The Innovative Materiality of Revitalization Movements: Lessons from the Pueblo Revolt of 1680

ABSTRACT  Although Wallace's revitalization movement model has been successfully utilized in scores of ethnographic and ethnohistorical studies of societies throughout the world, revitalization is considerably less well documented in archaeological contexts. An examination of the materiality of revitalization movements affords an opportunity to redress this lack by investigating how material culture creates and constrains revitalization phenomena. In this article, I reconsider the revitalization model through a case study focusing on the archaeology of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, emphasizing the central role of materiality in the formation and mediation of these movements. In doing so, I examine the archaeological signatures of revitalization movements, concluding that they are highly negotiated and heterogeneous phenomena and that the materiality of these episodes cultivates cultural innovation. I also seek to demonstrate that the distinctive types of material culture produced through revitalization are not epiphenomenal but, rather, are crucially constitutive of revitalizing processes.     

The Fate of Utopia: Adaptive Tactics in Four Japanese Groups

Utopian groups, like other kinds of revitalization movements, work to create a new "cultural end-state." This implies, at the very least, a mild rejection of some of the present norms and institutions of the ambient society. To be allowed to continue its work, a utopian community must adopt to the demands of its cultural milieu, but at the same time it must do so in ways consonant with the group self-image. This essay reports on the adaptive tactics used by four Japanese utopian groups in dealing with present-day state institutions and with the public at large. It argues that in the study of utopian groups—and by extension revitalizations and revolutions—we must examine adaptive tactics as carefully as group goals if we hope to understand the fate of purposeful action in complex civilizations.     

Mayan Language Revival and Revitalization Politics: Linguists and Linguistic Ideologies

Although spoken by a relatively large population, Mayan languages show signs of language shift and loss because the children in some of the speech communities are no longer learning the language. At the same time, Mayas are participating in a movement of cultural reaffirmation, a principle focus of which is language. Maya linguists are central in formulating and reshaping language ideologies to further the goals of revitalization, and they play a significant role in cultural/linguistic activism. This article shows the extent of the contribution of linguistics to Mayan language vitality through an analysis of language ideologies and how they have been reformulated by Maya linguists, and by a review of an apparently successful attempt at reversing language loss that has arisen through an integrated community-based program of cultural revitalization that centers, to a large extent, on language and makes specific use of linguistics. [Keywords: language shift, language ideologies, language revitalization, Mayan languages, Maya movement]     

Language revitalization in Native North America--issues of intellectual property rights and intellectual sovereignty

Language revitalization, oral tradition and epistemology are expressions of Native peoples intellectual sovereignty, and thus the foundation for indigenous intellectual property rights. As the people of California move towards language and cultural revitalization the question arises: What constitutes or constructs the definitions of intellectual property and how can appropriation of indigenous knowledge be protected? Looking at the issues faced by the California's indigenous populace and by implication, other indigenous peoples in the United States, this essay examines how protection may be afforded under the United Nations definition of 'heritage'. Given that the holding safe of a 'culture' or 'heritage' is inclusive of language, and thus has been determined to be a human right.     

乡村振兴视角下农户生态系统服务依赖度及多层次影响因素

厘清乡村振兴视角下农户生态系统服务依赖度及其多层次影响因素对落实乡村振兴措施、改善农户福祉具有一定实践意义。以生态脆弱区陕西省米脂县为例,基于价值法评估农户生态系统服务依赖度,同时分析乡村振兴视角下服务依赖度的村庄差异和农户差异,最后利用多层次模型揭示服务依赖度的影响因素。结果如下：(1)农户的服务依赖度均值为0.673;农户主要依赖供给服务,对调节和文化服务依赖较低;供给服务中主要依赖作物收益,对水果和牲畜依赖度较低。(2)示范村农户的服务依赖度高于非示范村,且各类服务依赖度存在较强村庄异质性。“作物+牲畜+调节服务”“作物+水果+调节服务”与“作物+调节服务”类型农户占比约80%,依赖度分别为0.690、0.835、0.410;服务类型多样化指数为2.882,且示范村多样化指数高于非示范村。(3)环境变量中,土壤保持能力较高的村庄,农户对作物与牲畜的依赖度越高;政府资金投入较多的村庄,农户对水果和文化服务的依赖度越高;海拔与水果依赖度呈现显著正相关,人口密度与调节服务呈显著负相关。     

