9个小麦品种(系)比较试验中的主要农艺性状

目的:通过对9个小麦品种(系)的比较试验中的主要农艺性状统计分析,筛选出比较适宜现阶段在贵阳地区乃至贵州省栽培的高产优质小麦品种(系)。方法:9个小麦品种(系)在试验地里随机区组排列,3次重复,记录小麦的全生育期,出苗数,田间生育期,株高,有效分蘖数,每株干重,穗长,穗粒重等,并在Excell上进行统计分析。结果:全生育期在200天左右,出苗数有3个超过100万/ha,最低只有44．8万/ha,株高在50 cm以上的有6个品种(系),3个在40 cm-50 cm之间,有效分蘖数400万/ha以上的有3个,最低的是199．1万/ha,每株干重最高是8．5 g,最低是5．7 g,穗长整齐度除98-22外都优于对照,经LSR法测验表明,贵农15,黔98353,黔麦15分别与夏繁29,98-28,贵单5号,黔98284-82,黔0110都达到差异显著水平,贵农15,黔98353,黔麦15分别与98-22达到差异极显著水平,其余的差异皆不明显。结论:可以初步得出贵农15,黔98353,黔麦15目前可以作为在贵阳地区推广种植的较优品种(系)。     

Cross prediction studies on spring barley

Summary Additive genetic, dominance genetic and environmental correlations between pairs of agronomically important characters in five spring barley crosses were calculated from estimates of the components of variance and covariance, obtained by Triple Test Cross analysis. Phenotypic correlations were calculated from the Triple Test Cross family means and compared to the additive genetic correlations. Phenotypic correlations were generally lower than the additive genetic correlations and, occasionally, of different sign. The highest phenotypic correlations between single plant yield and its components were found with number of tillers whereas these were the lowest additive genetic correlations, thousand grain weight giving the highest. High dominance genetic correlations were found between single plant yield and both grain number and thousand grain weight thus indirect early generation selection for single plant yield using these two characters would be ineffective. Additive and dominance genetic correlations confirm association of the erectoides dwarfing gene with low thousand grain weight and plant yield.     

大豆的农艺性状与大豆灰斑病抗性关系的初步分析

对大豆灰斑病抗性水平不同的品种资源的农艺性状,包括结荚习性、株型、叶形、花色、茸毛色进行调查分析,结果表明,在灰斑病抗性较好的品种中,分枝型、圆叶、紫花、棕色茸毛的品种所占比率较大,这种现象可供今后灰斑病抗源筛选及抗灰斑病育种参考.     

云南茶树地方品种农艺性状与品质性状遗传多样性分析

为发掘具有优异农艺性状与品质性状的茶树品种资源,对51份云南茶树地方品种进行农艺和品质性状遗传多样性分析。结果表明,云南茶树地方品种农艺和品质性状存在丰富的遗传变异,农艺性状变异系数平均为25.84%,多样性指数平均为1.94;生化成分变异系数平均为16.53%,多样性指数平均为1.88;茶叶感官审评红茶品质总分达87.5分～94.2分,绿茶品质总分达78.8分～91.5分,茶树品种红、绿茶适制性的多样性指数平均为0.92和0.94;聚类分析将供试材料分为3类：第Ⅰ类品种主要适合制作红茶,第Ⅱ类品种主要适合制作绿茶,第Ⅲ类为生化成分特异性品种。并从中筛选出18份优异品种资源,为今后的生产和育种提供利用。     

低温下茄子成株期几个农艺性状的遗传分析

利用耐低温性不同的6份茄子材料,按Griffing方法Ⅱ配制完全双列杂交组合,对亲本与F1进行低温处理(日间15～20℃,夜间10℃),在成株期调查耐低温性、株高、株幅、结果数、产量、单果重等性状,研究上述性状的遗传规律及相互间的关系。结果表明:低温处理后株高、株幅的差异不显著,耐低温性、结果数、产量和单果重量差异显著,耐低温性、结果数、产量和单果重的遗传符合加性-显性模型,广义遗传力分别为84.030%、68.110%、94.711%和58.921%,狭义遗传力分别为75.821%、60.801%、6.191%和49.632%。相关分析表明,结果数对耐低温性来说是一个重要性状,其他性状影响较小。     

