uptake into kernels by cultivars of peanut, so the aims of the experiments reported here were to determine if Cd is absorbed directly through the pod wall or via the main root system, and if differences exist between cultivars in this respect. Split-pot soil and sand/nutrient solution experiments were performed with two cultivars of peanut (cv. NC7 and Streeton) known to accumulate Cd to different levels in the kernel. The growth medium was separated into pod and root zones with Cd concentrations in each zone varied. In confirmation of previous field trial results, cv. NC7 had higher concentrations of Cd in kernels, given the same Cd levels in the external medium (solution or soil). Despite total Cd uptake by cv. NC7 being similar to cv. Streeton, cv. NC7 appeared to retain more Cd in the roots and translocate less Cd to shoots. Results from both soil and sand/solution culture indicated that the dominant path of Cd uptake by peanut was via the main root system, with direct pod uptake contributing less than 5% of the total Cd in the kernel. There was little difference between cultivars in this characteristic. This indicates that unlike Ca nutrition of peanuts, agronomic techniques to manage Cd uptake will require modification of soil to the full depth of root exploration, rather than just the surface strata where pods develop. Cadmium concentrations in testa were up to an order of magnitude higher than in the kernel, indicating that blanching of kernels would be effective in reducing Cd in the marketed product. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

花生对镉胁迫的生理响应及品种间差异

深入研究花生镉毒害机理对于筛选和利用抗镉污染花生种质资源具有重要的理论和实际意义.本文以14个花生品种为材料,以花期花生功能叶叶绿素含量、根系和叶片丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性和根系氧化活力等生理参数为指标,利用人工气候箱砂培试验,研究了6种Cd浓度胁迫下花生植株的生理毒害反应及其品种间遗传差异.结果表明: 在0～60 mg Cd ·L^-1范围内,随着营养液添加Cd浓度的增加,花生叶绿素含量和根氧化活力极显著降低,根、叶细胞膜透性和根、叶丙二醛含量极显著增加,且品种与Cd浓度间具有显著交互作用; 花生根、叶细胞膜透性是对镉胁迫响应最为敏感的生理参数,而叶绿素含量对镉胁迫响应相对不敏感; 各生理参数与营养液Cd浓度关系的线性回归方程的斜率(b)与截距(a)之比值的绝对值︱b/a︱能够较好地描述不同花生品种对镉胁迫的敏感性.对6个生理参数的︱b/a︱值进行综合赋值及敏感性五级聚类分析得知,在供试花生品种中,“中花4号”、“湘农55号”和“湘农3010-w”等3个品种对镉反应高度敏感(Ⅰ级);“莱农29”、“湘农小果w2-7”、“丰花2号”、“莱农13”、“豫花15号”和“丰花3号”等6个品种反应敏感(Ⅱ级);“湘农312”、“祁阳小籽”和“平度01”等3个品种反应一般(Ⅲ级);“花育23 ”和“花育20”等两个品种反应钝感(Ⅳ级).     

Fungal populations in the rhizosphere of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary A comparison of fungal populations in the rhizospheres of eight varieties of peanut grown in a red lateritic soil amended with farmyard manure was made by the dilution-plate technique. There was a marked increase in fungi in the rhizospheres of TMV 2, TMV 4, Pollachi Red and EC 1698, the increase was smaller in Spanish Improved and RS 1 while very little rhizosphere effect was shown by TMV 3 and Pondicherry 8. Age of the plant had a significant influence on numbers of fungi in the rhizosphere. High R/S ratios were obtained when the plants were 30 days old, at which time attained maximum vegetative growth and started to flower. The ratios gradually decreased after that age until the plants were three months old when there was again a small increase. This later rise in fungal populations is interpreted to be due to an increase in microbial activity around dead or senescent roots. No correlation could be established between numbers of root nodules produced by a variety and its rhizosphere effect. Preferential stimulation of certain fungi in the rhizosphere of some of the varieties was noticed.     

Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Somatic embryos were induced from immature cotyledons and immature embryonal axis ofArachis hypogaea L. on L-6 basal medium supplemented with NAA, picloram or 2,4-D at 5–50 mg 1^-1. Immature embryonal axis produced a higher number of somatic embryos in comparison with immature cotyledons. The highest number of responding cultures was produced on medium supplemented with NAA (50 mg 1^-1), while the highest average number of somatic embryos per culture was produced on medium with 2,4-D (10 or 20 mg 1^-1) and picloram (30 mg 1^-1) from cotyledons. The somatic embryos developed into plants on basal medium supplemented with activated charcoal and about 100 plants were successfully transferred to the field. Acknowledgement: The authors wish to thank Nuclear Agriculture Division, BARC for supplyingA. hypogaea seeds and Mr. R.M. Mudliar for photography.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Transgenic peanut plants were produced using Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer. Primary leaf explants of peanut were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404 harbouring the binary plasmid pBI 121 (conferring -glucuronidase activity and resistance to kanamycin) and cultured on regeneration medium supplemented with kanamycin to select putatively transformed shoots. They were rooted and plants were transferred to soil. Stable integration and expression of the transgenes were confirmed by NPT II assay, Southern blot hybridization and GUS assay.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - GUS -glucuronidase - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - NOS nopaline synthase - NPT II neomycin phosphotransferase II - SDS Lauryl sulfate     

Gene transfer into peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Introduction of foreign genes into plant tissues via Agrobacterium tumefaciens based vectors requires specific knowledge of Agrobacterium-host compatibility. Therefore, to develop a transformation protocol for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), five Brazilian cultivars were screened with four wild-type A.tumefaciens strains. Successful transformation was dependent on specific bacterial strain-plant cultivar interactions and strain A281 was the most effective for tumor induction. Tumors displayed hormone autonomous growth, were opine positive and contained DNA that was homologous to the T-DNA of the inciting strain. Tumors induced on seed and seedling explants by A281 (pTD02) also expressed the reporter genes gus and npt-II contained in the binary vector. These results show that peanut is a permissive host for the acceptance of genes from specific A.tumefaciens gene vectors.Abbreviations GUS ß-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) - NPT-II neomycin phosphotransferase II (EC 2.7.1.95) - EDTA ethylene-diamine-tetracetic acid     

Utility of EST-derived SSR in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Arachis wild species

Background  

Lack of sufficient molecular markers hinders current genetic research in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). It is necessary to develop more molecular markers for potential use in peanut genetic research. With the development of peanut EST projects, a vast amount of available EST sequence data has been generated. These data offered an opportunity to identify SSR in ESTs by data mining.