"Ma'iingan Is Just a Misspelling of the Word Wolf": A Case for Teaching Culture through Language

Framed by the English language and positioned as a distinct subject, Ojibwe culture and language are often appreciated by students rather than taught for a deeper understanding or fluency, or used as the language of instruction in tribal schools. Ojibwe culture and language have been "added on" to existing school curriculum, an approach that changes the meaning of culture. In this article I critique the add-on approach and propose that teaching through the Indigenous language (immersion) supports cultural and language revitalization in a more fundamental way.     

Introduction: Comparative Perspectives on the Indigenous Rights Movement in Africa and the Americas

Using ethnographic case studies, these "In Focus" articles explore the indigenous rights movements in two regions, Africa and the Americas, where the histories, agendas, and dynamics of the movements are at once similar and different. They consider a range of relevant questions about the politics of representation, recognition, resources, and rights as these movements engage shifting political and economic landscapes; transnational discourses, alliances, and organizations; and the complicated cultural politics of inclusion and exclusion invoked by the term indigenous. As such, they offer a critical, comparative perspective on the issues of culture, power, representation, and difference inherent in the complicated alliances, articulations, and tensions that have produced and transformed the transnational indigenous rights movement. This introduction provides a brief history of the movement, highlights some major themes in previous anthropological work, reviews the insights of the section articles, and explores some of the ways in which anthropologists have engaged with the movement. [Keywords: indigenous peoples, social movements, cultural politics, ethnography]     

God,Fatherland, Home: revealing the dark side of our anthropological virtue

The article uses ethnographic research on right-wing anti-government movements in Bolivia conducted at the height of social conflict and cultural violence in 2008 and 2009 to reflect more generally on the relationship between anthropological research, ethical commitment, and the politics of knowledge. The article first describes the relevant epistemological and political contexts in which engaged anthropology emerged as an important disciplinary current. It then goes on to consider how and why the author's research on right-wing political practice in Bolivia diverged from the disciplinary expectations of engaged anthropology. After reflecting on the implications of this shift, the article concludes by arguing for a methodological recalibration that allows anthropologists to take seriously the ideologies and cultural logics of contemporary right-wing mobilization, particularly social and political movements that are animated by what Edmund Burke described as ‘just prejudice’.     

Social Identity and Culture Change on the Southern Northwest Coast

Driven by the participation of Native American people in the contemporary political, cultural, and academic landscape of North America, public and academic discussions have considered the nature of contemporary American Indian identity and the persistence, survival, and (to some) reinvention of Native American cultures and traditions. I use a case study—the historical anthropology of the Native American people of the Oregon coast—to examine the persistence of many American Indian people through the colonial period and the subsequent revitalization of "traditional" cultural practices. Drawing on archaeological data, ethnohistorical accounts, and oral traditions, I offer a reading of how, set against and through an ancestral landscape, traditional social identities and relationships of gender and authority were constructed and contested. I then consider how American Indian people negotiated the new sets of social relationships dictated by the dominant society.     

Crosscurrents: Social Movements and the Anthropology of Science and Technology

Along with growth and acceptance of the anthropology of science and technology has come a narrowing of focus both topically and methodologically. An alternative topic of inquiry (social movements) and an alternative method (a limited return to nomothetic inquiry) offer potential for research that is relevant to both social change actors and social scientists such as sociologists and political scientists. A comparative analysis of existing anthropological research on science, technology, and social movements provides the basis for limited generalizations regarding the types and circumstances of charged cultural repertoires that both social movements and elites invoke.     