西藏小麦资源在都江堰试种的表现及评价

对125份来源于西藏的小麦地方品种进行农艺性状分析和评价。结果显示,西藏小麦植株高度总体偏高,少数适中。分蘖数多数在10个以下,少数偏多。穗长、小穗数的单位长度着生的小穗数存在明显差异,存在一些密穗类型和多小穗类型。多数小麦品种穗粒数不少,但千粒重明显偏低。性状相关分析表明,随着分集数增多、穗长增长、小穗数增多,株高有增加的趋势,而株高的增加又导致了千粒重的降低。小穗数多其穗长通常比较长。中时西藏小麦资源进行了评价、利用方式进行了探讨、在都江堰与西藏表现差异的原因进行了分析。     

国外绿豆种质资源农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

以来自15个国家和地区的352份绿豆种质资源为材料,评价其5个质量性状和10个数量性状的遗传变异水平。结果表明:除美国等5个不同地区的14份材料未正常开花结荚外,其余338份材料的农艺性状具丰富的遗传变异。其中质量性状中叶形和幼茎色的遗传多样性指数最高(0.69),数量性状中荚长(2.08)和百粒重(2.07)的最高。UPGMA聚类将338份参试材料分为6大类群,各类群有其独特的性状特征,其中第5类群早熟、矮秆、大粒,可为杂交育种亲本选配提供理想亲本。亚蔬(ARC-AVRDC)(泰国)、菲律宾、印度、印度尼西亚、韩国、美国和俄罗斯等7个不同地理区域材料间具有显著的遗传变异,其中俄罗斯的遗传多样性指数最高,韩国最低;印度尼西亚的生育期较短,主茎节数、单荚粒数、单株荚数和单株产量最高,属于早熟、大粒、高产的种质,可以为我国新品种的选育提供基础材料;UPGMA聚类可将这7个不同地理区域的材料划分为3类,其中印尼和韩国的材料各被划分为一类,其他5个国家聚为第Ⅲ类,群体间的性状表现与其地理来源有一定的关系。     

一个新的小麦核不育材料的发现和鉴定

从轮选可育株衍生的后代中发现一个雄性不育株,即P740不育材料。在P7 40不育材料第1、2、3次姊妹交后代中,可育株与不育株的分离比分别符合4:1、 7:5和15:13。在第2次姊妹交后代中可育株产生的40个株系中,7个株系的育性分离比是15:1,33个株系是3:1,二者约分别占1/7和6/7。以上结果表明,P740是一个双隐性基因控制的核雄性不育材料。本文提出了计算隐性核不育材料姊妹交后代育性分离比率的公式。Abstract:A male sterile material was found in the progeny derived from a fertile plant in the population of recurrent selection.The ratios of fertile to sterile plants in three sib-mating of the male sterile material with fertile plants were to 4:1,7:5 and 15:13,respcctively.In the 40 plant lines derived from the fertile plants of second sib-mating population,33 lines approximated to the segregation ratio of 3(fertile):a double recessive nuclear male sterile material.A genetic pattern for calculation of fertile segregation in sib-mating progenies of recessive nuclear male sterile material was advanced in this paper.     

应用变色法筛选斑玉蕈优良杂交子

【目的】将变色检测方法应用于斑玉蕈优良杂交菌株的选育,缩短育种过程。【方法】采用分光光度计检测变色培养基的颜色变化,计算脱色率(D值)。【结果】变色检测培养基的颜色变化和脱色率(D值)是一致的,即培养基显示黄色时D值是正值,培养基显示蓝色时D值是负值。D值与斑玉蕈主要农艺性状具有紧密联系,D值是正值的菌株平均吃料速度比D值是负值的菌株快,单瓶产量和正常子实体数与D值呈正相关性,畸形菇数与D值呈负相关性。【结论】应用变色检测法可以快速简单地筛选出优良菌株,缩短斑玉蕈育种进程。     

不同结荚习性夏大豆种质的农艺表现及其与产量的相关分析

以533份不同结荚习性大豆种质为试验材料,研究了不同结荚习性大豆种质在黄淮夏播生态区的农艺性状表现,并对主要农艺性状和产量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:大豆种质的营养期、株高、有效分枝、单株荚数、倒伏性、株型等性状的平均值随无限-亚有限-有限结荚习性递减,生殖期、单株粒重、百粒重、小区产量等性状平均值的变化趋势则相反。相关分析表明,无限结荚习性种质的产量与株高、单株粒重呈极显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.602**、0.566**,与有效分枝、倒伏性呈显著负相关,偏相关系数分别为-0.384*、-0.451*。亚有限结荚习性种质的产量与生殖期、单株粒重呈显著、极显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.156*、0.536*,与有效分枝呈极显著负相关,偏相关系数为-0.323**。有限结荚习性种质的产量与单株粒重、株高呈极显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.433**、0.262**,与株型、单株荚数呈显著、极显著负相关,偏相关系数分别为-0.149*、-0.198**。结合不同结荚习性品种的生长特点,本研究认为,无限结荚习性品种株高较高且株高与产量呈极显著正相关,适合干旱地区种植;亚有限结荚习性品种生殖期与产量呈正相关,生殖期内生长旺盛需要较多的养分供应;有限结荚习性品种的营养生长持续时间短,株高较矮,吸收光能有限,实现高产主要依赖各性状器官间的平衡。生产中,有限结荚习性品种的营养生长期间既需要充足的肥水促其生长,又要防止旺长。     

RFLP mapping of genes affecting plant height and growth habit in rye

Summary RFLP mapping of chromosome 5R in the F₃ generation of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cross segregating for gibberellic acid (GA₃)-insensitive dwarfness (Ct2/ct2) and spring growth habit (Sp1/sp1) identified RFLP loci close to each of these agronomically important genes. The level of RFLP in the segregating population was high, and thus allowed more than half of the RFLP loci to be mapped, despite partial homozygosity in the parental F₂ plant. Eight further loci were mapped in an unrelated F₂ rye population, and a further two were placed by inference from equivalent genetic maps of related wheat chromosomes, allowing a consensus map of rye chromosome 5R, consisting of 29 points and spanning 129 cM, to be constructed. The location of the ct2 dwarfing gene was shown to be separated from the segment of the primitive 4RL translocated to 5RL, and thus the gene is probably genetically unrelated to the major GA-insensitive Rht genes of wheat located on chromosome arms 4BS and 4DS. The map position of Sp1 is consistent both with those of wheat Vrn1 and Vrn3, present on chromosome arms 5AL and 5DL, respectively, and with barley Sh2 which is distally located on chromosome arm 7L (= 5HL).     

Identification and molecular tagging of a gene from PI 289824 conferring resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) in wheat