The terms of the debate: Untangling language about ethnicity and ethnic movements

Theoretical debates on ethnicity suffer from a general confusion about the divergent meanings which academics ascribe to key terms. ‘Primordialist’ approaches include biological, psychological and cultural explanations, whose conflation tends to confuse proponents and critics alike. ‘Instrumentalist’ approaches conflate all ethnic movements within a profile of political opportunism, failing to recognize the varying degrees to which underlying social‐institutional incompatibilities may contribute to ethnic conflict. ‘Constructivist’ approaches vacillate between a focus on the influence of intellectual ethnic discourse and an understanding of ethnic identity as developing out of wider bodies of social experience. Greater attention to the varying contribution of ‘deep’ culture to ethnic conflict can clarify why these subschools find such differences among ethnic movements, which can indeed be understood to vary along a spectrum of political functions: at one pole, ethnic movements seek to inflate ethnic sentiment for political purposes; at the other, they seek rather to reconstruct the existing political position of a distinct cultural formation. This distinction can permit more appropriate policy‐making towards the resolution of ethnic conflict, yet raises new challenges to the biases of the researcher.     

海上丝路东海航线之濑户内海区域的景观振兴观察

濑户内海海域作为日本重要的商旅之路、近现代最大的新兴工业聚集地区以及海上丝路东海航线的延展,一直保有重要的文化意义和价值。国内现有研究分散于环境治理、工业布局、艺术活动等方面,但未能揭示该海域发展中社会、环境等因素的整体状况。为研究该海域的固有环境景观变迁问题,对日本社会各界与不同层面导入的濑户内海治理、振兴的研究及实践活动进行了综合考查。结合其历史信息与变迁过程,通过对相关法律法规及课题探讨的梳理,可发现,在统领于广义景观概念下的基础研究、创新研究、细节对策3个方面,对促进该区域的振兴工作有着显著的影响。同时其景观策略具有社会各界广泛参与的特征。     

The Praxis of Indigenism and Alaska Native Timber Politics

This article addresses the most recent discourse on indigenism in Southeast Alaska that has emerged around the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 and its subsequent revisions. It argues that one must consider the "politics of recognition" in Southeast Alaska in terms of the larger political dynamics that shape state and industry access to resources, especially commercially valuable stands of timber. In Southeast Alaska, recognition of Native claims has allowed industrial timber and pulp producers to, in effect, circumvent environmental laws aimed at curbing production, thus allowing them to continue devastating the living conditions of many Natives. Among the local responses to the manipulation of Native claims and identity, the all–Native, radical Christian churches that have taken a strong stance against the recent, corporate–sponsored, cultural revitalization are unique in their resistance to indigenist politics. [Keywords: indigenism, Alaska Natives, development, Pentecostalism]     

Vitality and erosion of Molise Croatian dialect

This paper gives a presentation of the condition of an endangered language located on the southern part of the Italian peninsula, spoken by a small community of transplanted Slavic population who fled the Eastern Adriatic coast during the Turkish invasion of the Balkan peninsula and have lived in complete isolation from related Slavic languages for five centuries surrounded by a majority of Italian speaking population. The overview of contact induced changes shows a high level of interferences at all structural levels resulting in a relatively stable mixed idiom. Preservation and revitalization efforts are discussed particularly in relation to the importance of writing and codification of the language as well as possible steps that can be undertaken in view of the link between language and the group cultural identity.     

‘Our bones are made of Iron’: the political ecology of Garhwali women's activism

In the Garhwal Himalaya of India's Uttarakhand State, a series of social movements emerged in the late 2000s to contest hydroelectric dams on a tributary of the sacred River Ganga. Within these opposition movements, men often took high‐profile leadership roles whereas women from a range of socio‐economic backgrounds formed the overwhelming base of participation at meetings, assemblies, and rallies. This article draws from event‐based participation and semi‐structured interviews to explore the diverse concerns that women gave to explain their engagements with opposition efforts. I counter essentialist frames and employ a feminist political ecology approach to argue that the gendered dynamics are attributable to historical, cultural, religious, and political‐economic influences. The article contributes to anthropologies of gender, environment, and social movements by taking an approach focused on disparities of practice and power that helps situate Garhwali women's roles in development contestations.     