Host-plant resistance is the most economically viable and environmentally responsible method of control for Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of leaf rust in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The identification and utilization of new resistance sources is critical to the continued development of improved cultivars as shifts in pathogen races cause the effectiveness of widely deployed genes to be short lived. The objectives of this research were to identify and tag new leaf rust resistance genes. Forty landraces from Afghanistan and Iran were obtained from the National Plant Germplasm System and evaluated under field conditions at two locations in Texas. PI 289824, a landrace from Iran, was highly resistant under field infection. Further evaluation revealed that PI 289824 is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of leaf rust races, including the currently prevalent races of leaf rust in the Great Plains area of the USA. Eight F₁ plants, 176 F₂ individuals and 139 F_2:3 families of a cross between PI 289824 and T112 (susceptible) were evaluated for resistance to leaf rust at the seedling stage. Genetic analysis indicated resistance in PI 289824 is controlled by a single dominant gene. The AFLP analyses resulted in the identification of a marker (P39 M48-367) linked to resistance. The diagnostic AFLP band was sequenced and that sequence information was used to develop an STS marker (TXW₂₀₀) linked to the gene at a distance of 2.3 cM. The addition of microsatellite markers allowed the gene to be mapped to the short arm of Chromosome 5B. The only resistance gene to be assigned to Chr 5BS is Lr52. The Lr52 gene was reported to be 16.5 cM distal to Xgwm443 while the gene in PI 289824 mapped 16.7 cM proximal to Xgwm443. Allelism tests are needed to determine the relationship between the gene in PI 289824 and Lr52. If the reported map positions are correct, the gene in PI 289824 is unique.     

小麦成熟胚无性系后代的性状表现

观察了来源于小麦成熟胚培养再生植株中R_2代无性系农艺性状的变异。结果表明;R_2无性系的株高、穗粒数、千粒重、抽穗期和穗长都发生了不同变异,每个农艺性状的变异频代率较高,并且穗系间也有变异,还对无性系的变异和利用进行了讨论。     

设施番茄套作大蒜的生物和生态效应——套播时期对不同品种大蒜生长发育和产量的影响

为探讨利用大蒜的生物和生态效应克服设施番茄连作障碍并同时生产促成大蒜,试验选用4个大蒜品种,设置3个套播期,重点分析不同套播时期不同大蒜品种的生长发育和产量。结果表明:S1(8月25日)套播比S2(9月9日)和S3(9月24日)套播大蒜出苗时间长,但出苗日期早;S1的大蒜最大叶长、叶宽、假茎高、假茎粗、株高、根数和叶片数均比后两个套播时期有优势,品种间最大叶长、叶宽、假茎粗、株高、根数都以G64大于其他3个品种;早播促进大蒜鳞茎膨大,鳞茎最大直径、最小直径、纵径和周长以G64最大,其次是G87;G64的单头重极显著大于其他3个品种,产量最高。以S1套播时,G64比露地大蒜提早上市30—35d,价格提高60%,产值为32614元/hm2。所以,G64和8月25日是试验推荐的设施番茄套作大蒜适宜品种和套播时期。     

远缘杂交在转移有益基因创造小麦新种质中的潜力

本文概述了小麦远缘杂交技术的发展以及这些技术的应用对以染色体易位方式转移有益基因到普通小麦中的影响。通过对小麦远缘杂交技术的总结得出,普通小麦由于本身的多倍性,对导入的外源基因具有较强的调节能力,是适宜外源有益基因导入的良好受体。而以染色体易位方式转移有益基因是创造小麦新种质的有效方法之一,许多研究也表明以染色体易位导入的外源有益基因更利于表达。近几年,随着细胞遗传学以及其它生物技术的发展,对小麦族进化途径和染色体间的亲缘关系进一步明确,从而更便于进行易位导入的技术选择,也使得染色体易位鉴定方法更趋完善。现在已有更良好的外源导入的工具和方法,使多基因控制的外源优良性状导入成为可能。在小麦远缘杂交中染色体易位所具有的上述优势,在育种实践中逐步显示出来,为开拓小麦种质资源开创了一条新的途径。     

Field performance and cytology of protoplast-derived rice (Oryza sativa): high yield and low degree of variation of four japonica cultivars

Summary Protoplast-derived rice plants of four Japanese cultivars, Nipponbare, Fujisaka 5, Norin 14 and Iwaimochi were individually cultivated in a submerged paddy field. They exhibited more stems, which resulted in more panicles than respective control plants. Other characteristics of protoplast-derived plants were (compared with controls): a slightly shorter or similar culm length, fewer spikelets per panicle, slightly lower seed fertility and similar or lighter 1,000 kernel weight. Grain yield of protoplast-derived plants was more than that of respective control plants in four cultivars. The cause of the higher yield of protoplast-derived plants seems to be mainly due to increased panicle number. Among 126 protoplast-derived plants, 1 triploid, 10 tetraploids and 1 aneuploid were found. Furthermore, 11 variants with low seed fertility showing no gross chromosomal anomalies and one plant with abnormal panicles were found. In total, about 80% of protoplastderived plants showed normal characters. The present results are encouraging for the possibility of rice breeding using protoplasts.This paper is dedicated to Professor Emeritus Dr. Shigeyasu Akai on the occasion of his 77th birthday (Kijyu: one of the celebrated ages in Japan)     

蔺草开花与温光条件关系的数学分析及模拟模型

本文对蔺草开花与温光条件关系作了分析研究.根据浙江宁波市郊区1992-2000年的农业气候资料的分析计算表明,影响蔺草冈山3号草茎开花率（SFR）的主要气象因子为12月下旬、2月中旬的平均气温,2月下旬的日照时数和3月下旬的雨量.依据春化作用的机理和上述影响因子的分析,得SFR的模拟模型为:SFR=其中∑j相似文献   

Wheat LEA genes, PMA80 and PMA1959, enhance dehydration tolerance of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Drought and salt stresses are two major factors that lower plant productivity. Transgenic approaches offer powerful means to better understand and then minimize loss of yield due to these abiotic stresses. In this study, we have generated transgenic rice plants expressing a wheat LEA group 2 protein (PMA80) gene, and separately the wheat LEA group 1 protein (PMA1959) gene. Molecular analysis of the transgenic plants revealed the stable integration of the transgenes. Immunoblot analysis showed the presence of the LEA group 2 protein (39 kDa) and the LEA group 1 protein (25 kDa) in most of the plant lines. Second-generation transgenic plants were subjected to dehydration or salt stress. The results showed that accumulation of either PMA80 or PMA1959 correlates with increased tolerance of transgenic rice plants to these stresses.     

回接内生真菌对工业大麻生理及农艺性状的影响

回接工业大麻中分离出的6种内生真菌于大田种植的云麻1号,研究了内生真菌对工业大麻酶活性及农艺性状的影响。结果表明：接种毛壳菌和镰孢菌的大麻植株SOD和POD活性显著提高（P<005）;除炭疽菌外,小不整球壳菌、毛壳菌、黑孢霉、镰孢菌和粘束孢均提高了大麻植株的麻皮干重和麻皮厚度;毛壳菌处理组大麻植株的节间长、麻皮干重、麻皮厚度均显著高于对照（P<005）。这些结果为大麻生产中合理利用内生真菌制剂促进大麻优质丰产及深入研究内生真菌的作用机制奠定基础。     

小麦农艺性状与品质特性的多元分析与评价

估算96个小麦品种(系)的11个农艺性状和10个品质特性参数的主成分,并以主成分和欧氏距离为基础,分别作二维排序分析和聚类分析。农艺性状的前4个主成分反映了85.3450%的原始数据信息量;品质特性的前4个主成分代表了89.1483%的原始数据信息量。以96个材料的主成分得分绘制二维排序图,27个小麦品种(系)表现为矮秆、子粒和旗叶较大,丰产性较好、综合农艺性状优良;32个小麦品种(系)表现为铁、锌含量较高,加工品质较好、综合品质特性优良。在系统聚类图中,农艺性状和品质特性分别被聚成5类。综合农艺性状较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅲ类和第Ⅳ类;综合品质特性较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类。综合分析发现,同时兼顾丰产性较好且子粒铁、锌含量较高,品质特性较好的小麦品种(系)有:泰山9818、西农822、轮选719、杨-31、西安837和中育9383。将聚类分析和二维排序分析结合起来,能较好的对小麦的性状组成做出综合评价,鉴定和评价出优质、高产、综合性状优良的小麦品种(系),为小麦遗传育种提供优良的种质资源,为合理选配亲本提供参考。