Contradictions and Complexities—Current Perspectives on Pacific Islander Mobilities

From the first movements of people towards the Pacific Islands millennia ago to recent transnational migration in a globalised world, translocal mobility has been a central aspect of the social lives, cultures and histories of many Pacific Islanders. While Oceania has always been an area of migration as well as cultural and economic exchange, current transnational Pacific movements are deeply embedded in a twentieth- and twenty-first-century global phenomenon, which Castles and Miller [2009. The Age of Migration. International Population Movements in the Modern World. Houndsmill: MacMillan Press. (1993 1st edition)] have called the ‘age of migration’. This essay gives an overview of Pacific Islander migration and its patterns and motives as presented in previous studies. It shows how useful cultural categories can be for a deeper understanding of notions of moving and staying, two pluralistic and not contradictorily perceived concepts for Pacific Islanders that are crucial in transnational migration. With its focus on transnational migration and the challenges experienced by Fijians in the UK and Japan, and Micronesian Chuukese in Guam, Hawai'i, and the US mainland, this introduction concludes by analysing how the case studies presented in this special issue contribute to and complement current anthropological perspectives on Pacific Islanders’ multiple and complex forms of transnationalism.     

Cultural Modulation of Face and Gaze Scanning in Young Children

Previous research has demonstrated that the way human adults look at others’ faces is modulated by their cultural background, but very little is known about how such a culture-specific pattern of face gaze develops. The current study investigated the role of cultural background on the development of face scanning in young children between the ages of 1 and 7 years, and its modulation by the eye gaze direction of the face. British and Japanese participants’ eye movements were recorded while they observed faces moving their eyes towards or away from the participants. British children fixated more on the mouth whereas Japanese children fixated more on the eyes, replicating the results with adult participants. No cultural differences were observed in the differential responses to direct and averted gaze. The results suggest that different patterns of face scanning exist between different cultures from the first years of life, but differential scanning of direct and averted gaze associated with different cultural norms develop later in life.     

乡村振兴背景下华中农业大学“三生”专业人才培养改革与实践

乡村振兴是实现农业农村现代化的必由之路,农业高校承担着服务乡村振兴人才培养的历史使命。其中,生物工程、生物技术、生物科学专业(简称“三生”专业)人才在乡村振兴战略中起着重要的支撑作用。然而,农业高校“三生”专业人才培养方面存在学生知农爱农情怀待加强、学生自主选修空间需扩大、实践教学要强化等问题。本文以华中农业大学为例,提出新时代加强“三生”专业建设的举措,如加强情怀教育、重构课程体系、推进协同育人、加强师资建设、建立质量文化等,以培养高素质的“三生”专业人才,服务乡村振兴战略。     

混农林生态系统服务研究进展

混农林产业是兼顾生态环境修复、土壤资源可持续利用与社会经济效益共赢的生态治理衍生产业,将生态系统服务与混农林实践相结合既是全球生态系统服务研究的主要前沿之一,也是推进石漠化治理向生态产业振兴与生态系统服务提升融合阶段转变的具体路径。研究系统回顾了混农林生态系统服务的研究进展与特征,揭示了混农林生态系统服务与喀斯特地区产业振兴的内在关系,从混农林生态系统服务认知、评估与决策三个层面探讨了喀斯特地区产业振兴的方向,强调未来喀斯特地区应围绕混农林生态系统服务的级联机理、供需关系、权衡协同及影响因素等层面为混农林产业振兴提供决策支撑,进而更好地服务于喀斯特地区以巩固石漠化治理成效,提升生态系统服务,助力乡村振兴。     

Mongolian Ethnicity and Linguistic Anxiety in China

Language is one of the official criteria of defining a nationality in socialist China, but it simultaneously has been subjected to an "ideology of contempt" by the Chinese regime that builds nationality only to destroy it. This article examines the linguistic anxiety displayed by the Mongols and their controversial language revitalization efforts in a social environment in which they have become an absolute minority even while they have formal autonomy under their name. The tremendous cost—both emotional and economic—at which such language maintenance comes suggests that nationality in China may not be understood as primarily cultural but, instead, as political. As more Mongols lose their language, arguably the last bastion of their "nationality" status, they face the prospect of becoming a deinstitutionalized, depoliticized, and deterritorialized "ethnic group" in a racialized "Chinese Nation." [Keywords: language, nationality, ethnic group, Mongols, Chinese National Multiculturalism]